Peanut Allergy: Characteristics and Approaches for Mitigation

Peanut allergy has garnered significant attention because of the high sensitization rate, increase in allergy, and severity of the reaction. Sufficiently reliable therapies and efficient mitigating techniques to combat peanut allergy are still lacking. Current management relies on avoiding peanuts and nuts and seeds with homologous proteins, although adverse events mostly occur with accidental ingestion. There is a need for hypoallergenic peanut products to protect sensitized individuals and perhaps serve as immunotherapeutic products. Alongside traditional practices of thermal and chemical treatment, novel processing approaches such as high‐pressure processing, pulsed ultraviolet light, high‐intensity ultrasound, irradiation, and pulsed electric field have been performed toward reducing the immunoreactivity of peanut. Covalent and noncovalent chemical modifications to proteins also have the tendency to alter peanut allergenicity. Enzymatic hydrolysis seems to be the most advantageous technique in diminishing the allergenic potential of peanut. Furthermore, the combined processing approach (hurdle technologies) such as enzymatic hydrolysis followed by, or in conjunction with, roasting, high pressure and heat, ultrasound with enzymatic treatment, or germination have shown a significant reduction of peanut immunoreactivity and may emerge as useful techniques in reducing the allergenicity of peanut and other foods. This study represents our current knowledge about the alterations in allergenic properties of peanut via different processing mechanisms as well as evaluating its future potential, geographical based data on increasing sensitization, clinical relevance, eliciting dose, and current management of peanut allergy. Furthermore, the molecular characteristics and clinical relevance of peanut allergens have been discussed.     

加工对鸡蛋过敏原的影响

卵类黏蛋白、卵白蛋白、卵转铁蛋白和溶菌酶是鸡蛋中的主要过敏原,适当的物理、化学和生物加工可以降低它们的致敏性。其中物理法生产的低致敏性蛋制品可供鸡蛋轻微过敏人群食用或作为免疫治疗药物;而化学和生物法制备的低过敏鸡蛋制品存在安全风险,它能否应用于生产,还有待进一步研究。另外,各种加工方法可以影响过敏原蛋白二硫键及高级结构甚至一级结构,从而导致该蛋白的致敏性发生变化。总之,加工对鸡蛋过敏原结构和致敏性的影响仍然是值得深入探索的科学问题,对指导生产和研发低致敏性或无致敏性蛋制品具有重要作用。     

水产品过敏原消减技术研究进展

水产品因其营养丰富,越来越受消费者喜爱。近年来,随着水产品产量和消费量逐年增加,水产品引发的食物过敏也日益增多,已经成为一个食品安全问题。随着食品加工技术及生物技术的提高,人们对过敏原性质的研究及过敏原分离纯化方法不断深入,利用食品加工技术降低食物过敏原致敏性越来越受到大家的关注。低致敏性食品是水产品开发的一个重要方向,很多研究学者对如何降低水产品致敏性进行了深入的研究。本文对水产品过敏原消减技术研究进展进行了概述,简单介绍了水产品过敏的现状及主要过敏原,详细介绍了最常用的5种消除方法,分析了低致敏水产品的发展趋势,以期为低致敏性食品开发提供理论指导。     

蟹类水产品过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

蟹类是我国重要的经济水产品,也是诱发过敏反应的主要食物之一。因此,了解蟹类水产品过敏原种类及抗原表位,探究有效的蟹类致敏性消减技术等极为迫切。阐明蟹类水产品过敏原及其抗原表位是消减其致敏性的重要前提,概述了国内外分离鉴定的蟹类水产品过敏原,包括原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、磷酸丙糖异构酶、细丝蛋白c等;总结了利用生物信息学技术、噬菌体展示技术、一珠一化合物技术等定位分析蟹类水产品过敏原的线性表位和构象表位概况。比较了辐照技术、超声技术、美拉德反应技术、酶法交联技术、微生物发酵技术等现代加工处理方法,或修饰过敏原抗原表位或破坏过敏原蛋白质结构,从而消减蟹类水产品过敏原致敏性。着重分析了蟹类水产品过敏原的未来研究趋势,提出蟹类水产品过敏原结构与致敏性的构效关系解析是该领域的研究难点;对比了物理法、化学法、生物法在蟹类水产品致敏性消减方面的优缺点,提出未来重点发展复合加工处理方式,以便更大程度地降低过敏原致敏性,从而为低致敏性的蟹类食品或生物制品的开发提供技术依据。     

