Effects of topographical and edaphic factors on the distribution of plant communities in two subtropical karst forests, southwestern China

Relationships between topography,soil properties and the distribution of plant communities on two different rocky hillsides are examined in two subtropical karst forests in the Maolan National Natural Reserve,southwestern China.Surveys of two 1-ha permanent plots at each forest,and measurements of four topographic and thirteen edaphic factors on the slopes were performed.Twoway Indicator Species Analysis(TWINSPAN) and Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis(DCCA) were used for the classification of plant communities and for vegetation ordination with environmental variables.One hundred 10m×10m quadrats in each plot were classified into four plant community types.A clear altitudinal gradient suggested that elevation was important in community differentiation.The topography and soil explained 51.06% and 54.69% of the variability of the distribution of plant species in the two forest plots,respectively,indicating both topographic factors(eg.elevation,slope and rock-bareness rate) and edaphic factors(e.g.total P,K and exchangeable Ca) were the important drivers of the distribution of woody plant species in subtropical karst forest.However,our results suggested that topographical factors were more important than edaphic ones in affecting local plant distribution on steep slopes with extensive rock outcrops,while edaphic factors were more influential on gentle slope and relatively thick soil over rock in subtropical karst forest.Understanding relationships between vegetation and environmental factors in karst forest ecosystems would enable us to apply these findings in vegetation management strategies and restoration of forest communities.     

地球关键带与岩溶关键带: 结构、特征、底界

地球关键带已成为表层地球系统科学的重要研究领域, 代表了未来地球系统科学研究的新理念和发展趋势。岩溶分布面积约占全球陆地面积的15.2%。岩溶关键带是一个独特的关键带类型。目前对岩溶关键带的科学内涵还缺乏统一的认识, 对岩溶关键带的结构、特征和底界等问题还缺少相关的讨论。在回顾地球关键带科学发展的历程和归纳其主要特征的基础上, 梳理了岩溶关键带概念提出的背景、发展的过程, 总结了岩溶关键带的特征, 并对仍存在较大争议的岩溶关键带底界问题进行了分析讨论, 同时对岩溶关键带的进一步发展方向进行了分析。总结表明, 岩溶关键带是在可溶岩地区岩石圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈、土壤圈界面上物质循环、能量流动所塑造的地球关键带类型。岩溶关键带的范围是可溶岩地区的植被冠层到岩溶含水层底板, 包括了植被层、土壤层、表层岩溶带、包气带、饱水带。岩溶关键带具有典型地表、地下双层地质结构及特殊的以碳水钙耦合循环为主的地球化学过程, 对环境变化敏感。通过对比发现, 岩溶关键带具有以下8个主要特征: ①碳酸盐岩积极参与关键带物质循环过程; ②对环境变化敏感; ③多层次水文地质结构; ④横向空间异质性强; ⑤地下空间网络庞大; ⑥具有大跨度的生物群; ⑦具有基岩-植被-水直接相互作用的独特的生态水文过程; ⑧横向边界受分水岭变迁的控制。岩溶关键带的底界为地表以下一定范围降雨补给来源的水体对碳酸盐矿物(方解石、白云石等)的溶解已没有影响且已没有可能产生进一步溶解碳酸盐矿物能力的深度。根据学科发展趋势和国家需求, 今后应进一步关注以下4个方面的研究: ①我国不同类型岩溶关键带的结构、形成及演化机制; ②退化岩溶生态区关键带服务功能与区域可持续发展; ③工程活动对我国岩溶关键带结构、属性和演化过程的影响; ④气候变化与我国岩溶关键带结构、功能、属性变化的耦合过程。      

岩溶碳循环及碳汇效应研究与展望

碳酸盐岩风化是全球碳循环的重要组成部分, 具有大气与土壤CO₂汇效应, 受生态系统因子驱动与全球变化影响, 岩溶地区碳汇具有地表和地下双碳汇特征。简要介绍岩溶碳循环与全球变化关系, 论述岩溶碳汇的相关科学问题和主要进展, 分析岩溶增汇潜力与土地利用变化, 进一步提出基于岩溶关键带理念的碳酸盐岩风化过程概念模型。碳酸盐岩风化产生的碳汇可能是全球碳循环"遗漏碳汇"的贡献者, 同时具有缓解土壤CO₂向大气释放的作用, 进而成为全球碳循环模型中"土地利用变化项"(E_LUC)的重要调节者(减源效应)。碳酸盐岩风化过程能快速响应短时间尺度变化环境因子, 是岩溶关键带中连接生物、水文与地球化学过程的核心驱动机制。岩溶碳循环可理解为是土壤-生态系统碳循环的延伸或横向组成部分, 共同组成岩溶地区完整的陆地浅表层碳循环系统。碳酸盐岩风化对大气CO₂浓度上升的负反馈效应, 石漠化治理与生态修复工程的持续推进, 蕴藏着巨大的岩溶固碳增汇潜力。应加强土壤CO₂季节及其区域变化监测与研究, 构建基于土壤CO₂与流域水化学指标相关性的反向模型, 为估算区域碳汇本底、评估年际碳汇增量与潜力提供更加清晰且有效的岩溶增汇方案与途径。      

