基于Go/NoGo任务的青年吸烟者抑制控制能力的事件相关电位研究

目的:基于Go/NoGo任务,探讨18到25周岁的青年吸烟者的事件相关电位成分（N200、P300）与抑制控制能力是否存在变化。方法:采集Go/NoGo任务下30名青年吸烟者和30名青年不吸烟者的脑电图,比较青年吸烟者和不吸烟者的事件相关电位波幅和任务表现。结果:青年吸烟组的P300波幅显著低于不吸烟组（t=-2.357, P=0.023）,N200的波幅没有显著差异（t=-0.904, P=0.375）。并且青年吸烟组的NoGo错误数显著高于不吸烟组（t=4.316, P=0.000）。Pearson相关性分析显示,青年吸烟组的P300波幅和NoGo错误数显著相关（r=0.37, P=0.044）。结论:青年吸烟者相对于青年不吸烟者在抑制控制能力方面具有缺陷。本研究可为青年吸烟者吸烟成瘾研究提供一定的参考,而且能为从事治疗吸烟成瘾的医疗人员和心理咨询师提供有效帮助。     

基于动态功能连接分析的青少年吸烟者大脑静息态默认模式网络

采集30名青少年吸烟者和相匹配的30名非吸烟者的静息态功能性磁共振成像数据。通过独立成分分析、滑动窗相关法和k-均值聚类分析探讨青少年吸烟者的默认模式网络的动态功能连接变化。同时,使用斯皮尔曼相关分析评估动态功能连接指标（时间分数、平均停留时间和转换次数）与吸烟统计学数据（烟龄、包年和FTND）的关系。结果显示,相比于非吸烟组,青少年吸烟者大脑的默认模式网络的功能连接性降低,进一步的相关性分析表明动态功能连接指标中的平均停留时间与烟龄呈显著性正相关。此项研究从动态功能网络连接的角度分析吸烟对青少年吸烟者默认模式网络的影响,可以为进一步探索青少年吸烟成瘾机制提供新的视角。     

吸烟后果期望与吸烟行为的关系:内隐社会认知的视角

目的:探讨外显吸烟后果期望、内隐吸烟后果期望与吸烟行为的关系。方法:采用吸烟后果期望问卷、内隐联结测验、计算广度任务和Fagerstrm耐性问卷测量了85名吸烟者。结果:积极外显后果期望与吸烟行为呈正相关(r=0.619,P<0.001),而消极外显后果期望、内隐后果期望与吸烟行为呈负相关(r=-0.442,P<0.001;r=-0.240,P=0.019)。外显后果期望和内隐后果期望与吸烟行为的关系都受到工作记忆容量的调节,但是却表现出截然不同的调节模式:工作记忆容量高的吸烟者的外显后果期望能够预测吸烟行为(外显积极后果期望:β=0.567,t=5.112,P=0.000;外显消极后果期望:β=-0.290,t=-2.184,P=0.032),而工作记忆容量低的吸烟者的内隐后果期望能够预测吸烟行为(β=-0.690,t=-5.688,P=0.000)。结论:吸烟行为受到外显后果期望和内隐后果期望的共同作用。     

双相障碍青少年的健康相关危险行为

目的:了解双相障碍青少年的健康相关危险行为特点。方法:纳入符合疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类第十次修订本(ICD-10)双相障碍标准的12~18岁青少年50例(抑郁状态29人,躁狂状态19人,混合状态2人)及性别、年龄相匹配的正常对照100例,完成青少年健康相关危险行为自评问卷(AHRBI),同时由双相障碍患者父母完成青少年健康相关危险行为问卷父母版(AHRBI-P),评估双相障碍青少年在不同疾病状态下的健康相关危险行为。结果:双相障碍组青少年AHRBI总分与攻击与暴力、健康妥协、破坏纪律、无保护性、自杀自伤及吸烟饮酒等6项因子评分均高于正常对照组[如总分,55.5(38,119)vs.46(38,65);P0.05]。其中,26项行为条目双相障碍组评分均高于正常对照组(均P0.05)。双相障碍组AHRBI和AHRBI-P总分及6项因子分之间的差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。偏相关分析显示(变量赋值抑郁发作=0,躁狂发作=1),AHRBI和AHRBI-P自杀自伤因子得分与发作状态呈负相关(r=-0.32、-0.33;均P0.05),AHRBI攻击与暴力维度下的毁坏财物行为得分与发作状态呈正相关(r=0.32,P0.05)。结论:双相障碍青少年总体健康相关危险行为多于正常对照青少年,并且,患者在6个维度均存在明显增多的健康相关危险行为。评估期间抑郁发作患者自杀风险更高,而躁狂发作患者更易出现毁坏财物行为。     

