肉桂油对采后病原菌Penicillium expansum的抑制作用研究

探讨了肉桂油(cinnamon oil)对果蔬采后主要致病菌Penicillium expansum生长发育及致病力的影响.结果表明:体积分数为0.02%的肉桂油能够显著抑制P.expansum的孢子萌发、芽管伸长、菌落扩展以及真菌毒素Patulin的合成,引起毒素合成相关基因表达下降;体积分数提高到0.04%时,肉桂油对苹果和梨果实的青霉病有良好的防治效果.通过转录组水平检测,肉桂油胁迫影响P.expansum胞内糖、脂及氨基酸代谢,以及次级代谢物的合成,同时破坏胞内氧化还原状态的平衡.     

农产品和饲料中常见真菌毒素的种类和危害

对黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、展青霉素等常见真菌毒素的来源、种类、特点、毒性等进行了介绍,并进一步阐述真菌毒素对人类和动物健康的影响及国内外对农产品及饲料中真菌毒素控制的相关法律、法规和标准.     

干扰素的研究进展

干扰素是一类多功能细胞因子,是由哺乳动物体细胞合成与分泌的潜在的生物活性蛋白质,具有抵抗病毒感染、抑制肿瘤细胞生长与调节机体免疫功能的作用.概述了干扰素的性质、分类、生物学活性、基因结构、基因工程研究及安全性等问题.     

基于光谱技术的食品中常见真菌毒素的快速检测研究进展

真菌毒素广泛存在于食品中,特别是谷物和谷物制品,严重危害着人类和动物的安全和健康.随着色谱技术、免疫化学以及光、电、声等领域的不断发展,检测真菌毒素的方法出现多样化,各种方法的优缺点共存,如何快速、灵敏、准确、方便地进行检测成为目前形势发展下的要求.介绍了几种真菌毒素的性质、限量和检测现状,并综述了基于拉曼光谱的真菌毒素检测技术,及其在不同真菌毒素检测实验中的应用.     

真菌毒素在食品工业中的危害与控制

真菌毒素污染是当前国际食品安全问题的一个重要议题,简要回顾了人类历史上由真菌毒素污染产生的食品安全事件,介绍了真菌毒素污染对于人类健康的危害;并对真菌毒素防毒去毒技术现状进行介绍,概述食品产业各环节应对真菌毒素污染的基本方案.     

对酞内酰胺苯甲酰氯作为柱前衍生试剂在高效液相色谱中的应用

本文着重综述了对酞内酰胺苯甲酰氯（４－（２－ｐｈｔｈａｌｉｍｉｄｙｌ）ｂｅｎｚｏｙｌｃｈｌｏｒｉｄｅ，以下简称ＰＩＢ－Ｃｌ）作为高效液相色谱的柱前衍生试剂在分析含胺基、羟基化合物和真菌毒素方面的应用。同时还介绍了ＰＩＢ－Ｃｌ的合成及理化性质。     

真菌毒素对肉雏鸡免疫力有影响

真菌毒素系生长于潮湿或贮藏不当的饲料和谷物上的霉菌所产生的,畜禽饲料被真菌毒素污染会对动物产生野响。然而,科学家还刚刚开始对真菌毒素对畜禽生产性能的影响进行定量研究。 美国北卡罗来纳州立大学研究人员M.A.Qureshi.J.T.Brake和P.B.Hamilton最近完成了一个由美国东南部家禽与蛋品协会资助的研究项目,研究了真菌毒素对肉用种鸡的影响。根据该研究《肉用种鸡采食黄曲霉毒素和蛇形菌素污染的日粮:对胚胎发育、肉雏鸡质量和长期免疫力的影响》结果:饲喂母鸡时黄曲霉毒素和更低水平的另一种真菌毒素、蛇形菌素会提高早期和后期胚胎死亡率。降低雏鸡生长率。与来源于对照组母鸡的雏鸡相比,来源于摄食黄曲霉毒素的母鸡的雏鸡的16日龄死亡率要高。     

一株海洋芽孢杆菌调节黄曲霉aflR和aflJ表达研究

从中国东部黄海中分离出一株对黄曲霉的生长及黄曲霉毒素合成具有显著抑制效果的海洋芽孢杆菌.采用滤纸片法研究其抑制黄曲霉菌丝延长的情况,用Beacon试剂盒检测抑制毒素合成实验中毒素含量,用实时定量反转录聚合酶链式反应技术(real-time qRT-PCR)重点对aflR、aflJ两个基因的转录产物进行定量测定.实验结果表明该株海洋芽孢杆菌对抑制黄曲霉生长及毒素合成和aflR、aflJ的转录有较显著的效果.     

