Study of the segmentation of active fault by the boundary element method──analysis of the Xianshuihe fault zone

Ｓｔｕｄｙ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　ｓｅｇｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ　ｏｆ　ａｃｔｉｖｅ　ｆａｕｌｔ　ｂｙ　ｔｈｅ　ｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ　ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔ　ｍｅｔｈｏｄ──ａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ　ｏｆ　ｔｈｅ　Ｘｉａｎｓｈｕｉｈｅ　ｆａｕｌｔ　ｚｏｎｅ（张超）（陈连旺）（赵国光）...     

The historic evolution of Zhouyuan and the newest activity of the great Wei River fault

ＴｈｅｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＺｈｏｕｙｕａｎａｎｄｔｈｅｎｅｗｅｓｔａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔＷｅｉＲｉｖｅｒｆａｕｌｔＸｕｅ－ＦａＹＩ（易学发）ａｎｄＹａ－ＱｉｎＳＨＩ（师亚芹）（ＳｅｉｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕｏｆＳ...     

Possible dynamics of normal－fault earthquakes in the upper crust of the south part of the Qinghai－Xizang Plateau

Ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｄｙｎａｍｉｃｓｏｆｎｏｒｍａｌ－ｆａｕｌｔｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｃｒｕｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅＱｉｎｇｈａｉ－ＸｉｚａｎｇＰｌａｔｅａｕ张东宁，许忠淮Ｄｏｎｇ－ＮｉｎｇＺＨＡＮＧａｎｄＺｈｏｎｇ...     

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｆａｕｌｔｒｏｃｋｓａｎｄｐａｌｅｏｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｏｕｒｃｅａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅＫｏｋｔｏｋａｙＥｒｔａｉｆａｕｌｔｚｏｎｅ，Ｘｉｎｊｉａｎｇ，ＣｈｉｎａＬＡＮＢＩＮＳＨＩ１）（史兰斌）ＣＨＵＡＮＹＯＮ...     

Some geologic signatures of fault creep in the continental area of China

ＳｏｍｅｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃｓｉｇｎａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｆａｕｌｔｃｒｅｐｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔａｌａｒｅａｏｆＣｈｉｎａＨＯＮＧＦＡＸＩＡＮＧ（向宏发）ＳＨＵＮＭＩＮＧＵＯ（虢顺民）ＷＡＮＸＩＡＺＨＡＮＧ（张晚霞）ＢＩＮＧＬＩＡＮＧＺＨＡＮ...     

Characteristic of crustal structure in the Shulu fault basin and its vicinity

（王椿镛，张先康，林中洋，李学清）ＣｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｏｆｃｒｕｓｔａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｉｎｔｈｅＳｈｕｌｕｆａｕｌｔｂａｓｉｎａｎｄｉｔｓｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙ￥Ｃｈｕｎ－ＹｏｎｇＷＡＮＧＩ；Ｘｉａｎ－ＫａｎｇＺＨＡＮＧ；Ｚｈｏｎｇ－ＹａｎｇＬ...     

Episodes and ages of seismic landslides along the Changma fault zone

ＥｐｉｓｏｄｅｓａｎｄａｇｅｓｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｌａｎｄｓｌｉｄｅｓａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅＣｈａｎｇｍａｆａｕｌｔｚｏｎｅＬａｉ－ＸｕｎＫＡＮＧ；（康来迅）ａｎｄＪｉａｎ－ＲｏｎｇＷＡＮＧ（王建荣）（ＥａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏ...     

Study of crustal seismic velocity in the Weihe fault depression basin by seismic tomographic imaging

ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｃｒｕｓｔａｌｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｅＷｅｉｈｅｆａｕｌｔｄｅｐｒｅｓｉｏｎｂａｓｉｎｂｙｓｅｉｓｍｉｃｔｏｍｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃｉｍａｇｉｎｇＧＵＡＮＧＹＩＮＧＸＵＥ１）（薛广盈）ＹＵＮＹＵＤＩＮＧ２）（丁韫玉）ＺＨ...     

Crustal deformation of seismogenic fault and its surrounding area after the Tangshane arthquake

ＣｒｕｓｔａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｏｇｅｎｉｃｆａｕｌｔａｎｄｉｔｓｓｕｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇａｒｅａａｆｔｅｒｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＪＵＥＭＩＮＸＩＥ（谢觉民）ＲＵＯＢＡＩＷＡＮＧ（王若柏）ＷＡＮＧＪＵＢＯ（...     

