Kinetic study of the hydrocarbon generation from marine carbonate source rocks characterization of products of gas and liquid hydrocarbon

The kinetic parameters of hydrocarbon generation from the marine carbonate source rocks were determined and calibrated through kinetic simulating experiment. The kinetic parameters of hydrocarbon generation then were extrapolated to geological condition by using the relative software. The result shows that gaseous hydrocarbons (C_1, C_2, C_3, C_(4-5)) were generated in condition of 150℃相似文献   

Discovery of low-mature hydrocarbon in manganese nodules and ooze from the Central Pacific deep sea floor

Extracts from manganese nodules and ooze from the Central Pacific deep sea floor were analyzed using the chromatogram-mass spectrum, and it was found that most of the biomarker molecules are of the low-mature type (some have characteristics of mature): the ratio of "A"/C is high between 11.4%-19.75%; CPI is 1.22-1.23; C31-22S/ (22S+22R) hopane is 0.59-0.60, Tm/Ts is 0.99-1.99; βα moretane/(αβ+βα) hopane is 0.12-0.14; C29 sterane 20S/(20S+20R) is 0.35-0.41; ββ/(ββ+αα) is 0.38-0.45; arene TA(I)/TA(I+II) is 0.16-0.21; methyl-phenanthrene index (MPI1) is 0.35-0.67. According to the geological settings of the sampling area and its organic geochemical characteristics, it is considered that the hydrothermal activities on the ocean floor facilitate the decomposition of organic matter in the sediment, which leads to the generation and migration of hydrocarbon into manganese nodules and ooze. This discovery is important for understanding the mechanisms of hydrocarbon generation in the ocean floor and for expanding the potential of oil and gas exploration in the ocean.     

Study on kinetics of hydrocarbon generation from coals in the Qinshui Basin

Coal-bed gas is a new energy resource and studies on its genetic mechanism, coal source rock and the resource assessment have become the hot points in petroleum ge-ology field[1―3]. A new method for the quantitative as-sessment of hydrocarbon generative potential from coals by means of the chemical reaction kinetics has been de-veloped gradually over the recent years and so far some researchers in the field have been reported[4―13]. These works focused on the application of the kinetic model…     

Discovery of eclogite at northern margin of Qaidam Basin, NW China

Eclogite was first discovered at the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin in this study. It occurs as pods in the gneiss sequence of Middle to Upper Proterozoic age and is mainly composed of garnet, omphacite, phengite and rutile. The garnets contain 44%-62% of almandine, 15%-33% of grossular and 12%-30% of pyrope molecules, and the omphacites contain 40%-46% of jadeite. Applying garnet_clinopyroxene thermometry and jadeite geobarometry, the peak conditions of eclogite facies metamorphism occurred at about (722±123)℃ and at the pressure of up to c. 22 ×10 8 Pa.     

Origin of middle Miocene leucogranites and rhyolites on the Tibetan Plateau: Constraints on the timing of crustal thickening and uplift of its northern boundary

Leucogranites play a significant role in understanding crustal thickening, melting within continental collisional belts, and plateau uplift. Field investigations show that Miocene igneous rocks from the Hoh Xil Lake area mainly consist of two-mica leucogranites and rhyolites. We studied the Bukadaban two-mica leucogranites and the Kekao Lake, Malanshan and Hudongliang rhyolites by zircon U-Pb, muscovite and sanidine 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and whole-rock geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic analysis. Results yielded crystallization and cooling ages for the Bukadaban leucogranites of 9.7±0.2 and 6.88±0.19 Ma, respectively. Extrusive ages of the Kekao Lake and Malanshan rhyolites are 14.5±0.8 and 9.37±0.30 Ma, respectively. All rocks are enriched in SiO2 (70.99%-73.59%), Al2O3 (14.39%-15.25%) and K2O (3.78%-5.50%) but depleted in Fe2O3 (0.58%-1.56%), MgO (0.11%- 0.44%) and CaO (0.59%-1.19%). The rocks are strongly peraluminous (A/CNK=1.11?1.21) S-type granites characterized by negative Eu anomalies (δ Eu=0.18-0.39). In also considering their Sr-Nd isotopic compositions (87Sr/86Sri=0.7124 to 0.7143; δ Nd (9 Ma) =-5.5 to -7.1), we propose that these igneous rocks were generated through dehydration melting of muscovite in the thickened middle or lower crust of northern Tibet. Melting was probably triggered by localized E-W stretching decompression in the horse tails of Kunlun sinistral strike-slip faults. Reactivation of the Kunlun strike-slip faults, accompanied by emplacement of leucogranite and eruption of rhyolite in the Hoh Xil Lake area, indicates that large-scale crustal shortening and thickening in northern Tibet mainly occurred before 15 Ma. In addition, these findings suggest that the northern Tibetan Plateau attained its present elevation (~5000 m) at least 15 Ma ago.     

