混合气藏类型划分及成藏模式探讨

混合气藏是常见的天然气藏类型,实用的类型划分及成藏模式的建立是该类气藏定量研究的基础.根据端元气的来源,对混合气藏类型进行了划分,并结合实例建立了相应的成藏模式.研究结果表明,常见的混合气藏可划分出两大类4小类(1)异源混合气藏,指不同气源岩(灶)生成天然气的混合,其中包括异源岩混合气藏和异源灶混合气藏两类;(2)同源不同阶混合气藏,按母质类型分为煤型不同阶和油型不同阶两类.对塔里木、鄂尔多斯、四川等盆地典型气藏解剖结果证明,多套有效气源岩、沟通圈闭和源岩(灶)的通道是异源混合气藏形成的基础;而气源岩多期次演化生气、持续有效的圈闭是同源不同阶混合气藏形成的重要条件.分析认为,具有多套源岩供气的轮南凸起、川东高陡褶皱带是发育异源混合气藏的有利地区;而成藏过程复杂的库车坳陷则是同源不同阶混合气藏发育的有利地区.     

混源天然气成藏研究

沉积盆地中混源天然气成藏具有普遍性,其中同源不同阶、两源混合天然气是大中型气藏的主要成藏类型。建立不同端元天然气的地质地球化学模型,能够解决混源天然气成藏作用的关键问题。两种不同的源岩或者同一源岩在不同地质条件下生成的天然气具有特定的烃类和稳定碳同位素组成,如果建立了不同源岩生成天然气的地球化学模型,就能解决同源不同阶、两源不同阶混源天然气的混合比例判别等问题。以腐泥型和腐殖型母质生成的天然气混合成藏为例,利用端元气甲烷、乙烷百分含量和碳同位素组成等参数与源岩成熟度的定量关系,建立了两源不同阶混合天然气混合比例和成熟度的判识图版。在实际工作中,需要对研究区的源岩类型和演化规律进行深入研究,以准确建立端元气的地球化学模型和适用于研究区的判识图版。     

混源天然气成藏研究

沉积盆地中混源天然气成藏具有普遍性，其中同源不同阶、两源混合天然气是大中型气藏的主要成藏类型。建立不同端元天然气的地质地球化学模型，能够解决混源天然气成藏作用的关键问题。两种不同的源岩或者同一源岩在不同地质条件下生成的天然气具有特定的烃类和稳定碳同位素组成，如果建立了不同源岩生成天然气的地球化学模型，就能解决同源不同阶、两源不同阶混源天然气的混合比例判别等问题。以腐泥型和腐殖型母质生成的天然气混合成藏为例，利用端元气甲烷、乙烷百分含量和碳同位素组成等参数与源岩成熟度的定量关系，建立了两源不同阶混合天然气混合比例和成熟度的判识图版。在实际工作中，需要对研究区的源岩类型和演化规律进行深人研究，以准确建立端元气的地球化学模型和适用于研究区的判识图版。     

天然气成藏动力学机制发展趋势分析

目的研究天然气成藏机理与分布规律。方法国内外相关文献综合分析。结果对天然气成藏动力学机制的研究主要围绕背斜圈闭气藏(含上倾型构造及地层圈闭)、向斜圈闭气藏(深盆气圈闭)及煤层气藏(源内气藏)3类气藏进行,但是,研究的侧重点差别很大。其中,对背斜气藏的研究主要侧重天然气初次运移、二次运移、聚集及保存机制的研究,对向斜圈闭气藏的研究主要侧重于气水倒置形成、气藏异常压力形成机制的研究,而对煤层气藏的研究则主要侧重煤孔隙的形成、煤层气富集及保存机制研究。存在问题:其一,把背斜气藏和向斜气藏当成两种成藏动力学机制完全不同的气藏类型,其动力学依据不充分;其二,没有解决气源岩内天然气初次运移机制和聚集机制的矛盾。结论建议应加强两方面的研究:其一,以盆地升降运动为动力学基础,研究天然气成藏的动力学机制;其二,以烃源岩—断裂—储气层为基本输导格架,研究不同输导介质中天然气成藏的动力学机制。上述研究有望解决不同类型天然气藏形成动力学存在的问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界深盆气成藏剖析

