LiNO_3对石英玻璃与NaOH溶液反应的影响

将LiNO_3掺入浸泡有石英玻璃的NaOH溶液中,研究其对碱硅酸反应(ASR)的影响。采用等离子发射光谱仪测试溶液中Na、Si和Li元素浓度,采用酸化处理法分析固相中SiO_2含量,采用X线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析固相产物的组成和微观形貌。结果表明:在含LiNO3的NaOH溶液中,Li~+优先于Na~+与溶液中SiO_4~(4-)反应,形成的含锂产物阻止了OH-对石英玻璃的进一步破坏,降低了NaOH溶液中石英玻璃的溶蚀率和溶液中SiO_2的溶解度,减缓了ASR的反应速率;不同养护温度下反应形成的含锂产物不同,38℃下主要反应产物为含锂凝胶,60℃下反应形成不溶于水的Li_2SiO_3晶体,提高养护温度有利于Li_2SiO_3晶体的形成。     

锂渣粉对碱-硅反应的抑制效果及其自身微膨胀的分离

为了客观评价锂渣粉抑制碱-硅反应(ASR)的效果,进行了锂渣粉抑制ASR的试验和分离锂渣粉自身微膨胀的试验.用砂浆棒快速法对比了锂渣粉与粉煤灰单掺或复掺对ASR的抑制效果,当掺量为20%时,锂渣粉的抑制效果为76%,而粉煤灰的抑制效果可达93%,表明同掺量下锂渣粉对ASR的抑制效果远不如粉煤灰.采用砂浆棒快速法,使用非活性大理岩骨料测试在锂渣粉掺量为0,10%,20%,30%时的膨胀率,计算得到不同掺量下锂渣粉产生的微膨胀(膨胀率约0.005%~0.015%),然后从相应锂渣粉掺量下采用活性砂岩骨料时的膨胀率中减去锂渣粉的微膨胀,从而从锂渣粉抑制活性骨料ASR效能试验的膨胀值中分离出锂渣粉产生的自身微膨胀.采用60℃快速混凝土棱柱体法,进一步证实了混凝土中锂渣粉导致的早期微膨胀以及锂渣粉对ASR的抑制效果.结果表明:锂渣粉会导致砂浆或者混凝土在早期发生微膨胀;测试锂渣粉抑制ASR的效果时,需分离这种微膨胀;锂渣粉掺量为30%以上时,可有效抑制砂岩骨料的ASR,抑制效果约89%,略逊于同掺量粉煤灰的典型抑制效果.     

焙烧锂辉石对碱硅酸反应的抑制效果

以试验室焙烧锂辉石(DS)为原材料,研究了在40 ℃和80 ℃养护条件下,单掺DS和双掺DS与粉煤灰(FA)取代部分水泥,对沸石化珍珠岩集料和某高活性集料M成型不同砂浆碱集料反应膨胀的影响.试验表明:碱含量为2.5%时,在40 ℃和80 ℃养护条件下,DS掺量10%对沸石化珍珠岩集料砂浆试件ASR有效抑制,90 d龄期时试件膨胀值仍小于0.1%.DS掺量10%对高活性集料M砂浆试件ASR抑制效果不大.养护温度不同膨胀值变化趋势不同.DS掺量固定,随着FA掺量的增加,对2种集料砂浆碱集料反应膨胀抑制效果越好.     

管廊混凝土中镁质膨胀剂的水化与膨胀特性研究

地下管廊混凝土易产生收缩变形和渗漏开裂等病害,严重影响管廊结构安全和服役寿命。在管廊混凝土中掺加膨胀剂,可补偿其收缩变形,降低开裂。该文使用镁质膨胀剂,通过差热/热重分析仪对比不同温度对镁质膨胀剂的水化程度的影响,采用X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜研究不同龄期和水泥掺量下镁质膨胀剂的水化程度和水化产物形貌,分析其对混凝土收缩补偿效果。结果表明:镁质膨胀剂随养护温度升高水化加快,在50℃养护条件下的反应速率约是20℃养护条件下的2倍,水化产物特性无改变;镁质膨胀剂在大量水泥中水化呈六方板状,晶体尺寸小于0.1μm,易聚集在水泥水化产物周围,产生局部膨胀开裂。掺镁质膨胀剂管廊混凝土由收缩转变成微膨胀,随掺量和养护龄期增加,混凝土试件膨胀率会逐渐增加,养护到90 d后,膨胀速率逐渐变缓,可避免混凝土管廊胀裂风险。     

粉煤灰抑制ASR的机理分析

文章通过研究混凝土界面过渡区的结构与组成来分析粉煤灰抑制ASR的机理.外加KOH条件下内掺粉煤灰取代部分水泥制作混凝土试件,在标准条件下养护28 d,用砂浆棒方法测定了混凝土的膨胀率,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察界面过渡区的形貌;用能谱分析(EDXA)测定了C-S-H凝胶的化学组成.结果显示,粉煤灰的掺入对ASR有较...     