A competitive dual-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol and ractopamine in swine tissue

A novel dual-label time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay method was developed for the simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) and ractopamine (RAC) residues in 18 swine tissue samples, using anti-CAP and anti-RAC monoclonal antibodies labeled with europium (Eu³⁺) and samarium (Sm³⁺), respectively. The detection limits for CAP and RAC were 0.06 and 0.25 ng/g. The recovery from swine muscle samples was 102%–121% for CAP at spiking levels of 0.1–5 ng/g, and 69.8%–85.8% for RAC at spiking levels of 1–10 ng/g. The results obtained from the swine tissue samples using this method showed good agreement with those obtained using ELISA and GC-MS, with correlation coefficients (R) between 0.92–0.98.     

Treatment efficiency of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland for saline wastewater

The integrated vertical-flow constructed wetland(IVCW) was simulated with three suits of designed experiment columns planted with Kandelia candel.Units A,B and C were irrigated with sewage of different salinity(A:10‰ B:20‰,C:30‰),respectively.The removal rates of dissolved organic carbon(DOC),NH3-N and NO3--N dropped 90.4%-48.6%,80.2%-40.3% and 84.8%-60.9%,respectively,when salinity increases from 10‰ to 30‰.The removal rate of TP increased 14%-31.2%,oppositely.A 20-day inflow salinity drastic change shock affective trial was done on units D and E.Unit D was used as a control and irrigated with saline sewage(20‰).Unit E was irrigated with sewage with low salinity(5‰) as a salinity drastic change shock on the third and fourth days.DOC,NH3-N and NO3--N removal efficiency of unit E showed a three-stage process of change,"rapidly decrease,increase beyond the normal standard,and then back to the normal standard".TP removal value was negative during the 2-day shock period.     

沁水盆地山西组致密气成藏条件分析

为了评价沁水盆地山西组的致密气勘探潜力,应用地球化学、流体包裹体、稀有气体和生排烃概念模型等实验技术方法,综合分析了山西组致密气的成藏地质条件。研究结果表明,山西组泥岩和煤岩的总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)较大,有机质为Ⅲ型干酪根且达到高-过成熟阶段,以生气为主。泥岩和煤岩的生气潜力巨大,生气量分别达到11.44×10~(12)、39.33×10~(12) m~3,山西组致密气资源量为0.14×10~(12) m~3。稀有气体Ar同位素比值表明泥岩是致密气的主力气源岩,其生成的天然气对致密气的贡献率为70.1%,煤岩的贡献率为29.9%。根据盆地的埋藏-热演化史和流体包裹体的均一温度测试结果,确定山西组致密气存在2个成藏期,对应的成藏时间分别为中-晚三叠世和晚侏罗世-早白垩世。此次研究定量评价了沁水盆地山西组致密气的成藏条件,可为该区致密气的勘探提供有利方向。     

Genome organization and phylogenetic tree analysis of Garlic virus E, a new member of genus Allexivirus

The complete sequence of an Allexivirus isolated from garlic plants in Yuhang City, Zhejiang Province, China had been determined. The single-strand, positive RNA genome was 8451 nucleotides in length excluding poly(A) tail. The genome organization of this virus was similar to that of the other Allexiviruses but only with 62.8%–64.8% nucleotide acid identities. The amino acid sequences of proteins encoded by ORF1-6 shared 67.6%–78.5%, 55.4%–66.2%, 56.7%–66.4%,40.3%–55.6%,66.3%–79.7%and 52.2%–68.8% identities with those of the others respectively. The homology range between it and the other Allexiviruses was similar to that between the other distinct species in this genus. A more comprehensive comparison using all available CP amino acid sequences showed that it shared only 63.9%–79.8% amino acids identical with the others. Therefore, it had been considered as a new member of the genus, named as garlic virus E (GarV-E). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed GarV-E as a distinct member and the correct names and classification of some members of genus Allexivirus were also discussed.     