鄂尔多斯盆地北部上古生界气藏为一典型的深盆气藏,其成藏要素主要包括平缓的单斜、充足的气源、渐变的储层、低渗透储层与气源岩的紧密接触及良好的封闭条件.成藏事件的研究表明上古生界储盖配套、圈闭形成与油气生成和运聚匹配,具有较好的成藏基础.成藏模式的划分指出了该区今后油气勘探方向,即在气带范围内寻找大型地层圈闭及岩性圈闭是天然气勘探的关键,在水带内的背斜圈闭和背斜-岩性复合圈闭是天然气勘探的有利靶区.     

东濮凹陷马厂地区油气聚集规律

从油气的来源，油气运移方式和盖层分布，断裂系统的发育特征，储集相带的类型四个方面，对马厂构造成藏的主控因素进行了系统分析，总结油气成藏规律，指出顶部地垒带气源条件优越，发育三套储集层系，是寻找成气藏的主要场所；中部断层阶带沙四段具有接受油型气和煤成气两套气源的有利构造位置，易形成混源气藏；构造翼部斜坡带油藏顺反向断块呈牙刷式分布，是现阶段增储的有利地区。     

川东复合气藏成藏机理及立体开发方式研究

川东地区三叠，二叠，石炭碳酸盐岩储层纵向发育五套产气层，不同储集类型的产层相互叠置，不同成因类型的气藏各成体系，构成独特的复合气藏，综合考虑高陡构造带圈闭条件，保存条件，富集程度及产层多少而划分为四种成藏类型，从含气系统的基本地质要求及成藏作用在时空上的匹配关系分析入手，剖析复合气藏的成藏机理，指出Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型所藏是高陡构造带天然气最为富集的复合气藏，建立了复合气藏纵向多产层有效的立体开发方式。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气成藏的地质特征

总结了天然气成藏的地质特征，目的是预测盆地内有利的天然气勘探区块。综合采用野外露头观察、钻井岩芯观察和室内分析研究等方法。研究表明，盆地晚古生代多种沉积体系发育，奠定了气藏的物质基础；沉积层序的演化控制了气源岩、储集层和盖层的发育及其空间组合；持续供气的气源岩、大范围分布的致密砂岩储集层、多因素封盖、就近成藏和成藏期晚等因素的综合作用有利于鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气藏的形成和保存。指出盆地内5个有利的天然气勘探区块。     

普光陆相地层天然气成藏条件与主控因素分析

普光地区陆相地层烃源岩主要发育在上三叠系须家河组、侏罗系自流井组和千佛崖组,以局部盖层为主,由须家河组及以上地层的泥质岩构成,储层主要为须家河组须二及须四段砂岩。通过对烃源岩特征、储层条件、盖层分布、圈闭类型及成藏模式等成藏地质条件的综合分析,认为普光陆相地层具有较好的生储层搭配及盖层,为陆相气藏的形成创造了条件;生烃凹陷控制气藏的分布范围;燕山期的古隆起(古斜坡)控制着油气运聚的方向;断裂及裂缝起着输导和改善储层的双重作用;其中后两个因素通过沟通油气源、有利沉积相带和形成圈闭等作用控制着普光陆相天然气的成藏。     