低致敏水产品加工技术研究进展

近年来,随着水产品的消费量逐年增长,食用水产品引起的过敏问题也日渐增多。在全球范围内,食物过敏是世界公共卫生关注的重点问题,因此通过食品加工技术来开发出低致敏或无致敏的食品对过敏人群健康具有重要意义。本文对水产品过敏原加工消减技术研究进展进行了概述,简要介绍了水产品的主要过敏原,详细介绍了不同食品加工技术对水产品过敏原致敏性的影响,分析了低致敏水产品的研究现状及发展趋势,以期为低致敏性水产品的研发提供指导方向。     

低致敏食品制备技术及其工业化应用研究进展

食物过敏是联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织认定的全球性食品安全问题之一。在食品加工多元化的背景下,食物过敏患者要完全避免过敏原十分困难,研发低致敏食品对食物过敏患者的安全膳食至关重要。总结了低致敏食品制备技术的加工技术原理;以蒸煮、微波和烘烤为主的热加工技术通过加热诱导蛋白质变性的方式破坏致敏性构象性表位;高压、脉冲电场、脉冲光、低温等离子体、辐照和超声等非热加工技术可以通过过敏原蛋白结构修饰、多肽链断裂、新化学键的产生等方式直接破坏致敏性表位;酶水解、酶交联、糖基化、微生物发酵等其他加工方法则通过改变蛋白质构象或将蛋白质与糖类物质结合,破坏或隐藏过敏原致敏性表位。另外,对工业化低致敏蛋白配料的加工方法和生产现状进行了阐述分析。基于酶法水解的部分水解乳蛋白和深度水解乳蛋白已经可以工业化生产,其他消减食物致敏性的方法以及其他低致敏蛋白配料值得进一步研究。希望可以为工业化生产低致敏食品提供参考。     

基于生物酶解法的牛乳蛋白脱敏技术研究进展

牛乳是婴幼儿主要食物蛋白来源,但也是引起食物过敏的八大类食物之一,研究生产低致敏乳制品对牛乳过敏者具有重要意义。目前,生物酶法是研发低致敏乳制品的主要技术途径。本文详细列举了牛乳过敏蛋白及其能够被识别的致敏表位,介绍了应用生物酶法处理得到低抗原性牛乳蛋白水解产物的技术及其作用效果,并提出了一些对后续研究的思考,为低致敏乳制品研究和未来实现定向水解提供理论依据。     

花生过敏原在加工中的变化

简述了花生中主要的过敏原Arah1、Arah2、Arah3和Arah4的一般特征及其所存在的与IgE结合的表位特征,详细介绍了焙烤、风干、水煮和煎炸等加热方法及酶解、研磨、发芽和压榨等加工工艺对花生过敏原的影响,为开发无过敏或低过敏性花生制品提供了一定的科学依据。     

大米蛋白与阿魏酸酶法交联物的乳化特性和抗氧化稳定性

研究漆酶(laccase,LAC)催化大米蛋白(rice protein,RP)与阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)交联产物的乳化特性和抗氧化稳定性。发现RP乳液在pH 5和pH 3条件下出现了明显的相分离,RP乳液在pH 7和pH 9条件下有部分聚集状态,说明RP在酸性范围的乳化稳定性远远小于碱性范围的乳化稳定性;RP/FA/LAC酶法交联物乳液在pH 5、7、9条件下的乳液粒径和乳析层指数都小于RP乳液;在pH 3条件下乳液粒径和乳析层指数大于RP乳液;RP乳液中的氢过氧化物含量(11.12 mmol/kg)、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)含量(0.73 mmol/kg)和己醛含量(0.986 mg/L)明显高于RP/FA/LAC酶法交联物乳液中氢过氧化物含量(3.59 mmol/kg)、TBARS含量(0.23 mmol/kg)和己醛含量(0.191 mg/L),表明RP/FA/LAC酶法交联物具有更好的抗氧化稳定性。研究结果显示LAC催化FA与RP形成的交联物在含有乳化体系等食品加工中具有潜在应用价值。     

南美白对虾主要过敏原原肌球蛋白的低过敏性处理方法研究

以南美白对虾原肌球蛋白(Tropomyosin,Tm)为研究对象,采用酶解法、超声结合酶解法消减3种虾制品中的Tm。首先,以菠萝蛋白酶水解富集的Tm样品通过优化酶活与底物质量比、反应时间和反应温度,建立了能有效消减Tm的酶解方法;同时对比了酶解、超声结合酶解法分别对虾仁、蝴蝶虾仁和虾糜3种制品中的Tm过敏原性变化情况。Tm致敏动物模型的抗血清ELISA结果显示,单纯酶解和超声结合酶解处理的虾仁其过敏原性无显著性差异(P0.05);经超声结合菠萝蛋白酶酶解处理后的蝴蝶虾仁样品其过敏原性降低了21.05%;而虾糜样品中,单纯的酶解或超声结合酶解法与对照相比均有显著性差异,其过敏原性分别减少了30.70%和33.33%。综上所述,作者建立的酶解法可有效消减Tm的过敏原性,该酶解法以及超声结合酶解法在低过敏原性蝴蝶虾仁和虾糜制品的生产领域具有较高的应用可行性。     