Numerical simulation on flow and heat transfer at shell-side of flat-tube heat exchangers

The fluid flow and heat transfer of the shell-side in one type of flat-tube heat exchangers(FHE) were studied through numerical simulation and experimental methods.In the numerical simulation,hot/cold air was set as working fluid,and the standard k-ε turbulence model supplemented by boundary conditions was used,and also the control volume method was used to the discrete control equations.Compared with the same type of circular-tube heat exchangers(CHE),the numerical simulation results show that the pressure drop at the shell-side of FHE decreases by 12%-20%,and heat transfer coefficient increases by about 24%.The coefficient of integral performance Nu/ζ 0.29 has an increment of 22%-34%.Under the same conditions,the experimental results of temperature and the overall pressure drop show that the deviation percentage with those of numerical simulation are less than 8% and 25%,respectively.Both results verify that the heat transfer efficiency and flow resistance characteristics of FHEs are superior to that of CHEs.     

焉耆盆地烃源岩有机显微组分及生烃机理研究

目的研究焉耆盆地煤系烃源岩有机显微组分组成特点及其生烃机理。方法运用有机岩石学研究方法,分析盆地侏罗系烃源岩显微组分及其与生烃潜力的关系,探讨烃源岩显微组分中主要生烃贡献者。结果盆地煤岩中显微组分表现出富镜质组-惰性组、贫壳质组 腐泥组的特点;泥岩的显微组成表现出贫惰性组、富镜质组-壳质组 腐泥组的特点,富氢的显微组分是成烃的物质基础。结论盆地的主要生烃组分为基质镜质体B、角质体、小孢子体和矿物沥青基质。     

Molecularly imprinted polymer for theophylline retention and molecular recognition properties in capillary electrochromatography

0　IntroductionMolecularimprinting[1 ] isatechniquebasedoncreatingcavities,inahighlycross linkedpolymermatrix ,thatcorrespondtothesizeandshapeoftheprintmolecule .Themolecularrecognitioneffectisaconsequenceofthepresenceinthepolymerizationmixtureoftemplatemoleculescapableofestab lishingnon covalentinteractionswithmonomerandcross linkers.Molecularlyimprintedpolymers (MIPs)havebeenusedaschromatographicstationaryphases[2 ,3] includingcapillaryelec trochromatography ,asselectivematerialsforbiosenso…     

Impacts of climate warming on heating energy consumption and southern boundaries of severe cold and cold regions in China

Impacts of climate warming on heating energy consumption and southern boundaries of severe cold and cold regions of China in the past 20 years are analyzed by using daily and monthly average tem- perature data from 590 weather stations in China and based on regulations of Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning Design Rules (GB50019-2003) and Thermal Design Rules for Civil Building (GB50175-93) (China National Standard). The contribution of climate warming to coal saving for heating during cold seasons in major cities is calculated according to indices of coal consumption for heating in major cities during cold seasons defined in Energy Conservation Design Standard for New Heating Residential Buildings (JCJ26-95). Comparing with the period before 1980, southern boundaries of se- vere cold and cold regions shift toward north up to 2 degrees in latitude since the mid-1980s. Theo- retically, climate warming could contribute to 5%―10% coal savings for heating since the mid-1980s in major cities, and even more since the mid-1990s.     

Effect of Cl- on photosynthetic bicarbonate uptake in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803

Photosynthetic inorganic carbon utilization was investigated in two cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis PCC6803 grown in standing culture. Photosynthetic rates for the two algae reached about 10 times the theoretical CO₂ supply rate at low dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of 100 μmol/L, and the rates were unaffected by the addition of 20 mmol/L Na⁺, indicating that the two algae possessed Na+-independent HCO^-₃ utilization for photosynthesis under low DIC. Their photo- synthetic rates at low DIC were inhibited by higher Cl^- and the degrees of inhibition were increased with the rise of CI^- concentration, and in the presence of Diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), a reported Cl^- channel inhibitor, the rates decreased by 74%－82%, implying that putative DPC-sensitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO₃^- uptake for photosynthesis. The experiment of intracellular 14C-DIC accumulation for photosynthesis showed that internal DIC pools decreased by about 80% with 200 μmol/L DPC and by 64%－70% with 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The experiment of chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching showed that initial rates and extents of fluorescence quenching obviously decreased with 200 μmol/L DPC or 100 mmol/L Cl^-. The two experiments gave further evidence that putative DPC-sen- sitive Cl^- channels participate in Na+-independent HCO^-₃ uptake for photosynthesis in the two algae grown in standing culture.     

