金塔盆地与鼎新谷地地质接触关系及其地电特征研究

金塔盆地与鼎新谷地之间的地质接触关系,至今为止还没有系统的研究。金塔盆地与鼎新谷地之间的水力联系一直不能做出正确判断。在分析区域资料的基础上,进行了研究区地质调查,并在国内首次开展了该问题的地电研究工作,对比了地质接触关系与地电特征的符合程度,并进一步分析了金塔盆地与鼎新谷地的地质接触关系和水力联系。地电特征研究结果显示金塔盆地和鼎新谷地地质接触关系及其地电特征存在明显的一一对应关系。结论认为黑河干流下部存在古近系砂砾岩、砂岩和泥质粉砂岩基底隆起及其伴随断层,该基底隆起和伴随断层构成了金塔盆地和鼎新谷地之间的地质接触关系,并且阻碍了两者之间的地下水水力联系。研究工作为黑河下游地下水水资源量评价、区域生态环境治理和恢复提供了科学的依据。     

额济纳绿洲荒漠植被退化的水环境的时空演变分析

额济纳绿洲作为一个极端干旱的荒漠绿洲,黑河是其惟一的水源.随着黑河地表来水量的迅速减少和水质的严重恶化,额济纳旗地下水位快速下降,水质恶化,绿洲荒漠植被退化,生态环境问题日益突出.本文从分析额济纳绿洲水环境的时空演变着手,论证了荒漠植被与水环境的关系,能为额济纳绿洲生态环境的保护与治理提供科学依据.     

综合遥感和地下水数值模拟分析黑河中游三水转化及其对土地利用的响应

以地下水／河流（FEFLOW／MIKE11）相互作用耦合模拟为基础,结合GIS和遥感技术建立研究干旱区黑河流域中游盆地地表水与地下水转化机制及其对土地利用响应的数值模拟模型．模型利用定量遥感技术估算黑河流域不同下垫面条件下的面状蒸散发;利用ARCGIS管理和处理各种时间序列、空间分布的数据（如灌溉制度、土地利用）;利用FEFLOW／MIKE11模拟黑河与含水层之间的水量相互转化．模型通过拟合研究区地下水流场、观测孔水位历时曲线及水均衡来识别水文地质条件、补排边界和水文地质参数．最后利用率定的模型对黑河中游盆地补给、径流、排泄进行定量分析,揭示出：黑河在其冲积扇中上部大量补给地下水,在其河谷细土平原张掖盆地地下水与河水相互交换频繁,在其河谷细土平原酒泉东盆地多为地下水补给河流的现象;黑河中游盆地冲积扇下部和河流细土平原耕地扩张的土地利用方式是导致冲积扇中上部地下水位下降和植被退化的主要因素,并且这种趋势将改变上游出山区和中游冲积扇上部的地下水水位差、改变冲积扇中上部黑河与地下水的水位差,影响整个黑河中游地下水系统的补排关系,对地下水资源时空变异产生深远的影响．     

基于MODIS数据的巴丹吉林沙漠冬季暖岛空间分布特征及其研究

使用遥感与地理信息系统技术,利用2012年12月-2013年2月的MODIS地表温度数据产品对巴丹吉林沙漠地区冬季地表温度进行研究.将巴丹吉林沙漠分为湖泊区、沙漠外围区和沙漠周边区3个区域,旨在对3个区域的白天和夜晚地表温度进行研究对比.结果显示位于巴丹吉林沙漠腹地的湖泊区冬季白天和夜晚平均地表温度为6.10?C和-14.37?C,沙漠外围区分别为4.25?C和-15.44?C,沙漠周边区分别为4.07?C和-14.29?C,存在沙漠腹地湖泊区地表温度明显高于沙漠其他区域的"暖岛效应",其形成机制可能与远程地下水补给湖泊群有关.     

基于Visual MODFLOW的武威盆地地下水动态模拟及预测

采用Visual MODFLOW(VMOD)模型对武威盆地地下水动态进行数值模拟,预测规划年水资源配置方案下威武盆地地下水动态.模型识别与验证结果表明VMOD模拟效果良好,可用于研究区地下水系统采补平衡分析.水资源配置方案下的VMOD模型预测结果表明:各规划年地下水系统补、径、排空间格局总体趋势变化较小,山麓洪积扇井河混灌区南部地下水水位持续下降.至2020年,地下水位上升区间由盆地中部逐渐向东南方向移动,泉水溢出区地下水系统一定程度上得到恢复,地下水位整体下降情况逐步得到改善.     