NaCl环境中碱活性混凝土膨胀性能分析

文章为研究NaCl加速混凝土ASR膨胀的机理,外加NaCl制作混凝土试件,在标准条件下养护28 d;用砂浆棒方法测定了混凝土的膨胀率;用扫描电镜观察碱环境下水泥混凝土界面区的微观形貌、结构;用光谱法和滴定法测试了混凝土孔溶液离子组成.结果表明:随着NaCl掺入增加,界面过渡区CH的晶粒尺寸都明显发生了细化现象,取向性也...     

粉煤灰抑制砂岩碱硅酸反应

采用岩相法、砂浆棒快速法、混凝土棱柱体法研究了砂岩集料的碱硅酸反应活性,并评价了粉煤灰对砂岩集料碱硅酸反应的抑制效果.实验结果表明,该砂岩集料含有5%～12%微晶石英,具有碱硅酸反应活性.砂浆和混凝土试件的膨胀率随着粉煤灰掺量的增大而减小.水泥碱质量分数为2.0%时,粉煤灰掺量30%和40%的混凝土试件养护24月膨胀率仍然小于0.04%.Ⅰ级粉煤灰占胶凝材料质量分数大于30%,可以有效抑制砂岩集料的碱硅酸反应引起的膨胀.粉煤灰的加入降低了CSH凝胶中的Ca与Si摩尔比.低Ca与Si摩尔比的CSH凝胶可以吸附更多的Na 、K ,有效地抑制碱硅酸反应.     

锂离子在混凝土碱集料反应过程中的作用

在采用X射线衍射分析、化学组成分析和偏光显微镜分析对硅质碳酸盐集料的矿物学特征充分研究的基础上,研究了锂离子迁移渗透在混凝土碱集料反应过程中的行为特征.混凝土棱柱法(CSA A23.2-14A或ASTM C 1293)所测的膨胀结果表明:掺加[Li]/[Na+K]摩尔比1.11的LiNO3-能有效抑制混凝土碱集料反应膨胀;锂玻璃不仅不能抑制碱集料反应膨胀甚至会在一定程度上促进膨胀;与单一掺加混合材(粉煤灰或矿渣)相比,LiNO3与混合材的复合在一定程度上增强了相应的膨胀抑制效果;在混凝土碱集料反应过程中,存在Li+与Na+,K+之间的竞争.相对而言,Li+具有一定的优势.这与锂盐能表现出一定的混凝土碱集料反应膨胀抑制效果相一致.此外,强度对比研究结果表明,掺加锂盐一定程度上降低了混凝土的强度.     

新型复合MgO膨胀材料的膨胀效果

研究掺加不同量复合MgO的胶砂试件,在不同水化龄期的力学性能、膨胀性能以及在20、50、80 ℃水中养护,膨胀率的变化过程和趋势.结果表明:随着MgO掺量的增加,膨胀率相应增加,但强度降低,当掺量在6%～8%时,试件的膨胀量与强度可达到较好的平衡;随着水化温度的升高,相同龄期下水泥浆体膨胀率增大,且7～28d龄期内增加的速率比后期的快,但随着龄期的增加,高温养护时的膨胀速率又逐渐小于低温养护的膨胀速率.     

ASR对再生混凝土冻融循环二次损伤的影响

研究了再生混凝土经历碱硅酸反应（ASR）后,受冻融循环二次损伤的影响. 将试件浸泡在80 ℃的1 mol/L NaOH溶液中进行碱硅酸反应28 d,然后分别进行20次、40次冻融循环,完成对试件膨胀率、相对动弹性模量的测量. 结果表明,前期ASR对再生混凝土受冻后二次膨胀的促进作用在再生骨料取代率为30%时达到最大;对于相对动弹性模量而言,前期ASR对后期冻融二次受损是否有促进作用取决于骨料的碱活性,骨料碱活性越高,促进作用越弱.     

SiO2 glasses synthesized at 355–445°C and 2.0–5.5 GPa

A series of SiO₂ glasses were synthesized by using spectroscopically pure silica on the YJ-3000 multi-anvil apparatus at 355–445°C and 2.0–5.5GPa. Their spectroscopic characteristics resemble that of the high-density quartz glass. In the meantime, the IR spectra of SiO₂ glasses show that a small amount of water exists in SiO₂ glasses in the form of OH^-. It may be due simply to the small amount of water that contributes significantly to the amorphism of SiO₂. The determination of refraction indices of SiO₂ glasses shows that the refraction indices of SiO₂ glasses and the high-density quartz glass are in good logarithmic relation with synthetic pressures.     

