高表面活性炭电极的制备及其在双电层电容器中的应用

综述了高表面活性炭电极的原料制备、电极成型及修饰技术的研究进展,论述了双电层电容器电化学性能的影响因素,提出了提高双电层电容器电化学性能的方法,主要包括修饰和改善高表面活性炭的微观结构、改进电极成型工艺技术和电极的预处理方式等.并建议根据实际应用过程中双电层电容器的等效电路和Gouy-Chapman-Stern(GCS)模型理论,计算出高表面活性炭电极表面上的电解质的分布形态,以此作为研究双电层电容器的微观结构和吸附储电机理的突破点,为高表面活性炭电极用于双电层电容器的进一步发展提供理论指导.     

活性炭制双电层电容器

本文重点介绍了双电层电容器的基本概念与活性炭的制备方法及近年来日本在用活性炭制作双电层电容器方面所发表的专利文章。     

活性炭制双电层电容器

本文重点介绍了双电层电容器的基本概念与活性炭的制备方法及近年来日本在用活性制作双电层电容器方面所发表的专利文章。     

PAN基凝胶聚合物电解质双电层电容器

为了得到安全、无泄漏、微型、超薄型的双电层电容器,采用内聚合方法制得聚丙烯腈基凝胶聚合物电解质双电层电容器,电解质的增塑剂为碳酸丙烯酯和碳酸乙烯酯,支持电解质为高氯酸锂,电极材料分别为比表面积1000m2/g和2600m2/g的活性炭。采用交流阻抗、循环伏安、恒流充放电、循环寿命等测试方法对内聚合式凝胶聚合物电解质及其组成的双电层电容器的性能进行了测试。结果表明,此种方法制得的双电层电容器的内阻小,比容量较大,其中以比表面积2600m2/g活性炭为电极材料的电容器的双电极比容量达到47.41F/g。     

活性炭电极材料前处理对KOH电解液体系双电层电容器电化学性能的影响

制备了沥青焦基活性炭,将活性炭分别经水洗、酸洗纯化处理以及气流粉碎处理得超细粉末。将处理后的活性炭作为双电层电容器用电极材料,在3mol/LKOH电解液体系中组装成电容器。采用直流充放电、交流阻抗等表征手段,对比评价了各种活性炭前处理方法对电容器电化学性能的影响。结果表明,酸洗后活性炭的比电容增加,气流粉碎后活性炭的高功率充放电性能改善,以酸洗气流粉碎后活性炭为电极的电容器具有良好的能量及功率性能。     

高比表面活活性炭电级的电化学性能研究

选用比表面积为2590m^2/g的石油焦基活性炭作为双电层电容器的炭电极材料,用直流恒流循环实验考察双电层电容器在不同允放电条件下的电化学性能。实验发现,活性炭电极具有良好的循环充放电性能,充放电效率高达97％,远高于普通电池。不同充放电电流有不同的充放电容量,恒流1mA充放电容量大于2mA和5mA时的充放电容量。活性炭的比电容为60F／g,且电化学性能稳定,有良好的应用前景。     

含磷活性炭作为双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能

随着我国科学技术不断发展,元素分析、应用能力得以有效提高,对活性炭孔隙结构、表面化学性质、元素含量有更加深入的了解,为充分应用活性炭元素特性奠定基础。本文通过对含磷活性炭作为双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能进行分析,以期为充分发挥含磷活性炭能效提供依据。     

孔隙发达竹质活性炭的制备及其电化学性能

以毛竹废料为原料采用磷酸活化法制备了孔隙发达的活性炭,根据77 K氮气吸附等温线对其结构性质进行了表征.以具有最高比表面积的活性炭为电极材料组装双电层电容器,测试了其充放电性质和循环伏安特性.实验结果表明:在实验考察范围内,活化所得产品具有较高比表面积(1485～2127 m2/g)并含有大量中孔,中孔体积为0.43～0.67 cm3/g,活性炭总孔容最高达1.53 cm3/g.以活性炭为电极材料的双电层电容器具有良好的充放电性能和功率特性,电极比电容达197 F/g.     