Structure characterization and IgE-binding of soybean 7S globulin after enzymatic deglycosylation

This study investigated the effects of enzymatic deglycosylation following ultrasound pretreatment on structure and immunoreactivity of soybean 7S globulin. Soybean 7S globulin was pretreated by ultrasound (40 kHz, 300 W) and enzymatically deglycosylated by peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F). Changes in structure of processed soybean 7S globulin were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet absorption spectrum, circular dichroism spectrum, and surface hydrophobicity analysis. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay was used to evaluate IgE-binding ability. The results showed that the glycan moieties of soybean 7S globulin were effectively removed by PNGase F, which significantly modified protein structures including the secondary and tertiary structures of 7S globulin. Individual enzymatic deglycosylation could reduce IgE-binding capacity of 7S globulin, whereas enzymatic deglycosylation following ultrasound pretreatment enhanced its IgE-binding capacity. In conclusion, soybean 7S globulin treated by single enzymatic deglycosylation can reduce potential allergenicity and may be employed in hypoallergenic food preparation.     

Biogenic amines in selected foods of animal origin obtained from the Croatian retail market

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to investigate the presence of eight biogenic amines (BAs): tryptamine (TRP), phenylethylamine (PHE), putrescine (PUT), cadaverine (CAD), histamine (HIS), tyramine (TYR), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) in cheese, fish & fishery products and meat & meat products obtained from the Croatian retail market. A selective and robust method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) was applied for the determination of BAs in a total of 91 samples in accordance with the performance criteria outlined in the European legislation. A high inter- and intra-food group variability of the amounts of BAs was observed. In the analysed samples, the most represented amines were TYR, HIS, CAD and PUT. Based on the highest content of the most toxic BAs (HIS and TYR) and consequential food safety concerns, the studied food groups can be ranked in the following order: cheese (HIS up to 106.4 mg/kg; TYR up to 206.6 mg/kg), fish &fishery products (HIS up to 98.8 mg/kg; TYR up to 47.9 mg/kg), and meat & meat products (HIS up to 20.0 mg/kg; TYR up to 117.5 mg/kg). The total BA content was significantly higher (p < .05) in fermented in comparison with other food. The study aimed to contribute to the knowledge on BA toxicity and food quality, as well as to support the indispensable future studies of consumption data and exposure assessment, to the end of defining allowable BA concentrations in food.     

热加工与非热加工技术对水产品致敏性的影响研究进展

我国作为水产养殖和消费总量第一大国,水产品引发的过敏问题越来越受到关注,近些年来,因食用水产品而导致的过敏事件日益增多。该研究综述了近年来热加工技术（蒸、煮、高温压力）、非热加工技术（超高压、低温等离子体、超声波和辐照）以及两种加工技术联用对水产品过敏原消减的研究,指出热加工技术主要通过使蛋白质变性来消减过敏原的致敏性,非热加工技术则通过掩盖或破坏过敏原抗原表位来消减过敏原致敏性,为低致敏性水产品开发提供了重要基础和技术参考。不断探究过敏原诱导过敏反应发生的机理,加快推进低致敏性水产品加工技术在实际生产中的应用,有利于控制和降低水产品过敏所带来的风险。     

蛋白质酶法改性研究进展

蛋白质作为三大营养物质之一,除具有营养价值之外,其功能特性也在食品、医药和材料中发挥着重要作 用。蛋白质功能特性与其分子结构有关,可以通过物理、化学、酶或基因工程方法对蛋白质进行改性修饰,从而改 善蛋白质的功能特性、营养价值及食品感官质量等,进而扩大其应用范围,满足工业需求。诸多改性方法中,酶法 改性安全性高、条件温和,且产品可接受度高,是一种极具潜力的蛋白质改性方法。酶法改性主要包括对蛋白质进 行水解、交联或共价接枝。本文介绍了近年来蛋白质酶法改性的研究进展,讨论了改性蛋白质的功能特性,并对其 应用前景进行展望。     