Kinematic features of the seismogenic fault of the Tangshan earthquake and the recurrence period of large earthquakes

ＫｉｎｅｍａｔｉｃｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｍｏｇｅｎｉｃｆａｕｌｔｏｆｔｈｅＴａｎｇｓｈａｎｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｌａｒｇｅｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓＪＩＥＬＩＵ１）（刘洁）ＨＵＩ－ＺＨＥＮＳＯＮ...     

应力增量触发断层岩体能量释放模拟与地震成因探讨—以龙门山断裂带为例

本文以龙门山断裂带为背景,基于岩体应变能基本理论,使用FLAC软件模拟地震能量源和能量释放形式,计算结果显示:在0.01 MPa水平应力增量作用下,龙门山断裂带及附近区域可释放的应变能约为3.24×1013 J;使得断层面之间发生滑移,克服断层面滑动摩擦所需消耗的能量约为2.10×1013 J;岩体在重力方向上产生位移,克服重力做功所消耗的能量约为1.14×1013 J。由此可推断:在一定区域内,应力触发释放能量值与克服断层面滑动摩擦和克服重力做功所消耗的能量之和大致相当;应变能可能会在某一区域范围内集中释放,形成地震效应。本次应力增量触发断层周围岩体能量释放事件中,在映秀—北川断裂与灌县—安县断裂之间的局部区域集中释放的能量为7.67×1012 J,相当于一次M_S5.39地震发生所释放的能量。      

鲜水河断裂带南段深部电性结构特征研究

通过对新都桥一小金剖面的大地电磁测深及重磁实测资料研究,结合区域地质资料,对鲜水河断裂带南段及邻区深部构造、壳内高导层、电性结构与历史地震的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)鲜水河断裂带深浅表现出不同特征,浅部是以地壳脆性-剪切带为主的断裂系统,深部是以走滑型-壳幔韧性剪切带为主的断裂系统,断裂呈花状形态,深部到达上地幔;(2)在丹巴构造带及鲜水河断裂带的中下地壳,广泛发育壳内高导层,其分布具有不均匀性,且与断裂带构造活动有关;(3)在鲜水河断裂带的走滑剪切作用下,上地壳物质发生原地重熔产生花岗岩浆是折多山花岗岩形成的主要机制;(4)鲜水河断裂带地震发生机理与塑性软弱层密切相关,受塑性软弱层拖拽作用,应力区集中在高阻体脆性介质内部靠近断层一侧,使得岩石破碎而发生地震.     

Geometric form of Haiyuan fault zone in the crustal interior and dynamics implications

The deep seismic reflection data on profile HY2 are reprocessed by the method of simultaneous inversion of velocity distribution and interface position. By the travel-time inversion with the data of the diving wave Pg and fault plane reflection wave, we determine the geometric form and velocity of Haiyuan fault zone interior and surrounding rock down to 10 km depth. The measured data show that the amplitudes have strong attenuation in the range of stake number 37–39 km, suggesting the fault zone has considerable width in the crustal interior. The results of this paper indicate that to the north of the fault zone the crystalline basement interface upheaves gradually from southwest to northeast and becomes shallow gradually towards northeast, and that to the south of the fault zone, within the basin between Xihua and Nanhua mountains, the folded basement becomes shallow gradually towards southwest. The obliquity of the fault zone is about 70° above the 3 km depth, about 60° in the range of the 3–10 km depths. From the results of this paper and other various citations, we believe that Haiyuan fault zone is in steep state from the Earth’s surface to the depth of 10 km. Foundation item: Joint Seismological Science Foundation of China (201001) and State Key Basic Research Development and Programming Project (95-13-02-02). Contribution No. RCEG200308, Exploration Geophysical Center, China Earthquake Administration.     

