超稠油催化改质降粘研究

以春晖超稠油为原料,采用自制催化剂于高温高压反应釜中,模拟研究了稠油在开采过程中全温度段50~250℃下的催化水热裂解降黏反应;考察了反应温度、催化剂、供氢剂对稠油降黏率的影响,得到最佳工艺条件:反应温度为200℃,油水比为7∶3,反应时间为24 h,供氢剂为十氢萘,50℃的降黏率为98%。应用柱层析法对反应前后稠油的族组成进行了测定;并用红外光谱探索稠油反应前后胶质和沥青质的结构变化。反应后重质组分如胶质、沥青质含量明显减少,轻组分饱和分、芳香分组分显著增多;反应前后胶质和沥青质结构中部分烷烃支链断裂发生加氢反应。     

纳米镍催化剂对胜利超稠油水热裂解降黏的影响

利用微乳液法合成纳米镍催化剂,采用透射电镜对其进行表征,在200℃时对超稠油进行水热裂解催化反应,通过气相色谱仪、元素分析仪、相对分子质量测定仪、红外光谱仪对反应前后稠油的物化性质进行分析。结果表明:水热裂解催化反应后,超稠油降黏率达90.36%,稠油胶质与沥青质含量减少,稠油相对分子质量下降,沥青质相对分子质量降低幅度最大;反应后稠油及其重质组分的氢碳原子数比增加,硫与氮含量减少,氧含量增加;稠油发生水热裂解反应的同时,存在沥青质的聚合反应,沥青质的裂解在降黏反应中起到了关键的作用;纳米镍催化剂促进了水热裂解反应,同时抑制了聚合反应;纳米镍催化剂协同作用使高温水与稠油发生反应,产生具有表面活性的醇类、酚类、羧酸类等物质,导致反应后稠油含氧量增加,黏度降低。     

特超稠油水热裂解降粘反应研究

针对特超稠油开采难的问题,进行了无水及有水条件下超稠油的裂解实验,通过族组分、气相色谱仪及红外光谱仪对水热裂解反应前后稠油裂解降黏规律进行了研究。结果表明,超稠油经过无水参与的裂解反应后,胶质含量减少,沥青质的含量大幅上升,芳烃的含量大幅下降,饱和烃含量略有增加。超稠油经过有水参与的裂解反应后,沥青质及胶质的含量降低,饱和烃与芳烃的含量增加。无水存在的情况下,超稠油在高温的条件下发生了裂解及聚合反应,且以生成沥青质的聚合反应为主,主要由芳烃及胶质聚合转化生成沥青质,稠油黏度增加。高温水参与了稠油水热裂解反应后,其中的聚合反应得到了抑制,促进了裂解反应的进行,使稠油的重质组分向轻质组分转化,稠油黏度降低。     

常压渣油加氢反应产物体系的胶体稳定性

在高温高压反应釜内,使用加氢转化催化剂对绥中36-1常压渣油进行加氢反应.通过分析产物的SARA四组分组成、数均相对分子质量及沥青质的平均结构和溶解度参数考察反应后体系胶体的稳定性.结果表明:反应温度升高,体系的稳定性逐渐变差,产物的SARA四组分中饱和分与沥青质的总含量增大,芳香分与胶质的含量降低;组分的数均相对分子质量减小,组成的改变影响产物的胶体稳定性;沥青质平均分子结构中环烷碳率、烷基碳率降低,芳香碳率增大,缩合度参数变小,沥青性质变差;沥青质平均分子结构中溶解度参数增大,分子间作用增大;组分组成及平均结构的变化导致反应后体系的胶体稳定性变差.     

石油沥青质中杂原子化合物的高分辨质谱分析

使用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱研究沥青质及其亚组分的分子组成。结果表明,重质油及其沥青质中杂原子化合物分子组成十分复杂,负离子电喷雾结合高分辨傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)鉴定出了N1、N1O1、N1O1S1、N1O2、N1S1、O2、O2S1、O2S2、O2S3、O3、O3S1、O4等多种杂原子类型,含氧化合物和分子中存在多个杂原子的化合物在沥青质中相对富集。加拿大油砂沥青减压渣油(VTB)C7沥青质较C5沥青质中化合物缩合度更高;不同原油沥青质组成差异很大,VTB沥青质中杂原子类型多,分子缩合程度较高,而苏丹VR沥青质中含氧化物丰度较高。分子缩合度的微小变化也能对沥青质的溶解度产生较大影响,通过对不同极性亚组分分析,从分子层次证明了高缩度和多杂原子化合物最容易在低极性或非极性溶剂中沉淀出来。通过对非碱性氮化合物和酸性化合物的分子组成分析,获得了沥青质分子组成的重要信息,尽管在实验选用的仪器条件下仅能对沥青质中部分化合物进行分析,但是可以确定沥青质中存在很多小分子化合物。     