四川盆地页岩气藏和连续型-非连续型气藏基本特征

四川盆地是一个多旋回叠合盆地,发育了两套海相优质烃源岩(下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩,下志留统龙马溪组页岩),其有机质成熟度高(R_o=1.5%～6%),绝大多数地区普遍不利于页岩气藏的形成;另发育两套海陆过渡相(上二叠统龙潭组和上三叠统须家河组)优质烃源岩,其成熟度相对较低(R_o=0.7%～3%),在川西南-川南地区具有较有利的页岩气勘探前景.四川盆地页岩烃源岩排烃效率高, 为大规模油气藏提供了烃源;多存在晚期快速隆升调整过程, 为吸附气的解吸创造了条件.页岩气藏经历了早期地质条件优越、生物气高效成藏,中期深埋地腹、原油裂解气快速成藏,晚期快速隆升、脱溶气和解吸气调整成藏等过程.四川叠合盆地油气藏具有多样性特征, 发育了从非连续型到连续型完整序列的油气藏类型.典型的非连续型气藏主要是指构造圈闭(以及部分构造-岩性圈闭)气藏,其圈闭相对独立,非连续分布, 储集空间类型以孔隙型为主.震旦系威远气田、川东石炭系气田群及川东北下三叠统飞仙关组气藏群等具有相对典型的非连续型气藏特征.非连续型-连续型过渡气藏介于连续型气藏与非连续型气藏之间,呈分散状或连续状分布, 圈闭类型多以复合圈闭为主,可发育有裂缝圈闭(川东南二叠系阳新统气藏)及岩性圈闭(上三叠统须家河组气藏).储集空间以裂缝型或次生溶孔为主,非均质性强,普遍存在异常高压.四川盆地连续型气藏应以页岩气藏为主, 但现今未有成功勘探开发页岩气藏的实例.四川叠合盆地具有多旋回构造-沉积演化、优质烃源岩分布的区域性、储层的非均质性和天然气的活动性,及油气成藏经历了生物气、吸附气、裂解气、脱溶气和解吸气演替等多样性特征.因此,四川盆地的油气勘探和研究应形成常规与非常规、连续型与非连续型、原生与次生油气藏的立体勘探和研究局面, 尤其应加强非连续型-连续型过渡油气藏特征、形成机理和分布规律的研究.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin, west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles continuous subsldence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried.Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built that evolved fast in early stage,evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes,which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

Discussion on marine source rocks thermal evolvement patterns in the Tarim Basin and Sichuan Basin,west China

Taking marine source rocks of lower Paleozoic in the Tarim Basin and Paleozoic ones in the Sichuan Basin as examples, their sedimentation process could be classified into four styles: continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in early stage, continuous subsidence with deep sedimentation in later stage, that deeply buried-uplift-shallowly buried, and that shallowly buried-uplift-deeply buried. Unlike that in East China, the marine source rocks evolvement patterns did not accord with sedimentation styles one by one in superimposed basins in west China. Taking local geothermal field into account, four types of source rock evolvement patterns were built: that evolved fast in early stage, evolved fast in middle stage, evolved continuously and evolved in multistage. Among them, the 1st pattern contributed little to the present industrial oil pools directly, but paleo-oil reservoirs and gases cracked from crude oils were main exploration targets. Although some gases were found in the 2nd pattern, the scale was not big enough. For the 3rd and 4th patterns, the hydrocarbon potential depended on organic matters maturity in early stage. For relatively low mature rocks, it was possible to generate some oils in later stage; otherwise the main products were gases. Paleo-oil reservoirs remained fairly well in the Sichuan Basin, and most source rocks underwent kerogen-oil-gas processes, which was useful reference to gas exploration in the Tarim Basin.     

油气分段捕获揭示震旦——寒武系天然气成藏过程

烃源岩生烃具有时间和空间上的序列性,构造活动和圈闭的形成也具有阶段性,加之富集型古油藏和分散型滞留原油产生的裂解气也会大量运移聚集,因此,油气成藏可能经历多个阶段。基于以上油气分段捕获原理"将今论古"地分析四川盆地南部威远、资阳、高石梯-磨溪3个典型构造的震旦系-寒武系天然气成藏过程与成藏规律,从而预测其他未知区块的成藏潜力。研究认为,高磨地区作为继承性古隆起,震旦系-寒武系圈闭几乎捕获了烃源岩从早期生油到晚期干酪根生气所有阶段的油气;威远、资阳震旦系-寒武系圈闭则仅捕获了部分阶段的油气,对于未知区块-泸州古隆起区来讲,其震旦系-寒武系能捕获生气高峰及其以后阶段所有的天然气,包括分散型滞留原油裂解气和晚期干酪根裂解气,如果落实好储层和圈闭,天然气勘探潜力很大。     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