烟台市地质灾害与岩土体类型相关性分析

根据最新一轮地质灾害排查结果,烟台市共发育471处地质灾害隐患点,主要类型包括崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷。该文以烟台市地质环境背景和岩土体类型特征为基础,通过对471处地质灾害隐患点进行统计,首先从地质灾害发育数量和发育密度2个方面分析了烟台市地质灾害在各类岩土体类型中的分布特征,然后重点分析了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷地质灾害与岩土体类型的关系,分析结果表明,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流主要分布在层状变质岩组中,采空塌陷主要分布在侵入岩岩组中,岩溶塌陷发育区土体结构主要为上部第四系松散土体、下部灰岩或大理岩的二元结构。依据地质灾害与岩土体类型相关性分析,可以有针对性地开展地质灾害易发性分区和监测预警工作。     

喀斯特地区不同岩土组构对岩溶碳通量的影响

我国南方喀斯特地区岩石裸露率高、土层浅薄且分布不均,这种特殊的岩土组构如何影响水文过程对于准确估算岩溶碳通量具有重要意义。水化学径流法是计算流域尺度岩溶碳通量的常用方法,其中流域面积和流量作为2个重要参数在喀斯特地区往往难以准确获取。在普定喀斯特生态系统观测研究站设计了一组岩土比(1:1和4:1)和一组土层厚度(5,20,100 cm)共计5种岩土组构的模拟试验场。通过一个完整水文年的流量和水化学监测,定量研究了岩石裸露率和土层厚度对水文过程以及岩溶碳通量的影响。研究结果表明,5个模拟试验场岩溶碳通量平均值为(17±3) gC/m2/a,受渗漏量控制,雨季(5-10月)约占95%;岩石裸露率(2组岩土组构之间)对渗漏量的影响可达14%,且随着岩石裸露率增加,入渗系数也相应增加;土层厚度对渗漏量的影响仅在1%~2%之间。此外,对8个野外流域观测数据的分析发现,入渗系数与岩溶碳通量的相关性最为显著,说明入渗系数是喀斯特地区不同岩土组构地质背景影响和控制岩溶碳通量的主要因素,同时这种影响可能随降雨量变化而变化,即入渗系数并非常数。      

烟台市地质灾害发育现状及影响因素分析

2016年山东省开展各市地质灾害排查工作,烟台市作为地质灾害较发育区,是该次排查重点工作区之一。该文以现状调查为基础,查明了烟台市共发育471处地质灾害隐患点,地质灾害规模以小型为主,主要类型为崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、采空塌陷和岩溶塌陷,其中崩塌隐患点占地质灾害总数的68%,数量最多,其次为泥石流和采空塌陷,各占总数的15%和14%,滑坡数量最少,仅占总数的1%,并介绍了各类地质灾害分布特征。在此基础上,对地质灾害的主要影响因素——地形地貌、岩土体类型、地质构造、降水和人类工程活动等进行了分析。最后提出了在进行工程建设活动的同时重视其引发的地质灾害问题,以减少和预防其带来的次生地质灾害。     

Shrub Communities and Environmental Variables Responsible for Species Distribution Patterns in an Alpine Zone of the Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Understanding the factors that drive variation in species distribution is a central theme of ecological research. Although several studies focused on alpine vegetation, few efforts have been made to identify the environmental factors that are responsible for the variations in species composition and richness of alpine shrublands using numericalmethods. In the present study, we investigated vegetation and associated environmental variables from 45 sample plots in the middle Qilian Mountains of the northwestern China to classify different community types and to elucidate the speciesenvironment relationships. We also estimated the relative contributions of topography and site conditions to spatial distribution patterns of the shrub communities using the variation partitioning. The results showed that four shrub community types were identified and striking differences in floristic composition were found among them. Species composition greatly depended on elevation, slope,shrub cover, soil p H and organic carbon. The important determinants of species richness were soil bulk density and slope. No significant differences in species richness were detected among the community types. Topography and site conditions had almost equal effects on compositional variation. Nonetheless,a large amount of the variation in species composition remained unexplained.     