Investigation of functional, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of TiO2 embedded polyester hybrid composites: A design of experiment (DoE) study

This paper presents a study on the Design of Experiments(Do E) approach to optimize the fabrication parameters of titania(TiO_2) embedded glass fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites(HCs). HCs of unsaturated polyester resin(UPR) were fabricated using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide(MEKP) as the curing agent by hand lay-up process(HLUP) and compression molding technique(CMT). The fabrication parameters were optimized by Taguchi Do E(an orthogonal array of L25) using 3 control factors(concentration of TiO_2, concentration of MEKP and curing temperature) having 5 levels each. Statistical tools were employed to identify significant factors affecting tensile strengths and its reproducibility during HLUP. It was found that the concentration of TiO_2 in HCs significantly influenced the tensile strength(TS) followed by MEKP concentration and curing temperature. The highest value of TS was obtained at 3 wt% TiO_2, 2 wt% MEKP and 80 °C. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of TiO_2 concentration was basis for fabrication of polyester titania glass fiber hybrids(PTGFHs), which were further investigated for density and void fractions, linear shrinkage, flexural strength, impact strength, hardness and thermal behaviors. Moreover, cross-linking and hydrogen-bonding between polymeric chains, styrene, silica content of glass fiber and TiO_2 particles in PTGFHs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.     

一步法合成耐久性水基超疏水TiO2/DTMS涂层

为制备具有优异自清洁功能的耐久性水基超疏水涂层，以十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷(n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, DTMS)为有机改性物，通过一步法在纳米TiO₂表面嫁接长链烷基官能团得到超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层。分析了TiO₂涂层及TiO₂/DTMS涂层的表面润湿性、形貌和化学组成，并对所得超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层的自清洁性能、机械及化学稳定性进行了测试。结果表明：超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层表面水接触角(water contact angle, WCA)达到159°；以亚甲基蓝粉末作模拟污染物，涂覆有超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层的玻璃具有优异的自清洁性能；经机械磨损(10 min)、酸碱液(pH=1、3、5、7、9、11、13)浸泡、高低温(−20、30、60、90、120、150 ℃)处理后超疏水TiO₂/DTMS涂层的WCA仍大于150°，表明其具有优异的机械和化学稳定性，可用于室外防污，如建筑物外墙、玻璃、太阳能电池板等。     

水厂污泥制备可吸附污染物的生态透水砖

污泥制砖是现阶段污泥资源化、稳定无害化、产业化途径之一。采用黏土作为黏结材料添加到给水厂污泥中烧结透水砖;并对制备的烧结砖吸附水体中污染物的性能进行了试验。用黏土作为添加剂加入到水厂污泥中制备透水砖的最佳条件是给水厂污泥、黏土和石英砂的比例分别为40%、30%、30%,在30 MPa的压力下压制成砖坯,烧成温度为1 100℃,保温时间为3 h,制成品抗压强度达到32. 7 MPa,透水系数为1. 06×10~(-2)cm/s,满足透水砖标准的要求。在实际生产中,为了尽量多地利用给水厂污泥,可将污泥的比例控制在45%左右,粗骨料标准砂的粒径控制在0. 8～1. 2 mm之间,水厂污泥筛分至0. 3 mm左右,黏土筛分至0. 125 mm左右。烧结砖吸附水中污染物试验表明,震荡吸附60 h后,其对初始浓度分别为158 mg/L、6. 17 mg/L和10. 86 mg/L的COD、NH_4~+-N和TP的去除率分别为25%、30%和57%。     

Simulation experiments on the reaction system of CH4-MgSO4-H2O

H2S-rich gas in carbonate reservoirs is usually attributed to thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR）. In this paper, thermal simulation experiments on the reaction system of CH4-MgSO4-H2O were carried out using autoclave at 425℃--525℃. The threshold temperature for initiating TSR is much lower than our previous studies （550℃）. Properties of the reaction products were analyzed by microcoulometry, gas-chromatography （GC）, Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry （FT-IR） and X-ray diffraction （XRD） methods. Thermodynamics and reaction kinetics of TSR processes were investigated on the basis of the experimental data. The results show that thermochemical reduction of magnesium sulfate with methane can proceed spontaneously to produce magnesium oxide, hydrogen sulfur, and carbon dioxide as the main products, and high temperature is thermodynamically favorable to the reaction. Ac- cording to the reaction model, the calculated activation energy of TSR is 101.894 kJ/mol, which is lower than that by most previous studies. Mg^2＋ may have played a role of catalytic action in the process of TSR. The elementary steps of TSR and reaction mechanism were discussed tentatively. The study can provide important information on the explanation of geochemical depth limit for natural gas and on the generation of high H2S gas in deep carbonates reservoirs.     