甲壳类水产品过敏原及其致敏性消减技术研究进展

甲壳类水产品味道鲜美,营养丰富,广受消费者喜爱,但可诱发机体产生严重过敏反应,甚至危及生命,已成为全球范围内日益严重的食品安全问题。概述了目前已鉴定的甲壳类水产品过敏原的结构和免疫性质,及其致敏性消减技术原理和研究进展;已报道的甲壳类水产品过敏原有原肌球蛋白、精氨酸激酶、肌质钙结合蛋白、肌球蛋白轻链、磷酸丙糖异构酶和血蓝蛋白等,其中原肌球蛋白为甲壳类水产品的主要过敏原,可与72%~98%的甲壳类食品过敏患者血清产生特异性IgE反应。利用物理加工消减甲壳类水产品过敏原致敏性,主要通过传统热处理、微波、超高压、低温等离子体和辐照等物理作用力诱导蛋白质变性,进而破坏蛋白质的致敏性表位;酸处理和糖基化等化学修饰消减技术可以通过改变过敏原结构、形成新化学键等方式掩盖或直接破坏致敏性表位;酶处理和发酵处理等生物修饰消减技术则直接降解过敏原致敏性表位。未来仍需要通过过敏表位的靶向消减、多种消减技术协同、动物与人体试验开展,探究过敏原结构和表位修饰的影响机制,推进过敏原消减技术的实际应用,为低敏甚至脱敏甲壳类食品的研发提供参考。     

Altering allergenicity of cow's milk by food processing for applications in infant formula

Cow's milk-based infant formulas have a long tradition in infant nutrition, although some infants are unable to use them due to presence of several known allergens. Various processing methods have been identified capable of reducing cow's milk protein allergenicity including thermal and non-thermal methods and their combinations. Heat treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis have been in production of hypoallergenic infant formulas. However, modulation of allergenic epitopes depends on the extent of heat treatment applied, which consequently may also reduce a nutritional value of these proteins. In addition, enzymatic hydrolysis may not target allergenic epitopes thus allergenicity may persist; however released peptides may have detrimental impact on taste and functional properties of final products. Modulation of allergenicity of milk proteins appears to require a concerted effort to minimize detrimental effects as clinical studies conducted on commercial hypoallergenic formulas demonstrated persistence of allergic symptoms. This article covers traditional and novel processing methods and their impact on reduction of cow's milk allergenicity in milk-based infant formulas.     

食物过敏原重组蛋白的研究进展

食物过敏原蛋白单一组分的品质是制约食物过敏研究的关键因素之一。通过大肠杆菌、酵母表达系统生产出的过敏原重组蛋白,具有产量高、纯度高、均一性好等优点,已在过敏原蛋白标准物质的制备、食物过敏原的检测、低致敏性蛋白的生产以及其他基础研究等方面得到了具体的应用。食物过敏原重组蛋白作为天然过敏原提取物的替代物显示了巨大的发展潜力。总之,DNA重组技术是制备高品质过敏原蛋白的一条崭新途径。     

Evaluation of allergenicity of cow milk treated with enzymatic hydrolysis through a mouse model of allergy

Cow milk (CM) allergy is a worldwide concern. Currently, few studies have been performed on the immunoreactivity of CM and fewer still on the antigenicity of CM in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we assessed the potential allergenicity of enzymatically hydrolyzed CM using in vitro ELISA and oral sensitization and challenge of BALB/c mice. Alcalase-, Protamex-, and Flavourzyme-treated CM (all from Novozymes) diminished IgE binding capacity, with greatest reductions of 56.31%, 50.62%, and 56.45%, respectively. Allergic symptoms and levels of total IgG₁ were reduced, and allergic inflammation of the lung, jejunum, and spleen was relieved. Moreover, the numbers of CD8⁺ T and B220⁺ cells decreased, and the balance of CD4⁺ T/CD8⁺ T cells was effectively regulated. These findings suggest that the potential allergenicity of CM was reduced by enzymatic hydrolysis, and our research will lay a solid foundation for developing high-quality hypoallergenic CM products.     

芸豆凝集素蛋白过敏原的检测及其脱敏食品加工工艺的研究进展

芸豆凝集素是芸豆中主要的过敏原蛋白之一,具有致敏剂量低、致死率高的特点,对芸豆消费安全具有重大隐患。如何快速、准确定量芸豆产品中的凝集素含量,并且在其食品加工中采用有效的脱敏食品加工工艺,是目前食品安全和卫生领域的研究热点。本文介绍了芸豆凝集素蛋白的致敏特点,重点列举、分析了芸豆凝集素的检测技术,主要包括红细胞凝集法、糖结合法、免疫法以及色谱和质谱检测方法,深入探讨了热处理、高压处理、辐照处理以及pH调控等食品加工工艺对芸豆凝集素潜在致敏性的影响,旨在为芸豆凝集素过敏防控及低敏芸豆类食品开发提供一定的理论参考。