慢性精神分裂症男性患者维持吸烟原因的现况调查

目的:分析慢性精神分裂症男性患者维持吸烟行为的原因。方法:收集符合美国精神障碍与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)于精神分裂症的分类诊断标准,病程5年以上,近3个月服抗精神病药物剂量未变化的男性吸烟患者188例,同时纳入61名自愿参加本研究的健康男性吸烟者作为对照组。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评定患者的临床精神病理症状,Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖量表(FTND)评定患者烟草的依赖程度,RUSSELL吸烟动机问卷(SMQ)评估患者组及对照组的吸烟原因。结果:RUSSELL吸烟问卷调查结果显示,慢性精神分裂症男性吸烟患者药理维度的镇静一项的得分低于健康对照组外[3(0,9)vs.6(0,9),P0.001],其他各分量表得分与对照组差异均无统计学意义;患者组中的重度依赖者少于健康对照组(2.7%vs.8.2%,P0.05)。患者组FTND总分与目前服用的抗精神病药剂量(氯丙嗪当量)呈正相关(r=0.22,P0.01)。多因素逐步线性回归分析显示患者组的RUSSELL总分(β=0.22)、自动(β=0.27)及镇静分(β=0.37)均低于对照组(均P0.001)。结论:慢性精神分裂症男性吸烟患者与普通吸烟人群相比,对镇静的需求较少、更少重度吸烟者以及吸烟动机较小,可能与住院患者吸烟受限制有关。     

大学生生活事件与吸烟意愿的相关性

目的:探讨大学生生活事件、吸烟态度和吸烟意愿的关系,从而为纠正其不良吸烟意愿提供一定借鉴的依据。方法:运用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、吸烟态度问卷以及中国青年吸烟问卷调查表中关于吸烟意愿的题目为工具对227名大学生进行调查。结果:1在健康适应(F=9.58,P0.01)、人际关系(F=5.06,P0.01)、受惩罚(F=8.77,P0.01)和其他(F=13.648,P0.001)4个因子存在显著性别差异,男生得分高于女生。在年级差异上,学习压力因子存在显著差异(F=7.019,P0.001),大三学生学习压力得分显著高于大一、大二和大四;2人际关系和其他因子与吸烟态度呈显著相关(P0.05);3吸烟意愿与吸烟态度呈极其显著的相关(P0.001);4生活事件中的人际关系、受惩罚、健康适应以及其他4个因子与吸烟意愿呈显著的负相关。结论:大学生的生活事件、吸烟态度对其吸烟意愿的预测作用显著。     

精神分裂症稳定期吸烟男性患者的残留精神症状及快感缺失

目的:探讨吸烟与精神分裂症稳定期男性患者残留精神症状及快感缺失之间的关系。方法:选取某医院精神分裂症稳定期男性患者160例,分为吸烟组和非吸烟组,用自编基本临床特征信息表、PANSS、RPAS-C、RSAS-C和FTND量表进行测评;用t检验比较两组患者的精神症状及快感缺失,相关及回归分析比较吸烟与患者残留症状及快感缺失的关联性。结果:吸烟组PANSS总分、RPAS-C分、RSAS-C分[(74±8)vs.(70±5),(21±5)vs.(11±3),(13±4)vs.(7±3)]高于非吸烟组,阴性症状分[(19±3)vs.(21±3)]低于非吸烟组;吸烟组阴性症状分与FTND分负关联(r=-0.25;OR=0.84),RPAS-C分、RSAS-C分与FTND分正关联(r=0.52、0.48;OR=1.19)。结论:吸烟可影响精神分裂症稳定期男性患者的残留精神症状和快感缺失程度。     