龙门山断裂带中段深地震宽角反射/折射剖面研究

射线追踪方法是研究地震波在横向非均匀地壳介质中传播的重要方法.本文推导了理论走时对网格化节点速度的偏导数公式,提出了针对深地震宽角反射/折射剖面数据反演的联合迭代法,并使用该方法对横跨龙门山断裂带中段的一条深地震宽角反射/折射剖面进行了反演和解释.首先,对每一炮的观测数据进行一维反演,在此基础上插值出一个粗略的二维速度模型;然后,使用射线追踪方法计算理论走时,再根据理论走时与观测走时的拟合程度对二维模型进行调整,以获得更加接近实际的二维速度模型;最后,利用联合迭代法对观测走时进行反演,经反复迭代使所有接收点理论走时与实测走时的残差平方和最小,最终获取该剖面的二维地壳速度结构.反演结果表明:测线东段的沉积盖层明显厚于中段褶皱带和西部高原,中部褶皱带部分地区出现基岩裸露;构造转换带两侧的地层分界面近于水平层状分布,其西侧的中、下地壳内各存在一个层间速度间断面;构造转换带内存在薄厚不等的低速层,自西向东有增厚趋势.此外,龙门山断裂带的3条主断裂向下深切结晶基底,这是由于西部松潘—甘孜地块自西向东运动,受到刚性扬子地块的阻挡,沿铲式断裂向上爬升所致;而在断层上盘距地表约15 km深处出现的最大剪应力极值区,正是发生汶川M_S8.0地震的震源位置.      

research of source parameters and stress state in shandong segment of tanlu fault zone

In recent years, there have been few researches and analysis published on the seismic activity and stress state in Shandong segment of Tanlu fault zone using digital seismological methods such as seismic apparent stress, focal mechanism solution and so on. In this paper, source parameters such as focal mechanism solutions and apparent stress are calculated using the waveform data of M_L≥1 moderate-small earthquakes in Shandong segment of Tanlu fault zone recorded by Shandong digital seismic network since 2007. According to focal mechanism solutions, a statistical analysis is done on the focal dislocation types in the study area using triangle graphical method, and the results show that the faulting in this area is mainly of strike-slip mechanism, and there are less thrust and normal mechanism. Calculation with the mean stress tensor method illustrates that the direction of mean principle stress of Shandong segment of Tanlu fault zone is NEE-SWW, which is the result of the combined effect of the subduction of West Pacific plate and the extrusion of Indian plate to Eurasian plate; the small dip angle indicates that the mode of action of stress is nearly horizontal, and the direction of principal stress axis is nearly perpendicular to the Tanlu fault zone. Under the action of such compressive stress field, dislocation is not likely to occur and the stress accumulation is enhanced on both sides of the fault. The apparent stress is calculated using the source spectral parameters method. Apparent stress has positive correlation with the magnitude and increases with the increased magnitude. So we get apparent stress difference by subtracting the empirical fitting value from the apparent stress. By removing the impact of magnitude, and according to the temporal-spatial evolution image of apparent stress difference, we found that the apparent stress in Shandong segment of Tanlu fault zone generally has a trend of decrease starting from the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and the spatial distribution of apparent stress in the region is very uneven. Combined with the spatial distribution of b values, the result shows that high stress is mainly located in Anqiu segment and Tancheng-Juxian segment, especially in Anqiu segment where small magnitude earthquakes appeared accompanying with the high stress. Low b-value means high stress and low frequency means low stress release, which indicates that Anqiu segment might accumulate higher stress and is at the fault locking stage. The research will provide new data for better understanding the present active feature and stress state of the Shandong segment of the Tanlu fault zone.     

Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones

The internal properties within and adjacent to fault zones are reviewed, principally on the basis of laboratory, borehole, and seismic refraction and reflection data. The deformation of rocks by faulting ranges from intragrain microcracking to severe alteration. Saturated microcracked and mildly fractured rocks do not exhibit a significant reduction in velocity, but, from borehole measurements, densely fractured rocks do show significantly reduced velocities, the amount of reduction generally proportional to the fracture density. Highly fractured rock and thick fault gouge along the creeping portion of the San Andreas fault are evidenced by a pronounced seismic low-velocity zone (LVZ), which is either very thin or absent along locked portions of the fault. Thus there is a correlation between fault slip behavior and seismic velocity structure within the fault zone; high pore pressure within the pronounced LVZ may be conductive to fault creep. Deep seismic reflection data indicate that crustal faults sometimes extend through the entire crust. Models of these data and geologic evidence are consistent with a composition of deep faults consisting of highly foliated, seismically anisotropic mylonites.     

Self-similar cataclasis in the formation of fault gouge

Particle-size distributions have been determined for gouge formed by the fresh fracture of granodiorite from the Sierra Nevada batholith, for Pelona schist from the San Andreas fault zone in southern California, and for Berea sandstone from Berea, Ohio, under a variety of triaxial stress states. The finer fractions of the gouge derived from granodiorite and schist are consistent with either a self-similar or a logarithmic normal distribution, whereas the gouge from sandstone is not. Sandstone gouges are texturally similar to the disaggregated protolith, with comminution limited to the polycrystalline fragments and dominantly calcite cement. All three rock types produced significantly less gouge at higher confining pressures, but only the granodiorite showed a significant reduction in particle size with increased confining pressure. Comparison with natural gouges showed that gouges in crystalline rocks from the San Andreas fault zone also tend to be described by either a self-similar or log-normal particle distribution, with a significant reduction in particle size with increased confining pressure (depth). Natural gouges formed in porous sandstone do not follow either a self-similar or a log-normal distribution. Rather, these are represented by mixed log-normal distributions. These textural characteristics are interpreted in terms of the suppression of axial microfracturing by confining pressure and the accommodation of finite strain by scale-independent comminution.     