Heterogeneity-diversity Relationships in Natural Areas of Yunnan,China

Understanding regional environmental heterogeneity(EH) and biodiversity relationships(heterogeneity-diversity relationships: HDRs) is the first step toward coupling environmental variables with biodiversity surrogates into regional systematic conservation planning. However, there is no universal method for determining regional HDRs that considers various environmental variables and biodiversity in different regions. This study selected 32 nature reserves as natural areas in Yunnan, China, to examine regional HDRs in Yunnan. We calculated 17 EH parameters(of soil, topography, and climate) and three(ecosystem, plant, and animal) biodiversity indices in the nature reserves. By examining the explanatory power of each EH parameter and area of the nature reserve, we identified the primary parameters and constructed an optimal model for each biodiversity index. The explanatory powers of these parameters varied for each biodiversity index, and those of climatic parameters were generally higher than soil and topographic heterogeneity ones. Heterogeneity of the temperature annual range, followed by area and heterogeneity of soil type, were important parameters for ecosystem diversity of Yunnan and the optimal model explained 56.9%. Plant diversity was explained 54.5% by its optimal model, consisting of heterogeneity of precipitation of the coldest quarter and annual precipitation. Heterogeneity of temperature annual range was important for animal diversity in Yunnan and explained 29.6% of its optimal model. This study suggests that EH parameters can be an effective surrogate for biodiversity, therefore, we suggested that the significance and role of climatically heterogeneous regions for the conservation of biodiversity in Yunnan should be further studied in the future.     

泰安市岩溶塌陷形成的地质环境背景及其与影响因素的关系

泰安市岩溶塌陷集中分布在泰山火车站南侧以旧镇铁路三角区为中心的城区岩溶水源地、牟汶河畔的旧县岩溶水源地、东西羊娄村3个塌陷分布区。岩溶塌陷经历了发生→发展→高峰→衰减的历程。该文概述了泰安市岩溶塌陷发育历史与现状及其危害,形成的地质环境背景,阐述了岩溶塌陷与岩土体类型、地质构造、大气降水、人类对岩溶地下水开采活动等影响因素的关系。     

嘉祥县红运水源地岩溶发育特征及富水规律研究

红运水源地地处嘉祥断块北部,主要含水层为奥陶纪三山子组中细晶白云岩,且岩溶发育,在岩性上中细晶白云岩细晶白云岩泥灰岩灰岩和豹皮灰岩微晶白云岩。区域断裂构造发育,多以张性断裂为主,一般为带状岩溶发育,深度143～330m,与断裂构造的走向基本一致,为地下水的富存和运移提供了良好的场所和通道。奥陶系顶板不同埋藏深度形成的高差,为岩溶地下水径流提供了强烈的地下水动力条件。通过研究岩溶发育特征,对比区域地质、水文地质条件,证实岩溶发育与地层岩性、地质构造、地下水动力条件、埋藏深度等关系密切。通过对比钻孔地层资料,分析了红运水源地富水性条件,地层岩性是岩溶发育的物质基础,地质构造是岩溶发育的控制因素,水动力条件是岩溶发育的外在因素,对指导北方覆盖型岩溶地下水勘查及寻找覆盖型岩溶水富集区具有借鉴意义。     

Pedogeochemistry of china and its significance in agricultural production

Pedogeochemistry of China is controlled by such factors as biology, climate, parent material, topography and anthropogenesis, and the different geochemical types are formed under the different conditions of soil formation which have different abundance levels of elements. The relationship between concentration of elements and plant growth and human health depends upon available forms of element in soils. While the factors affecting element availability are soil pH and Eh, tillage and fertilization by man besides element forms in soils. On the basis of pedogeochemical types and distribution, rational plantation and application of fertilizer to soils will be of great significance for sustainable development of agricultural production.     

Pedogeochemistry of china and its significance in agricultural production

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Variations in sap flow of Zenia insignis under different rock bareness rate in North Guangdong,China