河西走廊近50年来生态环境恶化特征研究

曾经美丽丰腴的河西走廊,正面临着严重的生态环境地质问题,为了遏止该地区生态环境继续恶化,搜集翔实的资料,系统阐明了河西走廊近50年来生态环境演变特征。结果表明,自20世纪50年代以来,由于随着中游地区工农业用水量的增加和水利化程度的日臻完善,引起地下水补给量减少,造成区域地下水位下降,从而在河西走廊以植被退化、土壤盐渍化、土地沙漠化、水质恶化为代表的生态环境问题呈现逐渐恶化趋势,中上游较轻,下游民勤盆地、额济纳平原较严重。世界著名的月牙泉水面面积20世纪50年代末为14 800m2,水深为7.5m,现在水面已缩小到1 550 m2,水深已不足1m,且将不断萎缩,岌岌可危;20世纪50年代初东西居延海水域面积约有300km2,年产鱼5万kg,现在西居延海已成寸草不生的戈壁滩,东居延海只剩下干涸的湖底。亚洲最大的沙漠水库—民勤红崖山水库也因无水而干涸,有志之识发出了"绝不能让民勤盆地成为第二个罗布泊"的呐喊。     

西北黑河下游盆地河水与地下水转化的新发现

运用地球物探、盆地地质演化、环境同位素示踪与水化学分析、河床渗透试验和地下水流场分析等研究方法,综合研究了我国西北干旱区第二大内陆河--黑河下游盆地河水与地下水的转化途径、方式及转化量,发现在哨马营至古日乃存在地堑式断层,断层带为黑河古河道.通过河水位与地下水位的关系、河床渗透试验,估算出黑河鼎新段河水渗漏量约为1.764×108m3/a. 黑河鼎新段为古日乃盆地地下水的补给区,地下水大多通过古河道进入古日乃盆地,保证古日乃绿洲的生存.为黑河流域综合整治提供了科学依据.     

综合电法在地下水资源勘查中的应用实例

在特定的地质条件下,不同物探方法结合使用,可有效避免单种物探方法的多解性和不确定性,获得较为理想的解释。以古县地下水资源勘查为例,说明CSAMT与TEM两种方法相结合是寻找地下水资源的一种行之有效的手段。     

疏勒河流域花海灌区地下水位动态演变趋势

根据疏勒河流域花海灌区水文地质条件,尤其是地下水的补径排关系,建立了相应的水文地质模型和地下水数值模型。通过拟合近十年的地下水水位,对模型进行识别与校验,在此基础上预测了未来20年地下水水位变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明,在350.52万m~3/a的开采强度下地下水水位略有回升,在2 009.86万m~3/a的开采强度下地下水水位下降明显,最大降幅达6 m;高强度开采地下水会引起灌区地下水水位持续下降,区内东南部受影响尤为明显,会引起一系列生态及环境问题。     

额济纳三角洲地下水埋深变化与土地覆被变化关系的研究

干旱内陆河流域普遍存在流域中游灌溉农业和下游地区生态环境、地下水埋深之间的平衡问题。本文根据黑河下游额济纳三角洲1988-2009年地下水埋深数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法和克里格插值法分析地下水埋深时空变化,同时利用1990、2000和2010年的土地覆被数据分析土地覆被变化,探讨了土地覆被变化与地下水埋深变化的关系。结果表明:1988-2009年,研究区年平均地下水埋深在0.1显著水平上呈增加趋势,地下水埋深的空间相关性先减弱后增强;生态环境先后经历了严重恶化到缓慢恢复的过程;地下水埋深空间分布与变化和植被空间分布与变化有着密切的关系。四种荒漠植被生长的地下水位埋深从大到小排序为梭梭、柽柳、胡杨、芦苇。地下水埋深增加,植被退化,水域趋向干涸,地下水埋深减少,植被有所恢复,水域面积增加。     

Observation of mega-dune evaporation after various rain events in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert, China

The formation mechanisms of the mega-dunes and lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert,China,is the focus of extensive academic research in the field of geoscience,and an often debated topic is whether atmospheric precipitation on the mega-dune can infiltrate to recharge groundwater.In the present study,the probability distribution functions and the return period analysis of extreme daily precipitation based on long-term precipitation records for the southern margin of Badain Jaran Desert and 2-year observation of hinterland precipitation were used to classify precipitation in the desert region.The data of automatic weather station and eddy covariance system in the desert hinterland were used to analyze evaporation on the mega-dune surface after various rain events.The results showed that the rain events in the desert could be divided into three categories.The first is conventional precipitation(CP),which is below 5 mm,accounting for roughly 90%of all rain events in the desert.The second and third categories are ordinary annual maximum(OAM)and extreme precipitation(EP),in which precipitation is roughly 20 mm and more than 40 mm,respectively.The atmospheric precipitation of CP and OAM evaporated from the megadune surface in 1–3 days and 3–4 weeks,respectively.Following an EP event,the mega-dune evaporation was negatively influenced by the upper dry sand layer,and a lengthy period was required for its complete removal.The accumulative evaporation and accumulative precipitation of all three types of rain events indicated that local atmospheric precipitation had no significant contribution to recharging the groundwater system in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.This research will benefit comprehensive elucidation of the formation mechanism of lakes in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert.     