BIS-11中文版在三组青少年样本中的信效度验证

目的:验证BIS-11在不同青少年群体中的信度和六种因素模型的结构效度。方法:分别在正常青少年(n=406)、精神障碍青少年(n=258)、违法青少年(n=331)三组样本中进行信度分析;采用验证性因素分析在总样本及三组青少年样本中验证6种因素结构模型。结果:三组青少年样本BIS-11总量表及三个分量表(运动冲动性、认知冲动性、非计划性)内部一致性Crobach’sα在0.67-0.89之间,三组样本之间量表得分差异有统计学意义(P0.05),正常青少年的冲动性得分(76.10±15.81)最低,精神障碍青少年(83.28±18.01)次之,违法青少年(86.05±15.77)最高。验证性因素分析结果支持三因子相关模型、六因子相关模型和双因素模型(G-3模型、G-6模型),其中三因素模型和G-3模型模型拟合最为理想。结论:中文版BIS-11在不同青少年群体中具有较好的信度和结构效度,适应于青少年冲动性人格特质的测评与解释。     

男性慢性精神分裂症患者吸烟行为与认知功能的关系

目的探讨男性慢性精神分裂症患者吸烟与认知功能的关系。方法符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准3版(CCMD-3)精神分裂症诊断标准的男性住院病人195例,其中吸烟患者121例,非吸烟患者74例,使用住院病人烟草使用状态调查表、尼古丁依赖严重程度量表(FIND)对患者吸烟状况进行调查,使用威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)、重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)检测认知功能。结果精神分裂症男性患者吸烟组和非吸烟组在WCST各项指标上差异均无统计学意义,根据Fagerstrom尼古丁依赖量表把吸烟组分成重度依赖组和轻度依赖组进一步分析,发现重度依赖组患者WCST正确反应数高于轻度依赖组(t=2.116,P=0.036)和非吸烟组(t=2.830,P=0.007),错误应答数低于轻度依赖组(t=-3.345,P=0.002)和非吸烟组(t=-3.513,P=0.001),后两组间差异无统计学意义;吸烟和非吸烟组在RBANS各项指标上差异均无统计学意义,进一步分组分析也未发现3组间在RBANS各项指标上的差异存在统计学意义。结论吸烟对精神分裂症患者的认知功能无明显影响,但在重度尼古丁依赖患者认知功能的改善明显好于轻度依赖及非吸烟患者。     

首发精神分裂症患者吸烟与精神症状特点及认知功能的关系

目的:探讨首发精神分裂症患者吸烟与精神症状及认知功能的关系.方法:符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版(DSM-IV)诊断标准的首发精神分裂症住院病人90例,其中吸烟患者27例,非吸烟患者63例,使用住院病人烟草使用状态调查表、尼古丁依赖严重程度量表(FTND)对患者吸烟状况进行调查,使用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定临床症状,威斯康星卡片分类(WCST)、重复性成套神经心理状态测验(RBANS)检测认知功能.结果:首发精神分裂症男性患者吸烟检出率为50.0%,女性患者为7.1%.平均烟龄为(10.7±6.8)年,开始尝试吸烟时平均年龄为(16.7±4.8)岁,平均每日吸烟量为(13.5±10,8)支,吸烟组患者PANSS总分、阴性症状量表分、一般精神病理症状量表分均高于非吸烟组[(91.3±20.9)vs.(80.6±17.2),(20.7±8.6)vs.(17.4±6.3),(43.4±12.3)vs.(38.2±10.8);均P＜0.05];非吸烟组的正确应答数高于吸烟组[(50.6±18.2)vs.(42.2±14.3),P＜0.05],而错误应答数低于吸烟组[(75.5±21.9)vs.(85.3±15.8),P＜0.05].首次精神症状发生年龄、首次住院年龄与烟龄呈正相关(r=0.73,0.75),一般精神病理学症状分与FTND分呈负相关(r=-0.47),开始尝试吸烟年龄与RBANS总分、延时记忆得分呈正相关(r=0.57,0.58).结论:精神分裂症精神症状、认知功能受损程度重于非吸烟患者,提示吸烟与精神症状,认知功能存在着一定相关性.     

