核糖体蛋白S3表达减少对果蝇发育的影响

为探讨核糖体蛋白S3在果蝇(Drosophila)发育中的作用,采用RNAi法,分别在果蝇和果蝇S2细胞中干扰核糖体蛋白S3表达,观察对果蝇表型的影响。结果显示,减少核糖体蛋白S3表达引起果蝇幼虫发育延迟,眼睛、翅膀和刚毛生长缺陷等。进一步实验表明,在翅原基中有明显的凋亡信号;S2细胞数目减少;细胞凋亡和细胞周期相关基因表达异常。上述结果暗示核糖体蛋白S3表达减少导致的果蝇发育改变可能通过细胞凋亡的方式来实现。
     

核糖体蛋白S6对果蝇发育的影响

核糖体蛋白S6在细胞周期和细胞凋亡等过程中发挥着重要作用. 通过对RNAi干扰S6基因表达的果蝇与S2细胞表型的观察,分析细胞增殖与细胞周期和细胞凋亡相关基因的变化,结果发现:S6基因表达干扰引起果蝇幼虫、眼睛、翅膀和刚毛发育异常,并阻滞S2细胞正常生长;在果蝇翅膀discs中有凋亡信号出现;细胞周期和细胞凋亡相关基因异常表达. 说明S6蛋白表达量减少引起的果蝇异常表型主要是通过细胞凋亡方式发生的.     

核糖体蛋白L22对果蝇发育的影响及机制

为了研究核糖体蛋白L22对果蝇发育的影响及其机制,采用RNAi方法,分别在果蝇胚胎、幼虫、眼睛和翅膀中减少L22表达,观察相应表型的变化;S2细胞中敲除L22,统计细胞数目,并通过RT-PCR法检测与细胞凋亡和细胞周期相关基因的表达;三期幼虫翅膀disc中干扰L22,吖啶橙染色.结果表明:L22表达量减少引起胚胎死亡、幼虫发育延缓,眼睛和翅膀发育缺陷,S2细胞数目减少,与细胞凋亡和细胞周期相关基因异常表达,翅膀disc中有明显的凋亡信号.     

大熊猫核糖体蛋白S15A亚基基因（rps15A）的克隆及序列分析

根据已报道的部分物种的核糖体蛋白S15A亚基基因(rps15A)的相关信息设计引物, 运用RTPCR和TouchdownPCR技术, 分别克隆了大熊猫核糖体蛋白S15A亚基的cDNA和结构基因序列, 并进行测序及分析. 结果表明: 大熊猫核糖体蛋白S15A亚基基因的表达序列全长为460 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为393 bp, 编码130个氨基酸, 结构基因序列全长为6091 bp, 含有4个外显子和3个内含子. RPS15A蛋白的相对分子质量为14.84 kD, pI为10.62. 拓扑预测显示含有5个类型的功能位点, 即: 1个依赖cAMP和cGMP的蛋白激酶磷酸化位点, 2个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点, 1个乙酰化位点, 1个N 糖基化位点及1个核糖体蛋白S8 signature位点. 进一步对RPS15A蛋白的结构分析及其与部分脊椎动物和果蝇RPS15A蛋白的同源性分析, 发现该基因的表达序列及其编码的氨基酸序列具有很高的相似性, 这表明真核生物核糖体蛋白亚基S15A在进化中具有较高的保守性.     

盘基网柄菌细胞发育中gp150分子与凋亡蛋白作用分析

用Percoll密度梯度技术分离和收集盘基网柄菌前柄和前孢子细胞,Western blot分析gp150分子和胱天蛋白酶在前孢子细胞和前柄细胞两种类型细胞中的表达情况.结果显示：只能在前柄细胞中检测到gp150蛋白条带,并随细胞发育蛋白的量逐渐增加,提示gp150蛋白的表达量与发育时间,前柄细胞分化有密切关系;在前柄细胞中能检测到31.5 kD和37.5 kD分子量大小的凋亡蛋白,且蛋白量也是随发育时间有所增加,在两种类型细胞中都可检测38.2 kD的凋亡蛋白.这些数据表明盘基网柄菌细胞凋亡过程中有类似Caspase-3的蛋白表达,它们的存在与细胞凋亡存在密切关系; gp150分子的表达与胱天蛋白酶的激活可能存在一定关系.     

盘基网柄菌细胞发育中gp150分子与凋亡蛋白作用分析

用Percoll密度梯度技术分离和收集盘基网柄菌前柄和前孢子细胞,Western blot分析gp150分子和胱天蛋白酶在前孢子细胞和前柄细胞两种类型细胞中的表达情况.结果显示：只能在前柄细胞中检测到gp150蛋白条带,并随细胞发育蛋白的量逐渐增加,提示gp150蛋白的表达量与发育时间,前柄细胞分化有密切关系;在前柄细胞中能检测到31.5kD和37.5kD分子量大小的凋亡蛋白,且蛋白量也是随发育时间有所增加,在两种类型细胞中都可检测38.2kD的凋亡蛋白.这些数据表明盘基网柄菌细胞凋亡过程中有类似Caspase-3的蛋白表达,它们的存在与细胞凋亡存在密切关系;gp150分子的表达与胱天蛋白酶的激活可能存在一定关系.     