Understanding the impact of rock bareness on the transpiration in karst plants is essential to karst rocky desertification control and sustainable management of plantation in karst area.This study focused on the variations in sap flow of Zenia insignis caused by different rock bareness rate,and the impact of climate factors,soil water content(SWC)and leaf area index(LAI) on transpiration in karst plants,by continuously measuring sap flux densities (Fcd)of 12 sample trees using thermal dissipation probes and monitoring micrometeorology and SwC on a typical karst hill in north Guangdong of China during the year of 2016.Results show that:(1)the maximum hourly sap flux density occurred at11:00-14:00 and the peak daily sap flux density occurred in September.(2)Sap flow density of Zenia insignis increased with rock bareness rate at all hourly,daily and monthly scales,with the sequence of extremely severeseveremoderatemild rock bareness.(3)The transpiration of Zenia insi.gnis is controlled by different factors at different temporalscales.At hourly scale,transpiration was highly(n=144,R~20.72)correlated to Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),relative humidity(RH),and water vapor pressure deficit(VPD).At daily scale,transpiration was greatly(n=366,R20.31)affected by Solar radiation(Rs),Air temperature(Ta),and water vapor pressure deficit (VPD).While at monthly scale,transpiration was mainly(n=12,R~2=0.85)controlled by LAI.Our study proved that Zenia insi.gnis has a good physiecological adaption to fragile karst environment,and Zenia insignis plantation has long-term sustainability even in extremely rocky landscapes.The results may provide scientific basis for plantation management and ecological restoration in karst area.     

山东平邑铜石金矿田成矿系列及成矿模式

铜石金矿田主要由隐爆角砾岩型 (归来庄式 )、碳酸盐岩层状微细浸染型 (磨坊沟式 )、夕卡岩叠加型、斑岩型和蚀变岩型等多种类型的矿床 (点 )组成 ,矿种以金为主 ,伴有银、铜、铁矿化 ,构成一个较完整的成矿亚系列。成矿作用与铜石富钾碱性次火山杂岩关系密切 ,岩浆活动为矿床的形成提供了热液和热源。泰山岩群为主要矿源层 ;寒武纪朱砂洞组上灰岩段之白云质灰岩、灰质白云岩为磨坊沟式金矿的有利含矿层位 ;寒武系上部—奥陶系下部的白云质灰岩、白云岩等是归来庄式金矿的有利围岩。杂岩体构成的次火山穹窿及伴生的环形放射状构造 ,控制着矿体的分布。     

康定北部高原构造岩溶发育特征与地下水径流带识别

受自然环境和技术方法制约，青藏高原岩溶发育演化和岩溶地下水循环特征研究相对薄弱，制约了青藏高原碳酸盐岩区的经济发展、民生设施建设和地质灾害防治。通过野外地质测量，岩溶地下水、地表水和大气降水水化学和同位素特征分析，泉水流量动态，水均衡计算和物探等技术方法，系统分析了四川省康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布区的岩溶发育特征，识别了岩溶径流通道和岩溶大泉主要补给来源。结果表明:康定市北郊碳酸盐岩分布于高山峡谷地貌类型区，可溶岩地层分布、岩溶发育程度和岩溶水补给、径流、排泄均受构造控制，可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带和活动断裂附近的岩溶发育程度较强。岩溶水呈管道流径流，主要以岩溶大泉形式集中排泄，泉流量约1.5×104 m3/d且动态较为稳定。通过水文地质条件分析，识别出研究区存在通化组岩溶水径流带和雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带。水化学-同位素数据、岩溶泉流量动态和水均衡计算结果显示，雅拉河河水是岩溶大泉的主要补给源，岩溶地下水主要沿雅拉河断裂岩溶水径流带径流并集中排泄。      

烟台市水文地质条件与含水层电性特征分析

在前人取得的水文地质资料的基础上,以水文地质调查、物探勘查、综合分析研究为手段,对烟台市水文地质条件进行了详细的分析研究,根据含水层岩性及地下水类型将研究区划分为松散岩类孔隙含水岩组、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组、碳酸盐岩类岩溶含水岩组、喷出岩类孔洞裂隙含水岩组和岩浆岩、变质岩类裂隙含水岩组。依据地形地貌及岩性构造差异,将研究区划分为山地丘陵和滨海平原2个典型区,分别描述地下水的补给、径流、排泄条件。含水岩组的电性特征与地下水的赋存介质有关,根据赋存介质的不同将研究区地下水类型分为孔隙水、裂隙水和岩溶水三类,并分别总结其电性特征。该文对烟台市含水岩组进行划分,总结不同含水层电性特征,为水资源的进一步开发利用提供科学依据。     

Leaf thickness and elevation explain naturalized alien species richness in a tropical mountain forest: A case study from Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park,Indonesia

Exotic plant invasion is one of the major causes of species extinction. In many contexts, mountainous forests are the last refuge for native species. There are several inventory studies conducted in mountainous and tropical forests in Indonesia. However, there are no studies yet on the factors that explain the abundance and richness of surveyed naturalized alien species. This study investigated whether the number of individuals and abundanceweighted species richness(AWR) of naturalized alien plant species in the hiking-trail of Mount GedePangrango National Park(MGPNP) forest area correlated with leaf traits(specific leaf area(SLA) and leaf thickness) and environmental factors(elevation, slope, and normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)). We showed that leaf thickness and habitat elevation explained the AWR variations of naturalized alien species. We did not detect any important effect of leaf traits and environmental factors on the number of individuals per exotic species per plot. The influence of leaf thickness and habitat elevation indicates the important role of both biotic and abiotic factors on exotic species to develop a high species richness and become an invasive species in the tropical mountain forest ecosystem.     