新型真菌毒素电化学传感器的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌的次级代谢产物,具有极强的毒性,对环境和农作物等均有一定污染性,严重威胁人类健康.为防止其污染的扩大和生物体内富集,对真菌毒素实现实时监测、灵敏检测已成为亟待解决的问题.纳米科学和生物技术的快速发展使得结合了纳米材料、核酸适配体的新型电化学传感器具有非常显著的高特异性、高选择性、简便等优点,对真菌毒素的检测在方法建立和提高灵敏度等方面均有突飞猛进的进展.本文简述了新型电化学传感器对常见真菌毒素检测的研究进展,希望为今后发展更为有效、简便、灵敏的新型电化学传感器提供一定的参考.     

水温对鱼类免疫活动的影响

温度是一种非常重要的非生物因子,会影响鱼类正常的生理活动及行为特征.鱼类的免疫活动对环境温度的变化十分敏感,但不同鱼类调节其免疫活动的规律各有特点.概而言之,水体温度变化主要影响了鱼类抗体分泌、免疫活性细胞的活性及数量、溶菌酶活性及补体活化途径及活性.超过鱼类生理适应范围的温度都会抑制其特异性和非特异性免疫活动.适宜的...     

口服8种细菌溶解物治疗儿童反复呼吸道感染免疫指标的变化

目的观察8种细菌溶解物（泛福舒）治疗反复呼吸道感染前后免疫指标的变化。方法将117例反复呼吸道感染儿童121服泛福舒，每日1次，每次3．5mg，连用10d，停20d，3月为疗程。结果治疗前后免疫指标改变有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论口服泛福舒可提高儿童体液免疫和细胞免疫，可作为治疗儿童反复呼吸道感染的有效方法。     

维生素E对动物健康及营养影响的分析

就维生素E对动物营养及健康的影响进行了研究，结果表明，维生素E在动物体内具有能促进细胞内呼吸，作为抗氧化剂保护细胞、亚细胞结构免受氧化物破坏等多方面的生理生化功能，尤其是在免疫学方面具有强化免疫、抗毒、抗肿瘤、抗感染、消灭自由基等重要作用。     

A Xanthomonas uridine 5'-monophosphate transferase inhibits plant immune kinases

Plant innate immunity is activated on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) at the cell surface, or of pathogen effector proteins inside the plant cell. Together, PAMP-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity constitute powerful defences against various phytopathogens. Pathogenic bacteria inject a variety of effector proteins into the host cell to assist infection or propagation. A number of effector proteins have been shown to inhibit plant immunity, but the biochemical basis remains unknown for the vast majority of these effectors. Here we show that the Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris type III effector AvrAC enhances virulence and inhibits plant immunity by specifically targeting Arabidopsis BIK1 and RIPK, two receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases known to mediate immune signalling. AvrAC is a uridylyl transferase that adds uridine 5'-monophosphate to and conceals conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation loop of BIK1 and RIPK, reducing their kinase activity and consequently inhibiting downstream signalling.     

Functional genomic analysis of phagocytosis and identification of a Drosophila receptor for E. coli

The recognition and phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is a principal aspect of innate immunity that is conserved from insects to humans. Drosophila melanogaster has circulating macrophages that phagocytose microbes similarly to mammalian macrophages, suggesting that insect macrophages can be used as a model to study cell-mediated innate immunity. We devised a double-stranded RNA interference-based screen in macrophage-like Drosophila S2 cells, and have defined 34 gene products involved in phagocytosis. These include proteins that participate in haemocyte development, vesicle transport, actin cytoskeleton regulation and a cell surface receptor. This receptor, Peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC), is involved in phagocytosis of Gram-negative but not Gram-positive bacteria. Drosophila humoral immunity also distinguishes between Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria through the Imd and Toll pathways, respectively; however, a receptor for the Imd pathway has not been identified. Here we show that PGRP-LC is important for antibacterial peptide synthesis induced by Escherichia coli both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, totem mutants, which fail to express PGRP-LC, are susceptible to Gram-negative (E. coli), but not Gram-positive, bacterial infection. Our results demonstrate that PGRP-LC is an essential component for recognition and signalling of Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, this functional genomic approach is likely to have applications beyond phagocytosis.     

Lysogeny in marine Synechococcus

Viral infection of bacteria can be lytic, causing destruction of the host cell, or lysogenic, in which the viral genome is instead stably maintained as a prophage within its host. Here we show that lysogeny occurs in natural populations of an autotrophic picoplankton (Synechococcus) and that there is a seasonal pattern to this interaction. Because lysogeny confers immunity to infection by related viruses, this process may account for the resistance to viral infection seen in common forms of autotrophic picoplankton.     