川西中段山前带雷口坡组气藏形成条件及过程

利用探井和地球物理资料,系统分析川西中段彭州气田钻探成果和中三叠统雷口坡组天然气成藏特征。川西中段深层有优质的下寒武统烃源岩,雷口坡组微生物型储集层沿山前带呈北西向展布,晚期发育的沟源断层形成的输导体系,早于断层形成的圈闭体系,具备形成大气田的基本条件。川西中段雷口坡组气藏为次生气藏,其天然气来源于下伏古气藏及烃源岩,深层的天然气通过断层向上运移聚集。川西中段雷口坡组的成藏特点为:(1)深层古油气藏发育;(2)微生物储层发育;(3)沟源断层晚期发育;(4)地震促使断层活化;(5)天然气跨层运移成藏。除雷口坡组外,深层应该还存在残余的古气藏,可能赋存的层位为二叠系和震旦系。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田奥陶系风化壳天然气成藏分析

根据地质和地球化学资料,并结合前人研究成果,研究了鄂尔多斯盆地古生界烃源岩生气中心及生气高峰,探讨了中部气田天然气的成藏期次、成藏过程和成藏模式.鄂尔多斯盆地中部气田位于烃源岩生气中心及其附近,可以获得充足的气源;天然气成藏主要有2期,即晚三叠世末和早白垩世末;成藏过程包括4个演化阶段:储集层孕育阶段(O1-C1)、圈闭形成阶段(C2-P)、天然气运聚成藏阶段(T3-K1)和气藏调整/定型阶段(K2-Q);奥陶系风化壳天然气成藏存在上古生界天然气穿层运移至奥陶系顶风化壳聚集和下古生界天然气自生自储型2种成藏模式.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷依南2气藏类型的判别

依据塔里木盆地库车坳陷依南2气藏的碳同位素、烃源岩热解、储层分析化验、气藏压力、流体包裹体等资料的正、反演综合分析,对该气藏的成因类型进行判别。结果表明:依南2气藏侏罗系阿合组砂岩储层致密化发生在距今约11 Ma,而其烃源岩排烃高峰为距今5 Ma,储层致密化时间早于烃源岩大量排烃时间,为先致密后成藏的深盆气藏;依南2气藏具有气水倒置、相对负压的地质特征,成藏动力机制为气体分子膨胀力作用下的活塞式气驱水充注成藏机制;依南2气藏为早期大规模深盆气藏,晚期遭受调整改造,含气范围受南北断裂带控制。     

大陆边缘三角洲盆地油气成藏特征类比研究

大陆边缘三角洲盆地一直是油气最为富集的地区之一,世界上很多大的油气区均是分布在三角洲盆地,如西非尼日尔三角洲盆地,东非鲁伍玛盆地三角洲和印尼库泰盆地马哈坎三角洲等。通过对不同类型大陆边缘三角洲盆地油气地质条件的差异性对比研究,明确在不同构造演化阶段发育的三角洲盆地的盆地结构、内部构造样式、烃源岩特征及成藏模式均存在明显差异。其中,漂移期发育的尼日尔三角洲和鲁伍玛盆地三角洲重力滑脱推覆构造体系发育。在裂陷期拗陷阶段发育的库泰盆地马哈坎三角洲重力滑脱推覆构造体系不发育。马哈坎三角洲和尼日尔三角洲盆地的主力烃源岩均来自三角洲体系,以生油为主,具有自生自储,近源成藏的特点。东非鲁伍玛盆地烃源岩为下侏罗统海湾环境海相烃源岩,主要生裂解气,具有阶梯式长距离运移,远源成藏的特点。