Spatial heterogeneity of soil mineral oxide components in depression between karst hills,Southwest China

In karst regions,the spatial heterogeneity of soil mineral oxides and environmental variables is still not clear.We investigated the spatial heterogeneity of SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,CaO,MgO,P2O5,K2O,and MnO contents in the soils of slope land,plantation forest,secondary forest,and primary forest,as well as their relationships with environmental variables in a karst region of Southwest China.Geostatistics,principal component analysis(PCA),and canonical correlation analysis(CCA)were applied to analyze the field data.The results show that SiO2was the predominant mineral in the soils(45.02%–67.33%),followed by Al2O3and Fe2O3.Most soil mineral oxide components had a strong spatial dependence,except for CaO,MgO,and P2O5in the plantation forest,MgO and P2O5in the secondary forest,and CaO in the slope land.Dimensionality reduction in PCA was not appropriate due to the strong spatial heterogeneity in the ecosystems.Soil mineral oxide components,the main factors in all ecosystems,had greater influences on vegetation than those of conventional soil properties.There were close relationships between soil mineral oxide components and vegetation,topography,and conventional soil properties.Mineral oxide components affected species diversity,organic matter and nitrogen levels.     

基于有效降雨阈值的澧源镇滑坡灾害危险性分析

以湖南省澧源镇为例,利用证据权模型和灰色关联度模型分别计算了坡度、地层岩性、斜坡形态、土地利用类型、人类工程活动5个因子二级状态证据权值和一级因子权重;综合2种模型确定全区滑坡易发性指数后,完成基于斜坡单元的全区滑坡易发性区划;根据研究区岩土体类型（碎屑岩类、碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩类、碳酸盐岩类和松散岩土体类）分组研究不同滑坡发生概率下的有效降雨阈值曲线（I-D曲线）。研究降雨时间为3日、有效强度为22.4 mm/d的降雨工况下各岩土体类型滑坡发生的时间概率。综合时间概率和易发性结果得到澧源镇基于有效降雨阈值的滑坡灾害危险性区划图。研究结果表明:澧源镇滑坡灾害高和极高易发区占研究区总面积的25%,主要沿澧河分布;极高危险区和高危险区占研究区总面积的14%,主要分布在澧河北侧。      

Multiple Spatial Scale Analysis of the Niche Characteristics of the Rhododendron dauricum Plant Communities in Northeast China

This study aims to verify the concept of niches at multiple spatial scales in plant communities. To this end, we analyzed the niche characteristic of Rhododendron dauricum plant communities in Northeast China at three spatial scales. At the local scale, we calculated the Importance Value(IV) of species in five communities in the north of the Da Hinggan Mountains. At the intermediate scale, we examined five communities in their entirety, calculated the niche breadth of the species, and integrated niche overlap and interspecific association to analyze interspecific relationships. Further, the generalized additive model(GAM) was used to analyze the impact of topography and soil factors on niche characteristics. At the regional scale, we analyzed the geographical distribution of dominant species of R. dauricum plant communities in Northeast China and used principal component analysis(PCA) to analyze the impact of geographical and climate factors on species distribution. The results show that at the local scale, the IV of the species in each community varies widely. At the intermediate scale, species with a wide niche breadth tend to have a high value for IV. Larix gmelinii, Betula platyphylla, R. dauricum, Ledum palustre, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea had a relatively wide niche breadth and a high niche overlap, and the interspecific associations were almost all positive. Elevation and soil nutrients were the most dominant environmental factors. At the regional scale, species with a wide niche breadth tend to have a wide range of distribution, and temperature and precipitation were the most dominant environmental factors. This study suggests that the niche characteristics at three scales are both related and different. Niche characteristics at the local scale were various and labile, and niche characteristics at the intermediate and regional scales were relatively regular. These results show some degree of consistency with previous studies from an evolutionary perspective. The action mechanisms of these communities are related to differences in the dominant environmental factors. In addition, the integration of niche overlap and interspecific association determine interspecific relationships more accurately.