SARS-CoV-2 Spike蛋白诱导人肾上皮细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡

目的:初步探讨慢病毒载体介导的SARS-CoV-2 Spike蛋白(简称S蛋白)过表达对人肾上皮细胞生长的影响及相关机制.方法:构建S蛋白慢病毒的表达载体pLV-CMV-S-IRES-eGFP,并将此载体包装成慢病毒颗粒(LV-S).利用重组的慢病毒LV-S感染人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)及HEK293T细胞(293T),利用EdU测定其细胞活力,利用流式细胞术测定其细胞周期和细胞凋亡,并通过Western blot检测相关蛋白表达水平.结果:重组慢病毒载体感染HK-2及293T细胞24 h均能观察到eGFP表达,细胞活力检测结果显示S蛋白过表达可以使HK-2及293T细胞的细胞活力下降.流式细胞术结果显示S蛋白诱导细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期,同时S蛋白通过激活Caspase-3和Caspase-9诱导细胞发生凋亡.此外,SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白过表达可以增强HK-2及293T细胞自噬相关蛋白的表达.结论:SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白可能通过诱导肾上皮细胞发生周期阻滞和凋亡,介导细胞损伤.     

As4S4诱导宫颈癌Hela细胞凋亡及相关分子机制研究

研究AS4S4对宫颈癌Hela细胞生长抑制厦诱导凋亡作用，并探讨可能的分子机制。以不同浓度的AS4S4分不同时间段处理Hela细胞，用四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法测定细胞增殖抑制率；采用流式细胞术测定细胞凋亡；Western blotting测凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2，Caspase3表达的变化。结果表明，经AS4S4处理的Hela细胞，增殖受到抑制，作用呈明显的时效和量效关系，细胞凋亡率明显增高并呈浓度依赖性；Western blotting示Bcl-2表达下降，Caspase3表达增加。因此，AS4S4对Hela细胞具有增殖抑制和诱导凋亡作用，其机制与下调Bcl-2蛋白、上调Caspase3蛋白表达有关。     

核糖体蛋白RPL34-PS1对B细胞淋巴瘤的生长促进作用

一种核糖体蛋白RPL34具有促进B细胞淋巴瘤生长的作用,通过分子克隆将RPL34基因的序列克隆到逆转录病毒载体pBABE-Puro上后,包装逆转录病毒并感染Balb/c小鼠来源的B淋巴瘤细胞38B9,经嘌呤霉素筛选后构建稳定过表达RPL34的B淋巴瘤细胞系RPL34-38B9。体外培养计数比较细胞增殖变化情况;流式检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期水平;小鼠皮下荷瘤并测量肿瘤体积。结果表明:过表达的核糖体蛋白RPL34能够显著促进B淋巴瘤细胞的生长速率,减少细胞凋亡,同时能够显著增加B淋巴瘤细胞的成瘤速率。     

dDnmt2与dMBD2/3在果蝇不同发育时期的转录表达

为了深入了解果蝇DNA甲基化修饰系统及其相关基因的表达特点及功能,以黑腹果蝇Canton S品系为材料,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测分析不同发育时期果蝇dDnmt2与dMBD2/3基因的转录表达.结果表明:dDnmt2与dMBD2/3分别在6～9 h和0-3 h胚胎期表达量最高,在12～15 h和18～21 h胚胎、三龄幼虫、蛹、成虫期表达明显降低.果蝇dDnmt2和dMBD2/3基因的表达特点与果蝇不同发育时期基因组DNA甲基化水平相一致.     

RNA干涉抑制存活素表达并诱导HeLa S3细胞凋亡的研究

选择3个靶向存活素（S1，S2，S3）Survivin基因的siRNA序列，构建相应的RNA干涉载体pTet-U6-S1，pTet-U6-S2，pTet-U6-S3，将它们分别转染HeLa S3细胞，采用RT-PCR和Western印迹检测分析转染对HeLa S3细胞内源Survivin表达的影响，结果表明，针对Survivin 3’端非编码区序列的干涉载体pTet-U6-S3转染细胞后，Survivin的mRNA水平和蛋白水平均明显下调，抑制水平高于S1序列.与对照相比，S1，S2和S3片段对Survivin mRNA的抑制率分别是20%，12.5%和40%，对Survivin蛋白的抑制率分别是39.2%，17.0%和58.6%. 流式细胞术检测结果表明，抑制Survivin表达后，HeLa S3细胞凋亡比例显著提高.     

Distortion of proximodistal information causes JNK-dependent apoptosis in Drosophila wing.