A practical artificial diet for the diamondback moth

A new artificial diet for the diamondback moth,Plutella Xylostella (L), had been selected out successfully. The diet contained the following constituents: soybean powder, wheat germ, wheat bran powder, brewer's yeast and other constituents. So far, the diamondback moth had been reared on this artificial diet for 25 generations and still mantained its normal biological characteristics. Under 25±1 C and 60%–75%RH with 12 h PH, the results of rearing the diamondback moth on the diet as follows: egg hatch, 81.3%–94.7%; survival from eggs to pupae, 55.0%–76.7%; pupal survival, 79.7%–100%; adult emergence, 80%–100%; fecundity 94.7–144. 4 eggs/♀; pupal weight, 90.4–110.8 mg/20 pupae; average days to adult: ♀, 10.2; ♂ 13.1. The diet is not only simpler on the constituents but also have better rearing results and more rearing generations. Li Guanghong: born in June 1965, Ph.D. graduate student. Current research interest is in entomo logical physiology Supported by the State Eighth Five-Year-Plan     

Magnetic and mineralogical characteristics of reservoir rocks in the Yakela oil field, northern Ta rim Basin and their implications for magnetic detection of oil and gas accumulations

The evidence about hydrocarbon migration within reservoir rocks in two wells has been obtained according to results of magnetic and mineralogical analysis of the Kapushaliang Group reservoir rocks from wells S15 and S4 located at the Yakela oil field, Tarim Basin. Results show that the secondary alteration associated with oil and gas accumulations above oil and gas field is predominantly magnetite mineralization, and that sulfur alteration occurs commonly at oil-water boundary and their products are generally pyrite and pyrrhotite, except for magnetite alteration which is closely related with hydrodynamical conditions in situ. The spherical magnetite grains of cauliflower microtexture on surface extracted from oil-bearing cores are secondary magnetite related with hydrocarbon microseep-age and their diameters are usually less than 50 μm.     

Rice protoplasts isolated directly from mature-embryo-derived calli

Mature-embryo-derived calli of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L) Taipei 309 were used for replicated protoplast isolation experiments. Six out of nine callus lines produced protoplasts with satisfactory yield of 5.20×10⁶–8.96×10⁶ protoplasts/g FW (fresh weight). The remaining three callus lines initiated from seeds of cryopreserved-callus-derived plants had rooty calli, resulting in low yield of protoplasts and a large number of isolated banana-shape intact cells. Viability of protoplasts ranged 87.46%–94.15%. The average size of protoplasts was 207.49–379.04 μm² in different callus lines. Comparitive experiments were also carried out using both calli and suspension culture cells for protoplast isolation. The results demonstrated that protoplast isolation of calli was a substantially simplified and reliable method for preparing rice protoplasts. Jin Deming: born in Jan. 1959, Associated Professor     

贵州水城晚二叠世树皮体成烃的演化特征

采用岩石热解、热解气相色谱以及开放体系下热模拟等方法,对贵州水城含树皮体煤中的主要组分——树皮体的生烃潜力、烃类组成特征、成烃演化规律进行了较为详细的研究。结果显示,树皮体的生烃潜力(S₁＋S₂)和氢指数(HI)都较高,分别为297.1和491mg/g;在高成熟条件下树皮体仍能生成大量烃类物质,其生烃高峰期集中在VR₀为1.55%左右;烃类组成以轻质烃(凝析油或轻质油)占绝对优势,湿气次之,并且烯烃含量较高(此现象与开放体系热模拟有关);气态烃与液态烃演化规律相似,据此可以认为,气态烃很大一部分是由液态烃进一步裂解来的。     

Determination of naphthalene by single sweep polarography

A second derivative polarographic wave of naphthalene is observed in 50% N, N-dimethylformamide and ammonia-ammonium chloride medium. The peak potential is about −1.05 V (vs. SCE). The concentration of naphthalene is linear with peak current in the range of 5.00×10⁻⁶ mol/L to 5.00×10⁻⁴ mol/L, The detection limit is 2.00×10⁻⁶ mol/L. This method can be used to determine naphthalene content of the sample such as coal, mothball and asphaltic bitumen. The relative standard deviation (RSD) are in the range of 0.38%≈1.30%. The determined recoveries by adding known amounts of naphthalene to sample solution are in the range of 92%≈101%. This paper also study on the polarographic behavior of naphthalene. Biography: ZHANG Li-hua (1974-), female, Master.     

Crystallization kinetics of sea-salt aerosols studied by high-speed photography

Morphological changes with decreasing relative humidity(RH) of supersaturated sea-salt aerosol droplets on a quartz substrate were observed using a high-speed video-camera.Stable gypsum(CaSO4·2H2O) or the metastable hemihydrate(CaSO4·0.5H2O) were precipitated as the RH decreased.The dynamic process of crystal growth under steady-state humidity was studied by controlling the RH;the metastable hemihydrate was precipitated at 70.5%-77.1% RH,and the apparent crystal growth rate was between 1.42 and 2.33 μm3/s.Stable gypsum was formed at 80.7%-82.2% RH,and the apparent crystal growth rate was between 0.70 and 0.81 μm3/s.