基于遥感的长时间序列下巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊演化分裂特征分析

巴丹吉林沙漠内湖泊已存在达千年尺度,其地表残留的湖泊演化分裂特征可部分反映地下水变化规律。以往研究多依赖水化学特征的解释,本次基于国产高分卫星数据,从遥感的角度对巴丹吉林沙漠内124个古湖的演化分裂特征进行提取。研究区湖泊水体分裂特征模拟结果显示,巴丹吉林沙漠内湖泊在长时间尺度下的演变分裂特征明显、分类聚合形式显著,宏观上各演化分裂特征区间由东南向西北展布,但与研究区地形变化趋势不完全相同,二者在局部存在显著差异。     

巴丹吉林沙漠沉积物的地球化学特征

在第四纪沉积物研究中,特别是现代沉积环境的研究中,沉积物的地球化学特征在分析物源和重建古环境等方面发挥积极的作用.通过采集了巴丹吉林沙漠不同区域、不同类型沙丘、不同地貌部位的沙样,分析了巴丹吉林沙漠沉积物的地球化学特征,得出巴丹吉林沙漠沉积物在矿物学上和沉积学上的成熟度较低,但是具有很好的均质性的结论.这一结论对于推断巴丹吉林沙漠沉积物的物源有很好的指示意义,同时对于研究巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的成因也有一定的线索意义.     

Formation mechanisms of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia

Field observations demonstrate that calc-sinters occurred in the lakes of Badain Jaran Desert. 87Sr/86Sr ratios,14C,δ 13C and mineral com-positions of calc-sinters,and 3He/4He,4He/20Ne,δ 18O,δ D,pH and TDS of water from springs and lakes are analyzed in detail. The results indicate that the lake water is supplied through deep fault zone. The “ker-nel” of stabilized dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert perhaps consists of calc-sinters and calcareous ce-mentation layers. Deep-seated groundwater effuses from this “kernel” and recharges to lakes in desert. Precipitation and snowmelt water from the Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau is fed into the Badain Jaran Desert,Gurinai,Wentougaole and Ejinqi areas through the Xigaze-Langshan Fault zone. The isotopic composi-tions of groundwater in the Alax Plateau are abnor-mal due to the strong evaporation of the Gyaring and Ngoring lake water in the headstream of the Yellow River. Groundwater dissolves dissoluble fractions of rocks during its transportation through the fault zone and flows out of the mouth of spring in the Badan Jaran Desert. The dissoluble fractions are finally de-veloped into calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers around the spring. Calci-sinters are gradually largened and eventually emerge on the surface of lake water. Eolian sands accumulate on the surfaces of calc-sinters and calcareous cementation layers,and eventually develop into dunes. Invasion of magma causes an increase in the temperature of groundwater within the faults. Groundwater evapora-tion provides water vapor for the formation of humid stabilized dunes during its upwelling. Rhizoconcre-tions found in Yihejigede indicate that the dune was formed and remained immovable 4700 years ago. The height of the megadunes is proportional to thermal quantity carried by the groundwater.     

Landscape evolution and palaeoclimate in the deserts of northwestern China, with a special reference to Badain Jaran and Taklamakan

A comparative study of geomorphologic landscapes in the Badain Jaran Desert and Taklamakan Desert was made on the basis of field investigations, thermolumi-niscence and radiocarbon dating as well as analysis of sand grain texture. The sand seas of the Badain Jaran Desert differ greatly from that of the Taklamakan Desert in terms of dune morphology, interdune relief, dune stratigraphy and sand sources. The thermoluminiscence ages of the dunes suggest that the basic configuration of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert has not changed at least since Middle Holocene. There were periods of more humid environment during the last glaciation and Holocene in both deserts, but events of higher precipitation in the Badain Jaran Desert were more frequent than in the Taklamakan. In both desert areas, aeolian processes have been intensified during the last 2000 a.     