Single trial time-frequency domain analysis of error processing in post-traumatic stress disorder

Error processing studies in psychology and psychiatry are relatively common. Event-related potentials (ERPs) are often used as measures of error processing, two such response-locked ERPs being the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error-related positivity (Pe). The ERN and Pe occur following committed error in reaction time tasks as low frequency (4-8Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations registered at the midline fronto-central sites. We created an alternative method for analyzing error processing using time-frequency analysis in the form of a wavelet transform. A study was conducted in which subjects with PTSD and healthy control completed a forced-choice task. Single trial EEG data from errors in the task were processed using a continuous wavelet transform. Coefficients from the transform that corresponded to the theta range were averaged to isolate a theta waveform in the time-frequency domain. Measures called the time-frequency ERN and Pe were obtained from these waveforms for five different channels and then averaged to obtain a single time-frequency ERN and Pe for each error trial. A comparison of the amplitude and latency for the time-frequency ERN and Pe between the PTSD and control group was performed. A significant group effect was found on the amplitude of both measures. These results indicate that the developed single trial time-frequency error analysis method is suitable for examining error processing in PTSD and possibly other psychiatric disorders.     

Error processing in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Patients with dementia are prone to make errors while they perform a task. To evaluate error detection and action monitoring in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) at a relatively early stage of the illness, error negativity (Ne) and error positivity (Pe) of event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained by averages time-locked to error response were studied using a lexical recognition paradigm composed of Japanese 'kanji' ideogram characters. In the DAT patients, reaction times were significantly slower and error rates were higher. Not only in healthy elderly subjects but also in the DAT patients, the Ne component obtained by averages time-locked to error response showed a larger amplitude than negativity for correct response (Nc). The Ne and Pe amplitudes were significantly smaller for the DAT patients than for the healthy elderly subjects, whereas there were no significant differences in the Nc amplitude between the two subject groups. Latencies of the Ne, Pe and positivity for correct response (Pc) were prolonged in the DAT patients. These findings suggest that information processing and error detection are slower and somewhat impaired at a relatively early stage of DAT, although error detection and awareness are still preserved.     

Differences in ERP topographies during color matching of smoking-related and neutral pictures in smokers and non-smokers.

The concept of a specific memory network that drives addictive behavior has often been discussed in relation to the phenomenon of sudden relapse into addiction after years of abstinence. But there is still a lack of data that shows a link between drug-related cue processing and specific changes of behavior in addicts. In the present study we investigated the relationship between smoking-related picture processing, performance in a color matching task, and ERP topographies. Fifteen smokers and 19 non-smoking participants performed a color matching task including monochromic pictures with smoking-related and neutral content. Smokers and non-smokers showed remarkable differences between stimulus category-related ERP topographies. Furthermore, both smokers and non-smokers showed increased reaction times during color matching when the picture contents were related to smoking behavior. The results are discussed with respect to different drug-cue-related patterns of information processing in smokers and non-smokers.     

The impact of dyspnea and threat of dyspnea on error processing

Dyspnea (breathlessness) is a threatening and aversive bodily sensation and a major symptom of various diseases. It has been suggested to impair several aspects of functioning in affected patients, but experimental proof for this assumption is widely absent. Error processing is an important domain of functioning and has intensively been studied using electrophysiological measures. Specifically, the error‐related negativity (ERN) has been suggested to reflect early performance monitoring and error detection, while the error positivity (Pe) has been linked to subsequent error awareness. So far, little is known about the effects of anticipated or perceived dyspnea on error processing. Therefore, in 49 healthy participants, we studied the effects of experimentally induced dyspnea and threat of dyspnea on the ERN/Pe and behavioral task performance. Participants performed the arrowhead version of the flanker task during three experimental conditions: an unloaded baseline condition, a dyspnea condition, and a threat of dyspnea condition. Dyspnea was induced by breathing through inspiratory resistive loads, while high‐density EEG was continuously measured. No differences in task performance (reaction times, error rates) and ERN mean amplitudes were found between conditions. However, mean amplitudes for the Pe differed between conditions with smaller Pe amplitudes during threat of dyspnea compared to baseline and dyspnea conditions, with the latter two conditions showing no difference. These results may suggest that threat of dyspnea, but not dyspnea itself, reduces error awareness, while both seem to have no impact on early error processing and related behavioral performance.     

