晶粒细化对Cu-20Co-20Cr合金高温化学稳定性影响

研究了机械合金化(MA)制备的Cu-20Co-20Cr合金在800℃,0.1 MPa纯氧气中的氧化行为。结果表明合金由两相组成,合金基体为富Cu的α相,富Cr的β相则以网状形式分散在α相中。合金的氧化动力学曲线不规则且偏离抛物线规律,其瞬时抛物线速率常数随时间而升高。合金表面形成的氧化膜为最多层结构,外层是一连续的CuO层,相邻的内层是以Co2O3,Cu2O为主及岛状黑色尖晶氧化物Cu2Cr2O4和Co2Cr2O6组成的混合氧化区,且越靠近合金内部氧化物的Cr含量越高,但最终未能形成连续的Cr2O3外氧化膜。MACu-20Co-20Cr合金的氧化速率明显高于PMCu-20Co-20Cr合金。可见,晶粒尺寸降低后Cu-20Co-20Cr合金组元间的扩散速度大大加快了,但其表面未能发生活泼组元Cr的选择性外氧化。     

三元Cu-20Ni-25Co合金在800℃、0.1MPa纯氧气中氧化行为研究

研究了三元Cu-20Ni-25Co合金在800℃、0.1 MPa纯氧气中的氧化行为.结果表明:合金由二相组成,合金基体由富Cu贫Co的α相组成,而Co含量较高的β相则以孤立的岛状物形式分散在基体中.与前面研究的3种不同Co含量的双相Cu-Co合金在600~800℃空气中的氧化行为即所有合金均形成由Cu和Co氧化物组成的混合氧化膜不同,目前研究的Cu-20Ni-25Co合金表面形成了连续的Co2O3层.这主要归因于向Cu-Co合金加入了第三组元Ni,降低了合金表面活泼组元形成氧化物所需的临界浓度,促使合金表面由混合氧化物膜向单一活泼组元氧化物膜的转化.     

FGH95合金的高温氧化行为

通过静态增重实验、X射线物相分析、扫描电镜形貌观察及微区成分分析等手段,系统研究了FGH95合金在不同温度下的高温氧化行为及高温氧化动力学规律.结果表明:FGH95合金在800～1 000 ℃具有较好的抗氧化性能,其氧化动力学曲线基本符合抛物线规律;在1 100 ℃,氧化较为严重,其氧化动力学曲线由两段抛物线组成.氧化层主要由Cr2O3和TiO2组成,在1 100 ℃高温氧化后有少量的NiCr2O4生成.     

Ni-Cr-Co基高温合金在含有水蒸汽的空气中的高温腐蚀行为

利用热重分析法、SEM(EDX)和X射线衍射研究了一种Ni-Cr-o基高温合金在两种不同水蒸汽含量的空气中的高温腐蚀行为.结果表明:合金在750℃含有10%H2O的空气中的腐蚀动力学规律为先遵从抛物线后遵从直线规律,试样表面形成Cr2O3层,并且有内氧化物生成.合金在775℃含有5%H2O的空气中腐蚀时,试样表面致密的氧化层由Cr2O3,TiO2和CoCr2O4组成,同时也发生了内氧化现象.水蒸汽加速了合金的腐蚀速度.整个腐蚀过程由元素通过氧化膜的传输控制.     

四元Cu-20Ni-20Cr-2Si合金在900℃,0 1MPa纯氧中氧化行为研究

研究了Cu-20Ni-20Cr-2Si合金在900℃,0.1 MPa纯氧中的氧化行为。结果表明：合金由三相组成,氧化动力学偏离抛物线规律,其瞬时抛物线速率常数随时间而降低。与前面研究的三相Cu-20Ni-20Cr合金形成含有所有组元氧化物及它们复合氧化物的复杂氧化膜结构不同,目前研究的Cu-20Ni-20Cr-2Si合金内部形成了连续的Cr2O3层,这是由于向Cu-20Ni-20Cr合金中加入了第四组元Si后,降低了合金表面活泼组元形成氧化物所需的临界浓度,使合金表面易于形成活泼组元氧化物膜。     

四元Cu-20Ni-20Cr-2Si合金在900℃,0.1MPa纯氧中氧化行为研究

研究了Cu-20Ni-20Cr-2Si合金在900℃,0.1 MPa纯氧中的氧化行为。结果表明：合金由三相组成,氧化动力学偏离抛物线规律,其瞬时抛物线速率常数随时间而降低。与前面研究的三相Cu-20Ni-20Cr合金形成含有所有组元氧化物及它们复合氧化物的复杂氧化膜结构不同,目前研究的Cu-20Ni-20Cr-2Si合金内部形成了连续的Cr2O3层,这是由于向Cu-20Ni-20Cr合金中加入了第四组元Si后,降低了合金表面活泼组元形成氧化物所需的临界浓度,使合金表面易于形成活泼组元氧化物膜。     

Te对Ni-Cr合金高温抗氧化性能的影响

采用粉末冶金方法制备含Te的Ni-Cr合金试样.在800士5℃高温进行抗氧化实验.通过氧化动力学曲线分析、氧化皮金相组织和断面形貌观察、X-ray分析表明:Te的加入在合金内部形成新相Cr2TeO4和Fe3TeO,提高合金材料氧化皮的粘附性.并且有效抑制Cr2O3的挥发反应,从而改善Cr2O3氧化层的致密性.     

新型定向凝固高温合金750℃抗热腐蚀性能

研究了涂有75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl盐膜的新型定向凝固镍基高温合金在750℃的热腐蚀行为,采用X射线衍射仪和带能谱的扫描电镜分析腐蚀产物相组成以及微观结构.结果表明:该合金在开始阶段腐蚀速率较大,随着腐蚀时间的延长以及合金腐蚀层厚度的增加,腐蚀速率降低.腐蚀层可分为3个区域:外层是以TiO2和Cr2O3为主相对疏松的氧化层,中间层具有保护性的是富Cr层,内层是以Al,Ti为主的氧化物以及点状分布的硫化物.合金的热腐蚀主要由氧化-硫化共存伴随着表面腐蚀物挥发形成,在此过程中腐蚀持续向合金基体推进,使得腐蚀层不断增厚.     

CrN/Cr涂层对Ti22Al26Nb合金的高温防护研究

采用电弧离子镀技术在O相Ti22Al26Nb合金表面镀覆CrN以及CrN/Cr涂层并研究了其在800和900℃空气中的等温氧化行为,结果显示O相钛合金表面施加单一的CrN涂层后,涂层表面在氧化时形成了保护性的氧化膜Cr2O3层,因此合金受到了良好的高温防护,但是涂层和基体合金之间发生了明显的互扩散;在CrN涂层和钛合金基体之间施加纯Cr扩散障层后形成的CrN/Cr涂层,其表面除了象单一CrN涂层那样氧化后形成了一层连续、致密、结合良好的保护性氧化膜Cr2O3层外,还能有效的抑制涂层与基体合金之间的互扩散,此外扩散障Cr层的存在使得靠近其基体的晶粒也出现了长大现象。     

铸造镍基高温合金K35的氧化动力学

用静态增重法研究了K35镍基铸造高温合金的800℃氧化动力学·结果表明,K35合金的氧化动力学遵循抛物线规律,属于完全抗氧化级·利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析确定K35合金氧化膜组成以Cr2O3为主,含有NiCr2O4及TiO·TiO2·由于钛氧化物的存在,在高温氧化期间,K35合金发生了内氧化·     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the