Synthesis of Al-TiAl3 compound by reactive deposition of molten Al droplets and Ti powders

The Al-TiAl₃ compound materials were prepared by depositing molten Al droplets onto the Ti powders layer at 350 °C. The results show that the stoichiometric TiAl₃ phase is the only Ti-Al in termetallic compound formed during the reaction process. The microstructure analysis shows that the TiAl₃ particles disperse in an Al matrix. The results of the compressive tests of the specimens at room temperature show that the reacted Al-TiAl₃ compound has higher compressive st rength of 594.7 MPa and fracture strain of 13.5 %.     

CeO2 thin films grown on biaxially textured nickel (001)

CeO\-2 films have been grown on biaxially textured Ni substrates at various temperatures. The results show that CeO\-2 films without IBAD are dominated by (111) orientation from room temperature to 800℃ while the preferential orientation of CeO\-2 films with IBAD is (001) at lower deposition temperature and (111) at deposition temperature higher than 450℃. CeO\-2 films with better in_plane texture and out_of_plane orientation can be grown at 360℃ with 240 eV ion energy and 200 μA/cm\+2 ion current density.     

Synthesis of glass ceramics from kaolin and dolomite mixture

Cordierite-and anorthite-based binary glass ceramics of the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ (CMAS) system were synthesized by mixing local and abundant raw minerals (kaolin and doloma by mass ratio of 82/18). A kinetics study reveals that the activation energy of crystallization (Ea) calculated by the methods of Kissinger and Marotta are 438 kJ·mol-1 and 459 kJ·mol-1, respectively. The Avrami parameter (n) is estimated to be approximately equal to 1, corresponding to the surface crystallization mechanism. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the anorthite and cordierite crystals are precipitated from the parent glass as major phases. Anorthite crystals first form at 850℃, whereas the μ-cordierite phase appears after heat treatment at 950℃. Thereafter, the cordierite allotropically transforms to α-cordierite at 1000℃. Complete densification is achieved at 950℃; however, the density slightly decreases at higher temperatures, reaching a stable value of 2.63 kg·m-3 between 1000℃ and 1100℃. The highest Vickers hardness of 6 GPa is also obtained at 950℃. However, a substantial decrease in hardness is recorded at 1000℃; at higher sintering temperatures, it slightly increases with increasing temperature as the α-cordierite crystallizes.     

Synthesis mechanism of LiNiVO4 by wet chemical method and mixed valence of nickel and vanadium

The single phase LiNiVO₄ has been successfully synthesized by adopting a new mild liquid route with oxalic acid as both complexant and precipitant, and this method is named the CPG method. The products were obtained by sintering the dry gel precursor which was prepared by the CPG method at 200—850℃ for 2—10 h in air. The products were tested by XRD, XPS, ESR and TGA-DTA, and the results indicate that the single phase LiNiVO₄ could be obtained at 450℃ for 2—3 h in air and LiNiVO₄ was still steady at 850℃ for 10 h. The valence analyses show that in LiNiVO₄ the valence of lithium is +1, both nickel and vanadium have the mixed valence, namely +2, +3 for nickel and +4, +5 for vanadium respectively. The LiNiVO₄ can be expressed as LiNi³⁺_xNi²⁺_1-xV⁴⁺_xV⁵⁺_1-xO₄ (0≤x<1). The pyrolysis mechanism of the dry gel is also discussed.     

Synthesis of LiCo<Subscript>0.3</Subscript>Ni<Subscript>0.7</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries by citric acid-assisted sol-gel method

The synthesis process of LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 was investigated by FT-IR, mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, SEM, BET, TG/DTA and XRD in this paper. The results revealed that lithium and transition metal ions were trapped homogeneously on an atomic scale throughout the precursor. Li2CO3, NiO and CoO are the intermediate products obtained after decomposition of the precursor and Li2CO3 undergoes direct reactions with NiO and CoO to form LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2. Moreover, the kinetics of formation of LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 by dtrate sol-gel method is faster than the case of the conventional solid-state reaction between lithium carbonate and corresponding reactants. The single phase of LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 was synthesized at temperature as low as 550℃. The discharge capacity of LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 increases from 127 to 185 mAh/g as the caldnation temperature increasing from 550 to 750℃. After 100 cycles, the discharge capacity of the sample calcined at 750℃ is 155 mAh/g. The electrochemical study shows that the LiCo0.3Ni0.7O2 has high discharge capacity and good cycling behavior for lithium ion batteries.