HIV感染的治疗性DNA疫苗（综述）

DNA疫苗被称为继完速病原体疫苗和基因工程重组蛋白疫苗后的第3代疫苗,其兼有重组亚单位疫苗的安全性和减毒活疫苗的有效性。HIV感染的防治则以激发细胞免疫为主,以激发细胞免疫为主的DNA疫苗给HIV感染防治带来曙光。目前DNA疫苗在HIV感染防治研究方面已取得显著进展,其临床研究已证明具有明显的刺激机体细胞免疫的效果,尤其是一些细胞因子、趋化因子可明显增强HIV DNA疫苗的免疫反应。就DNA免疫佐剂、HIV病毒基因DNA疫苗作用机制以及加强HIV DNA疫苗的各种调节因素方面的研究进展进行综述,以促进HIV DNA疫苗防治的研究。     

Cell-mediated immunity to Theileria-transformed cell lines.

In East and Central Africa the protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes a disease of cattle called East Coast fever (ECF). In Kenya alone between 60,000 and 85,000 cattle die from ECF every year. Infected animals can recover from ECF either naturally or after treatment with tetracyclines or menoctone and are subsequently able to resist challenge with the homologous strain of parasite. That this acquired resistance is due to cell-mediated rather than humoral immunity has been suspected but never decisively shown. A major difficulty in studying immunity to ECF has been the lack of inbred animals for studying Theileria-specific immunity in the absence of allogeneic histocompatibility barriers. We have avoided this problem by measuring cell-mediated immune responses in a syngeneic system in vitro. Unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) were set up using bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as responder cells and autologous cell lines transformed in vitro by T. parva as stimulator cells. In these cultures, DNA synthesis was induced in PBL from both normal and Theileria-immune animals. However, cytotoxic lymphocytes were induced only in cultures containing responder lymphocytes from Theileria-immune cattle. The results show that Theileria-transformed cells express antigens which are recognized by effector cells and provide evidence that cell-mediated cytotoxic mechanisms function in immunity to ECF.     

Acquired immunity and epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium

Human immune responses to schistosome infection have been characterized in detail. But there has been controversy over the relative importance of ecological factors (variation in exposure to infection) and immunological factors (acquired immunity) in determining the relationships between levels of infection and age typically found in areas where infection is endemic. Independent effects of exposure and age on the rates of reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium after chemotherapy have been demonstrated in the Gambia and Zimbabwe. This age effect could be the result of acquired immunity to infection. Indeed, allowing for variation in exposure and age, low rates of reinfection in the Gambia are correlated with high amounts of specific IgE antibodies--human IgE can kill S. mansoni schistosomulae in vitro. Further, animals can acquire immunologically mediated resistance to S. mansoni infection, although nonimmunological factors could also be involved. Acquisition of this immunity seems to be related to the cumulative effects of repeated infection and provides only partial protection. These characteristics are consistent with immuno-epidemiological data for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections of humans. We have now analysed age-prevalence data for human infection with S. haematobium, and find patterns of variation that are indeed consistent with the epidemiological effects of acquired immunity predicted by mathematical models.     

Specific monoclonal IgM is a potent adjuvant in murine malaria vaccination

Recent experiments in the murine system have indicated that the passive acquisition by offspring of maternal anti-malarial IgG antibodies while conferring some degree of immunity against a primary infection, paradoxically prevents the generation of acquired immunity through vaccination. Therefore, in view of earlier findings concerning the competitive effects of specific IgM and IgG antibodies, we investigated whether specific monoclonal IgM antibodies could be used to potentiate the response to a blood-stage murine malaria vaccine. We now report that small amounts of purified monoclonal anti-parasite IgM can specifically potentiate both priming and memory cell generation in response to vaccination as evidenced by survival after infection, and that the magnitude of this effect is greater than that found with a more conventional nonspecific adjuvant (Bordetella pertussis). Additionally, in offspring of immune mothers, where vaccination is ineffective for up to 8 weeks due to the presence of maternal IgG, we have found that IgM when administered with the vaccine can completely overcome this inhibition by its adjuvant effect.     

量子共振检测仪诊断肿瘤130例

采用量子共振检测仪,通过头发测定了80例恶性肿瘤患者、50例良性肿瘤患者和50例无肿瘤者的免疫功能、肿瘤、恶性肿瘤、良性肿瘤、发锌和病毒感染的代码量价。结果表明：癌症患者的免疫功能明显低于良性肿瘤患者和无肿瘤者（P＜0．001）,而病毒感染程度和发锌的含量明显高于良性肿瘤患者和无肿瘤者（P＜0．001）;恶性肿瘤患者的免疫功能过低、病毒感染程度和发锌含量过高,这些将是诱发癌症的重要因素,也是诱发良性肿瘤的因素。通过对受试者上述指标的检查,将为肿瘤的早期发现和早期诊断提供可靠的依据。