Distinct and evolutionarily conserved signal-transduction cascades mediate the survival or death of cells during development. The c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily are involved in apoptotic signalling in various cultured cells. However, the role of the JNK pathway in development is less well understood. In Drosophila, Decapentaplegic (Dpp; a homologue of transforming growth factor-beta) and Wingless (Wg; a Wnt homologue) proteins are secretory morphogens that act cooperatively to induce formation of the proximodistal axis of appendages. Here we show that either decreased Dpp signalling in the distal wing cells or increased Dpp signalling in the proximal wing cells causes apoptosis. Inappropriate levels of Dpp signalling lead to aberrant morphogenesis in the respective wing zones, and these apoptotic zones are also determined by the strength of the Wg signal. Our results indicate that distortion of the positional information determined by Dpp and Wg signalling gradients leads to activation of the JNK apoptotic pathway, and the consequent induction of cell death thereby maintains normal morphogenesis.     

Drosophila RNAi screen identifies host genes important for influenza virus replication

All viruses rely on host cell proteins and their associated mechanisms to complete the viral life cycle. Identifying the host molecules that participate in each step of virus replication could provide valuable new targets for antiviral therapy, but this goal may take several decades to achieve with conventional forward genetic screening methods and mammalian cell cultures. Here we describe a novel genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Drosophila that can be used to identify host genes important for influenza virus replication. After modifying influenza virus to allow infection of Drosophila cells and detection of influenza virus gene expression, we tested an RNAi library against 13,071 genes (90% of the Drosophila genome), identifying over 100 for which suppression in Drosophila cells significantly inhibited or stimulated reporter gene (Renilla luciferase) expression from an influenza-virus-derived vector. The relevance of these findings to influenza virus infection of mammalian cells is illustrated for a subset of the Drosophila genes identified; that is, for three implicated Drosophila genes, the corresponding human homologues ATP6V0D1, COX6A1 and NXF1 are shown to have key functions in the replication of H5N1 and H1N1 influenza A viruses, but not vesicular stomatitis virus or vaccinia virus, in human HEK 293 cells. Thus, we have demonstrated the feasibility of using genome-wide RNAi screens in Drosophila to identify previously unrecognized host proteins that are required for influenza virus replication. This could accelerate the development of new classes of antiviral drugs for chemoprophylaxis and treatment, which are urgently needed given the obstacles to rapid development of an effective vaccine against pandemic influenza and the probable emergence of strains resistant to available drugs.     

RNA干涉研究进展

RNA干涉(RNAi)是生物体内的一种通过双链RNA(dsRNA)来抵抗病毒入侵和抑制转座 子活动的自然机制.快速发展的RNAi技术为抑制特异性基因的表达提供了有利的工具.到目前为 止,在真菌、拟南芥、线虫、锥虫、水螅、涡虫、果蝇、斑马鱼、小鼠等真核生物中都发现存在基因沉默 机制.RNAi作为基因沉默的工具,为基因功能研究、基因治疗、药物研究与开发等许多领域开辟了 一条新路.     

Prevalence of off-target effects in Drosophila RNA interference screens

RNA interference (RNAi) in both plants and animals is mediated by small RNAs of approximately 21-23 nucleotides in length for regulation of target gene expression at multiple levels through partial sequence complementarities. Combined with widespread genome sequencing, experimental use of RNAi has the potential to interrogate systematically all genes in a given organism with respect to a particular function. However, owing to a tolerance for mismatches and gaps in base-pairing with targets, small RNAs could have up to hundreds of potential target sequences in a genome, and some small RNAs in mammalian systems have been shown to affect the levels of many messenger RNAs besides their intended targets. The use of long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) in Drosophila, where Dicer-mediated processing produces small RNAs inside cells, has been thought to reduce the probability of such 'off-target effects' (OTEs). Here we show, however, that OTEs mediated by short homology stretches within long dsRNAs are prevalent in Drosophila. We have performed a genome-wide RNAi screen for novel components of Wingless (Wg) signal transduction in Drosophila S2R + cells, and found few, if any, legitimate candidates. Rather, many of the top candidates exert their effects on Wg response through OTEs on known pathway components or through promiscuous OTEs produced by tandem trinucleotide repeats present in many dsRNAs and genes. Genes containing such repeats are over-represented in candidate lists from published screens, suggesting that they represent a common class of false positives. Our results suggest simple measures to improve the reliability of genome-wide RNAi screens in Drosophila and other organisms.     

A micrococcal nuclease homologue in RNAi effector complexes

RNA interference (RNAi) regulates gene expression by the cleavage of messenger RNA, by mRNA degradation and by preventing protein synthesis. These effects are mediated by a ribonucleoprotein complex known as RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex). We have previously identified four Drosophila components (short interfering RNAs, Argonaute 2 (ref. 2), VIG and FXR) of a RISC enzyme that degrades specific mRNAs in response to a double-stranded-RNA trigger. Here we show that Tudor-SN (tudor staphylococcal nuclease)--a protein containing five staphylococcal/micrococcal nuclease domains and a tudor domain--is a component of the RISC enzyme in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila and mammals. Although Tudor-SN contains non-canonical active-site sequences, we show that purified Tudor-SN exhibits nuclease activity similar to that of other staphylococcal nucleases. Notably, both purified Tudor-SN and RISC are inhibited by a specific competitive inhibitor of micrococcal nuclease. Tudor-SN is the first RISC subunit to be identified that contains a recognizable nuclease domain, and could therefore contribute to the RNA degradation observed in RNAi.