石油沥青质中杂原子化合物的高分辨质谱分析

使用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱研究沥青质及其亚组分的分子组成。结果表明,重质油及其沥青质中杂原子化合物分子组成十分复杂,负离子电喷雾结合高分辨傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)鉴定出了N1、N1O1、N1O1S1、N1O2、N1S1、O2、O2S1、O2S2、O2S3、O3、O3S1、O4等多种杂原子类型,含氧化合物和分子中存在多个杂原子的化合物在沥青质中相对富集。加拿大油砂沥青减压渣油(VTB)C7沥青质较C5沥青质中化合物缩合度更高;不同原油沥青质组成差异很大,VTB沥青质中杂原子类型多,分子缩合程度较高,而苏丹VR沥青质中含氧化物丰度较高。分子缩合度的微小变化也能对沥青质的溶解度产生较大影响,通过对不同极性亚组分分析,从分子层次证明了高缩度和多杂原子化合物最容易在低极性或非极性溶剂中沉淀出来。通过对非碱性氮化合物和酸性化合物的分子组成分析,获得了沥青质分子组成的重要信息,尽管在实验选用的仪器条件下仅能对沥青质中部分化合物进行分析,但是可以确定沥青质中存在很多小分子化合物。     

微生物降解作用对稠油理化性质的影响

微生物采油技术(MEOR)的主要机理之一就是利用微生物降解原油中的胶质、沥青质等重质组分,降低原油粘度和凝固点,以达到改善原油物化性质的目的。利用从原油及含油污水中分离、选育出能有效降解稠油中重组分的菌种对青海、胜利、辽河、大港等油田的稠油进行了微生物降解实验,分析了细菌降解对原油饱和烃、芳烃以及胶质、沥青质各组分在原油中相对含量和内部组成的影响。结果表明,细菌作用引起原油性质发生明显变化,原油中胶质、沥青质含量降低9%以上,其组成和结构也发生了一定的变化,原油饱和烃轻重组分比值变大,粘度和凝固点分别降低15%和20%左右,大大改善了原油的物化性质。     

模拟注蒸汽油藏水热条件下低硫稠油的化学改质反应研究

模拟注蒸汽热采水热条件开展了辽河低硫稠油化学改质实验．结果表明，化学改质后稠油中硫等杂原子部分被脱除，芳环数和总环数减少，H／C增大，重质组分含量降低，稠油粘度降低．延长反应时间和提高反应温度可强化稠油化学改质反应，但反应时间在72h以上和反应温度在240℃以上时改质稠油粘度降低幅度趋缓．辽河低硫稠油化学改质反应不仅涉及有机硫化物与水反应而发生裂解，还包括稠环桥联键断裂和脱烷基侧链等反应．砂及某些金属离子或化合物对化学改质反应具有催化作用，供氢剂和碱对裂解反应具有促进作用，模拟实验证实了水热条件下辽河低硫稠油化学改质反应中的催化作用及供氢剂、碱和砂与催化剂的协同效应．     

减压渣油的胶体结构及其形成

应用冷冻断裂复形透射电子显微镜法研究了三种典型国产减压渣油的物理结构。结果表明，减压渣油是溶胶态胶体分散体系，正庚烷沥青质和胶质重组分构成分散相胶团。胶质以两种状态存在：胶质重组分缔合形成分散相胶团，其余的胶质组分与油分（芳香分＋饱和分）一起构成分散介质。分析了三种减压渣油及其组分的红外光谱、化学组成与结构参数，考察了渣油胶体结构的形成机制。研究发现，高电负性杂原子和芳香性是形成胶团的充分必要条件，氢键是形成胶团的重要分子相互作用方式。胶团的多少和聚集状态取决于正庚烷沥青质和胶质重组分的多少，以及它们的高电负性杂原子含量和芳香性的高低。     

超临界水条件下水油比对渣油加氢反应性能的影响

研究超临界水(SCW)对渣油加氢反应过程的影响。结果表明:增加SCW,反应的转化率、气体、轻油及VGO收率先增加后降低,而焦炭和残渣油收率先降低后增加;加入适量SCW时,其增溶作用有利于沥青质在体系中的分散,气化作用可为加氢过程提供活性氢原子,抑制了沥青质的聚集和缩合生焦反应,随着SCW对催化剂酸性位的改变,提高了加氢催化剂的活性,有利于改善渣油加氢产物分布;高水油比下,SCW的萃取作用及竞争吸附作用加剧,恶化了反应环境,使产物分布变差;SCW条件下的脱硫率和脱氮率也会因焦炭对杂原子的富集作用、催化剂活性的变化及竞争吸附作用等而下降。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the