远源地下水入侵阿拉善高原沙漠:酸溶物Sr同位素证据

选取北方西－东向气候剖面上物质组成相似的四个沙漠（塔克拉玛干、巴丹吉林、腾格里和毛乌素）,测定其地表沙酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值、Ca2+和Sr2+浓度。Ca2+和Sr2+浓度相关性极好,在降雨量低的塔克拉玛干沙漠中最高,向东逐渐降低,在降雨量多的毛乌素沙漠中最低。降雨量是控制阳离子浓度变化的主导因素。酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值在四个沙漠中有不同于阳离子变化的区域特征。塔克拉玛干沙漠酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值在0.71以下,巴丹吉林和腾格里沙漠的大于0.7112,而毛乌素沙漠的在0.71-0.7112之间变化。塔克拉玛干和毛乌素沙漠地表沙酸溶物87Sr/86Sr比值仅受气候变化的制约。巴丹吉林和腾格里沙漠除了受气候因素影响外还受其它因素的制约,最可能的就是远源地下水。经计算,远源地下水对巴丹吉林沙漠的影响份额为47%,对腾格里沙漠为44%,接近气候因素的影响。     

10Be in quartz gravel from the Gobi Desert and evolutionary history of alluvial sedimentation in the Ejina Basin,Inner Mongolia,China

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Gobi deserts developed from alluvial sediments in arid regions has great significance in unraveling changes in both tectonic activity and climate. However, such work is limited by a lack of suitable dating material preserved in the Gobi Desert, but cosmogenic ¹⁰Be has great potential to date the Gobi deserts. In the present study, ¹⁰Be in quartz gravel from the Gobi deserts of the Ejina Basin in Inner Mongolia of China has been measured to assess exposure ages. Results show that the Gobi Desert in the northern margin of the basin developed 420 ka ago, whereas the Gobi Desert that developed from alluvial plains in the Heihe River drainage basin came about during the last 190 ka. The latter developed gradually northward and eastward to modern terminal lakes of the river. These temporal and spatial variations in the Gobi deserts are a consequence of alluvial processes influenced by Tibetan Plateau uplift and tectonic activities within the Ejina Basin. Possible episodes of Gobi Desert development within the last 420 ka indicate that the advance/retreat of alpine glaciers during glacial/interglacial cycles might have been the dominant factor to influencing the alluvial intensity and water volume in the basin. Intense floods and large water volumes would mainly occur during the short deglacial periods.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and recharge sources of Lake Nuoertu in the Badain Jaran Desert

We present a case study of physical and chemical indicators and isotope characteristics of Lake Nuoertu,one of the largest and deepest lakes of the Badain Jaran Desert.We analyze the concentrations of eight ions,total dissolved solids,and stable isotope composition of the lake and groundwater,as well as radioactive isotope tritium concentration in groundwater.The results show that annual and seasonal variations of the physical and chemical characteristics of Lake Nuoertu water are significantly greater than those of groundwater.The lake is uniformly mixed in the horizontal and vertical directions,and the hydrochemical types of the lake at different depths are consistent for Na–Cl–CO3–(SO4).Stable isotope composition of the lake and groundwater at Nuoertu is distributed along the local evaporation line(EL)slope,which is less than the slope of the global meteoric water line.The comparatively small slope shows the characteristic strong evaporation in the study area.Lake water isotopes are mostly in the upper right corner of the EL,whereas groundwater is mostly in the lower left corner.The main recharge source of Nuoertu lake water is groundwater,in combination with lake water and groundwater level change.The age of tufa springs around Nuoertu is about75–80 a,which shows that the initial recharge source of the lake is a mix between modern and 1952 or older;however,further research is required.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊面积与水位的非线性关系模拟研究

位于内蒙古阿拉善盟的巴丹吉林沙漠是中国第二大沙漠,以其存在世界上最高的沙山以及约100个湖泊而著称.现今湖面海拔一般为1 150~1 200m,前人研究认为在过去3万年以来的某些时期存在更高的湖面.假设沙丘洼地的形态基本保持不变,可以根据现今湖泊洼地的三维形态来模拟高湖面时期的湖泊群分布特征和总面积.以90m分辨率的DEM数据为基础,对若干典型洼地等高面面积随高程的变化进行了分析,发现可以用幂函数和多项式2种非线性方程模拟.多数情况下需要多项式,但一般只要达到3阶就可以精确拟合.对于湖泊洼地,由于很少有湖水最大深度的数据,湖底最低高程往往是未知的.利用湖面以上的等高面数据建立拟合程度最佳的非线性函数可以反推最低高程,但仍然存在不确定性.这一点对恢复历史上的高湖面形态并没有影响.