R22饱和蒸气在水平双侧强化管外凝结换热的实验研究

对氟里昂制冷工质Ｒ２２在水平单管外的凝结换热性能进行了实验研究．传热管分别采用光管、低肋管及６根不同几何参数的双侧强化高效传热管．试验结果表明：强化管内侧强化换热效果为光管的２倍左右，管外凝结换热系数是光管的５～７倍．在冷凝温度为４０℃、管内冷却水流速范围为０．５～３．２ｍ／ｓ时，各强化管总的传热系数是低肋管的１～２倍，是光管的４～６倍     

微翅管几何参数对混合工质流动沸腾特性的影响

对非共沸混合工质R32／R134a在水平微翅管内的流动沸腾特性进行了实验研究,获得了微翅管的翅高和翅数对换热性能的影响,并综合比较了3根微翅管的换热性能。同时,将微翅管与光管性能进行了比较。结果表明,在相同工况下,翅高为0．2mm、翅数为60的换热性能最好;微翅管的换热性能明显优于光管。     

三维内肋管内乙二醇在层流和过渡流区对流换热的实验研究

以乙二醇为工质，在Ｒｅ数为２５０－６０００，Ｐｒ数为６５－９０之间的工况范围内，对７根具有不同肋形结构尺寸和肋排列形式的三维内肋管管内对流换热和阻力特性进行了实验。结果表明，换热最强的三维内肋管与光管相比，在过渡流区换热强化倍数平均可达４．５倍，同时流阻增加约３倍；在层流区换热强化倍数约为２．４倍，而流阻仅增加约０．６７倍，三维内肋的肋形结构尺寸和肋排列形式均对三维内肋管内的换热和阻力特性以及层流     

乙醇三维内微肋热管的传热性能

采用实验研究的方法对三维内微肋热管的强化传热特性进行研究，首次报道了以乙醇为工质的三维内微肋热管的传热性能。在实验范围内，与光管相比，竖直放置时，沸腾换热系数可以提高98％—190％，凝结换热系数可以提高76％—178％。三维内微肋结构能够同时明显地强化热管的沸腾换热与凝结换热，可以有效地减小热管的内热阻。     

水平冷凝强化传热管的传热性能

以Ｒ１１为工质，测试了饱和蒸汽状态下水平冷凝强化传热管－低肋管、Ｃ管、以及双侧强化传热管ＧＣ管的传热性能。并与同工况条件下测得的光管传热性能进行了比较。实验结果表明，被研制的ＧＣ管总传热系数比光管提高４倍多；而相应的管内侧冷却水流动阻力系数平均为光管的７倍多。最后运用熵分析法对水平冷凝强化传热管的强化传热性能进行了评价，结果表明ＧＣ管的强化传热性能优于ＤＡＣ管（另一双侧强化传热冷凝管）等水平冷凝强     

锯齿形低肋管冷凝换热机理分析及实验研究

本文对锯齿形低肋管强化冷凝换热机理进行了分析,提出了锯齿形低肋管强化冷凝换热的“周向效应”,导出了包括“周向效应”和锯齿外缘周长影响的表面张力作用公式和包括锯齿影响的存积角公式,提出了肋形准则。通过对四种锯齿管以R11为工质的实验得出了锯齿形低肋管汽侧冷凝换热的准则方程式,其计算值同实验值相差在±10％以内。     

三维微肋管内凝结换热流型及环状流关联式

为了得到不同流型下的换热性能,以Ｒ１３４ａ为工质对两种不同微肋几何结构的三维水平内微肋管进行了实验研究,通过可视化措施对流型及其转移进行了观测,结果表明：在Ｓ９ｌｉｍａｎ流型图上,三维内微肋管环状流的分界线较之于光管向左平移了一段距离,即环状流与波状流的转换判据由Ｆｒ等于７减小到Ｆｒ等于２,在较低的蒸汽流速和较低的干度下的换热三维内微肋管佾能维持环状流的状态,环状流区的实验数据回归的换热关联式与实     

非能动余热排出换热器传热特性研究

针对反应堆非能动余热排出换热器的特点,通过实验研究对比分析了5根换热管在自然对流、过冷沸腾和大容积核态沸腾状态下的换热特性.在相同的实验状态下,整体针翅管的沸腾换热系数是光管的2倍,是低肋管的1.6倍;在自然对流区和过冷沸腾区,低肋管的换热特性优于光管和多孔管.     

水蒸汽在水平二维微肋管内的凝结换热

探讨了微肋高度对水平二维微肋管内凝结换热和流动阻力的影响．采用水蒸汽为凝结介质,进行了三种不同肋高度的管内凝结换热实验．结果表明,二维微肋管内凝结的平均换热系数α随肋高的增加明显增大．和光管比较,α增加２８％～２１０％,这时阻力的增加仅为４％～５３％．     

大量不凝性气体存在时不同润湿性管束对流冷凝传热实验研究

为了实现工业中大量不凝性气体存在场合下蒸气的高效冷凝传热,建立了混合蒸气水平管束外对流冷凝传热实验系统,通过化学刻蚀与自组装方法对光管管束、2D肋管管束和3D肋管管束进行疏水与超疏水表面改性处理。当大量不凝性气体存在时,对不同润湿性管束表面的冷凝形式及管束间冷凝液流型进行可视化观测。实验研究了冷却水流速、混合蒸气流速、水蒸气体积分数等因素对不同润湿性的冷凝式换热器对流冷凝传热系数的影响,并分析不同水蒸气体积分数条件下管束效应的影响。通过实验研究发现,当大量不凝性气体存在时,冷凝液在管束间形成滴状流,水蒸气体积分数对不同润湿性的冷凝式换热器的对流冷凝传热特性影响显著,随着管排数增加,对流冷凝传热系数增大,管束效应对超疏水光管管束的强化作用最大,当水蒸气的体积分数约为11%时,9排超疏水光管管束的对流冷凝传热系数是单排的1.53倍,而当水蒸气体积分数约为23%时,9排超疏水光管管束的对流冷凝传热系数是单排的1.34倍。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the