Fracturing and hydrothermal alteration in normal fault zones

Large normal fault zones are characterized by intense fracturing and hydrothermal alteration. Displacement is localized in a slip zone of cataclasite, breccia and phyllonite surrounding corrugated and striated fault surfaces. Slip zone rock grades into fractured, but less comminuted and hydrothermally altered rock in the transition zone, which in turn grades abruptly into the wall rock. Fracturing and fluid flow is episodic, because permeability generated during earthquakes is destroyed by hydrothermal processes during the time between earthquakes.Fracture networks are described by a fracture fabric tensor (F). The permeability tensor (k) is used to estimate fluid transport properties if the trace of F is sufficiently large. Variations in elastic moduli and seismic velocities between fault zone and wall rock are estimated as a function of fracture density (). Fracturing decreases elastic moduli in the transition zone by 50–100% relative to the country rock, and similar or even greater changes presumably occur in the slip zone.P-andS-wave velocity decrease, andV _p /V _s increases in the fault zone relative to the wall rock. Fracture permeability is highly variable, ranging between 10^–13 m² and 10^–19 m² at depths near 10 km. Changes in permeability arise from variations in effective stress and fracture sealing and healing.Hydrothermal alteration of quartzo-feldspathic rock atT>300°C creates mica, chlorite, epidote and alters the quartz content. Alteration changes elastic moduli, but the changes are much less than those caused by fracturing.P-andS-wave velocities also decrease in the hydrothermally altered fault rock relative to the country rock, and there is a slight decrease inV _p /V _s , which partially offsets the increase inV _p /V _s caused by fracturing.Fracturing and hydrothermal alteration affect fault mechanics. Low modulus rock surrounding fault surfaces increases the probability of exceeding the critical slip distance required for the onset of unstable slip during rupture initiation. Boundaries between low modulus fault rock and higher modulus wall rock also act as rupture guides and enhance rupture acceleration to dynamic velocity. Hydrothermal alteration at temperatures in excess of 300°C weakens the deeper parts of the fault zone by producingphyllitic mineral assemblages. Sealing of fracture in time periods between large earthquakes generates pods of abnormally pressured fluid which may play a fundamental role in the initiation of large earthquakes.     

海原断裂带老虎山段断层岩磁学研究及其构造意义

断层岩,尤其是断层泥的磁性异常近年来被研究人员广泛关注,但关于其磁性异常的形成原因尚没有统一的解释．海原断裂是青藏高原东北缘一条重要的走滑断裂,前期研究发现海原断裂带景泰段出露有数十米至上百米的断层岩,是理想的研究材料．本研究选取海原断裂带景泰段老虎山山前一个断层岩剖面作为研究对象,拟通过测量断层岩的磁化率（χ）、非磁滞剩磁（ARM）、饱和等温剩磁（SIRM）、等温剩磁（IRM）以及磁化率随温度变化曲线（χ-T曲线）等磁学参数并结合粒度、碳含量、X射线衍射（XRD）等分析方法来探究海原断裂带老虎山段不同颜色断层岩的磁性特征及其形成机制．磁学研究显示黑色、红色及杂色断层泥相较于围岩和破碎带显示了低磁性,尤其是黑色断层泥,其磁化率值均小于10×10~(-8 )m~3·kg~(-1)．碳含量及矿物相分析结果指示黑色断层泥与断裂带附近石炭系煤层具有相似的矿物相组成,结合相似的χ-T曲线推断石炭系煤层为黑色断层泥的母岩．石炭系煤层经断层活动卷入断层,在断层强烈剪切摩擦作用下不断细化,形成伊利石等黏土矿物,并促使一部分顺磁性含铁硅酸盐矿物或其他含铁矿物发生化学变化形成亚铁磁性矿物,使得黑色断层泥的磁化率较其母岩石炭系煤层有一定升高．通过黑色断层泥的铁磁性磁化率结合χ-T曲线计算获得断层泥所经历的最高温度约为420℃,不超过450℃．老虎山段厚层碳质断层泥的存在为该地区发现的浅层蠕滑现象提供了一种解释．