Electrophysiological correlates of error processing in borderline personality disorder

The electrophysiological correlates of error processing were investigated in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) using event-related potentials (ERP). Twelve patients with BPD and 12 healthy controls were additionally rated with the Barratt impulsiveness scale (BIS-10). Participants performed a Go/Nogo task while a 64 channel EEG was recorded. Three ERP components were of special interest: error-related negativity (ERN)/error negativity (Ne), early error positivity (early Pe) reflecting automatic error processing, and the late Pe component which is thought to mirror the awareness of erroneous responses. We found smaller amplitudes of the ERN/Ne in patients with BPD compared to controls. Moreover, significant correlations with the BIS-10 non-planning sub-score could be demonstrated for both the entire group and the patient group. No between-group differences were observed for the early and late Pe components. ERP measures appear to be a suitable tool to study clinical time courses in BPD.     

Empathy and error processing

Recent research suggests a relationship between empathy and error processing. Error processing is an evaluative control function that can be measured using post‐error response time slowing and the error‐related negativity (ERN) and post‐error positivity (Pe) components of the event‐related potential (ERP). Thirty healthy participants completed two measures of empathy, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Empathy Quotient (EQ), and a modified Stroop task. Post‐error slowing was associated with increased empathic personal distress on the IRI. ERN amplitude was related to overall empathy score on the EQ and the fantasy subscale of the IRI. The Pe and measures of empathy were not related. Results remained consistent when negative affect was controlled via partial correlation, with an additional relationship between ERN amplitude and empathic concern on the IRI. Findings support a connection between empathy and error processing mechanisms.     

Neural indicators of error processing and intraindividual variability in reaction time in 7 and 9 year-olds

Childhood is associated with improvements in task accuracy, response time, and reductions in intraindividual trial-to-trial variability in reaction times. The aims of this study were to investigate neural indicators of error monitoring to better understand the mechanisms underlying these cognitive developments in primary school aged children. Specifically, this study explored the development of error processing in 36 children aged 7 years and 41 children aged 9 years, as indexed by two electrophysiological indices of error processing, the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe). Notably, the amplitude and latency of the ERN and Pe did not differ significantly between the age groups. However, intraindividual variability in response time (RT) was strongly related to ERN amplitude. These data suggest the utility of comparing neural and behavioral indicators of cognitive performance in children and uniquely highlight the importance of considering intraindividual variability in task performance in studies that explore error processing.     

Numerical and functional alterations in circulatory lymphocytes in cigarette smokers.

Simultaneous numerical and functional studies of circulatory lymphocytes were undertaken in healthy non-smoking and cigarette-smoking volunteers. The smokers all had light to moderate histories of less than 50 pack years. By contrast with non-smokers (n = 32), the smokers (n = 14) had a significant increase in the total number of lymphocytes, surface immunoglobulin bearing (sIg+) cells, total T-cells (T3+) and T helper-inducer cells (T4+), and a trend of increase in T suppressor-cytotoxic cells (8+). These changes differ from those in heavy smokers who have been reported to show significantly increased T suppressor-cytotoxic but significantly decreased T helper-inducer cells. Although the proportions of T-cell subsets did not differ significantly in the light to moderate smokers compared with non-smokers, in vitro T-suppressor function against the Ig-secreting response of allogeneic B-cells to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) stimulation was significantly impaired. The proliferative response of T-cells to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was, however, similar in both groups. This suggests that smoking may exert a selective influence upon a subset of T suppressor cells. In cytotoxicity assays, smokers showed a significant decrease in natural killer cell (NK) activity but not in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). It appears that these alterations are reversible since a group of ex-smokers (n = 10) were indistinguishable from our non-smoking group in all studies. The implications regarding the link between smoking and increased susceptibility to infection and malignancy are discussed; and these findings should be borne in mind in basic studies of lymphocytes.