竹质中孔活性炭在双电层电容器中的应用研究

以毛竹废料为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备了具有较高比表面积又含有大量中孔的活性炭,根据77K氮气吸附等温线对其结构性质进行了表征,并以产品活性炭为电极材料组装双电层电容器,对其充放电性能进行了测试.实验结果表明:产品活性炭比表面积为1567m2/g,中孔体积为0.67cm3/g,中孔比例达47.18%.以该活性炭为电极材料的双电层电容器具有良好的充放电性能,既能以小电流长时间慢速充放电,又能以大电流短时间快速充放电,电极比电容达170F/g.在1000mA/g电流密度下,活性炭放电比电容为131F/g,比电容保持率为77%,功率特性良好.     

超级电容器准固态聚合物电解质膜的研究

制备了一种介于水凝胶和全固态聚合物电解质之间的聚合物电解质膜,用于活性炭电子双电层电容器。测试表明使用该聚合物电解质膜的双电层电容器的容量为2 15mA·h,其容量、功率特性与KOH水溶液电容器相当。电容器的循环伏安曲线,稳定的充放电循环曲线及交流阻抗谱说明该种聚合物电解质膜在碳基超级电容器的使用电压范围(0～1V)内是稳定的,而且聚合物电解质膜电容器表现出良好的可逆性和循环特性。     

竹炭基高比表面积活性炭电极材料的研究

以竹节为原料，在隔绝空气的条件下，经不同温度炭化处理后与KOH混合，制取竹炭基高比表面积活性炭。考察了炭化温度、KOH与竹炭的质量比、活化温度和活化时间等工艺因素对活性炭收率、微孔结构和吸附性能的影响，探讨了竹炭基高比表面积活性炭作双电层电容器电极时的充放电特性及其比电容与各种因素的关系。研究结果表明，控制适宜的炭化、活化工艺条件可制得双电极比电容达55F／g的竹炭基高比表面积活性炭，由它组装的双电层电容器具有良好的充放电性能和循环性能，但内阻过高，大电流下充放电时电容量下降过大。     

活性炭纤维制备双电层电容器

研究了不同材料、比表面积和电解液对比电容的影响，不同比表面积，电解液对循环充电稳定性的影响。结果表明，作为制备双电层电容器的电极材料，活性炭纤维明显好于活性炭，同样基质的活性炭纤维，比表面积大的，比电容不一定大。     

Tailoring the textural properties of activated carbon xerogels by chemical activation with KOH

Resorcinol–formaldehyde xerogels synthesised with different resorcinol/sodium carbonate molar ratios were chemically activated either after drying or after drying and pyrolysis, using potassium hydroxide. It was found that organic (i.e. dried) and carbon (i.e. pyrolysed) xerogels behave differently when subjected to chemical activation. In the case of carbon xerogels, the increase in the microporosity takes place without any significant modification to the meso/macroporosity formed during the synthesis step, leading to micro–mesoporous or micro–macroporous materials with a larger micropore volume. Furthermore, control of the microporosity is possible because its development depends on the amount of KOH used. However, when organic xerogels are activated, mainly microporous materials with BET specific surface areas of up to 2000 m² g⁻¹ are obtained, there hardly remaining any of the meso/macroporosity formed during the gel synthesis. Thus, the combination of different synthesis conditions and chemical activation with potassium hydroxide allows the textural properties of carbon xerogels to be tailored at both micropore and meso/macropore levels.     

Competitive effect of KOH activation on the electrochemical performances of carbon nanotubes for EDLC: Balance between porosity and conductivity

This work is focused on the competitive effects on the performance of the electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) between porosity increase and simultaneous conductivity decrease for KOH-activated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A series of the CNTs have been activated with KOH to enhance their surface areas for application in EDLCs. The microstructure of the activated carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) is characterized with N₂ adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and electric conductivity measurement. Their electrochemical performances are evaluated in aqueous KOH electrolyte with galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and ac impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the KOH activation enhances the specific surface area of the CNTs and its specific capacitance but decreases its electric conductivity and the rate performance in EDLC. By controlling the activation of the CNTs to balance the porosity and conductivity, ACNTs with both high capacitance and good rate performance are obtained.     

活化温度对酚醛基活性炭纤维的孔结构和电化学性能的影响

从酚醛纤维出发,经过炭化和KOH活化制备了酚醛基活性炭纤维（PACF）,并对不同温度下活化样品的比表面积、孔结构以及所制备的双电层电容器（EDLC）的电化学性能之间的关系进行了探讨。氮气（77K）吸附法测定PACF活性炭纤维的孔结构和比表面积;采用循环伏安、交流阻抗、恒流充放电等测试对超级电容器的电化学性能进行了测试。结果表明：900℃是KOH活化酚醛纤维制备用于EDLC电极材料的最佳活化温度,该温度下活化样品具有最佳的循环性,稳定性和较小的内阻,比表面积为2311m^2·g^-1和比电容264．IF·g^-1（充放电电流为1000mA·g^-1）。PACF系列样品均呈现出典型的微孔炭的特征,不同活化温度下制备的PACF,虽然表现出不同的比表面积和比电容,但是其整体孔径分布范围基本相同,都在0.5nm～3．0nm之间。随活化温度的升高,样品的电容性能和功率特性越来越好,内阻也随活化温度的升高而降低。     

偏氯乙烯聚合物基多孔炭的制备及应用研究进展

叙述了以偏氯乙烯聚合物为碳源,通过高温直接炭化制备微孔为主的多孔炭,及炭化、催化活化和模板法制备中孔-微孔复合多孔炭的研究进展,归纳了影响2种新型多孔炭制备过程中炭材料孔隙的主要因素.介绍了偏氯乙烯聚合物基微孔和中孔-微孔复合多孔炭材料在超级电容器电极、催化剂负载和吸附分离等方面的应用.认为偏氯乙烯聚合物基多孔炭属新型...     

The effect of heat-treatment on the properties of activated carbon fibre cloth polarizable electrodes

The effect of heat-treatment on the properties of activated carbon fibre cloths (ACFC) as polarizable electrodes has been investigated. The heat-treated ACFC was prepared by heating phenolic resinbased activated carbon fibre cloths at temperatures higher than 1000° C in an inert gas atmosphere. The electrical resistance of ACFC and the specific surface area began to decrease at 1000° C and 1500° C, respectively. The ACFC maintained amorphous structure even when it was treated at 2000° C. The cyclic voltammogram of ACFC heat-treated at 1000° C showed a stable electric double layer in organic electrolytes in the range between–1.5 and 1.5V with respect to SCE. In accordance with the lower resistance of heat-treated ACFC, electric double layer capacitors with ACFC heat-treated at 1000° C showed lower d.c. resistance in comparison with capacitors without heat-treated ACFC.     

Grafted and crosslinked carbon black as an electrode material for double layer capacitors

Isocyanate prepolymers can readily react with oxidic functional groups on carbon black. Different prepolymers were examined for their grafting behaviour. In carbon black grafted with di-isocyanates, reactive isocyanate groups are available for cross-linking to a polyurethane system. This crosslinked carbon black was designed as a new active material for electrochemical electrodes. The successful crosslinking of carbon black was demonstrated by determinations of the grafted groups via titration and via thermogravimetric analysis. Products of this type were tested as an active material for electric double layer capacitor application. Active material for electric double layer capacitor electrodes was produced which had a specific capacitance of up to 200 F/g. Crosslinking efficiencies of up to 58% of the utilized polymers were achieved.     

活性炭孔结构及电化学性能协同优化

以马尾藻为原料,采用KOH活化法制备了高微孔率马尾藻基活性炭,结合二氧化碳与碳反应动力学机理,对马尾藻基活性炭进行二氧化碳扩孔改性,研究了二氧化碳改性对高微孔率马尾藻基活性炭孔结构特性和电化学性能的影响。研究表明：二氧化碳改性后马尾藻基活性炭的比表面积明显减小,由3155m²/g减小至2776m²/g,但是改性后活性炭中孔比表面积明显增大,由181m²/g增大至538m²/g,活性炭孔径介于2~8nm的中孔含量明显增多,比表面积的减少是由于微孔比表面积的减少导致的。改性后活性炭微孔含量降低,孔径介于0.4~0.6nm的微孔结构基本消失,但是孔径介于0.6~1nm的微孔结构却有所增加,活性炭微孔平均孔径增大。改性后马尾藻基活性炭的比电容性能以及倍率性能得到明显提升。经过二氧化碳改性后,马尾藻基活性炭的孔结构和电化学性能得到协同优化。