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1.
Female Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) form matrilineal hierarchies, i.e. they come to rank below their mother in relation to non-kin females in the course of
maturation. The stability of such hierarchies and the acquisition of the matrilineal rank are achieved through dyadic aggressions
and third party interventions in conflicts. This study examines the dynamics of interventions in non-kin conflicts in a semifree-ranging
group of 109 Barbary macaques at “La Montagne des Singes,” Kintzheim, France. Focal sampling on 13 females aged 3 and 4 years
not yet dominant over all older females from lower ranking kin groups (lower born females) was carried out during 16 months
in 1987 and 1988. Results on the direction of support in non-kin female conflicts (all samples pooled) show that interventions
were generally provided on behalf of the female from the higher ranking kin group (higher born female). Rates of interventions
(derived from focal samples) given and received were correlated with the hierarchy; higher born females received more support
and intervened more often than lower born females. A subset of interventions (based on the age of the females involved) was
analyzed according to the rank distance between the opponents and the type of support provided (spontaneous or solicited).
On the basis of their representation, intermediate-ranking supporters (i.e. females ranking between the opponents) intervened
more often than above-ranking supporters (i.e. females dominant to both opponents), and they intervened more often spontaneously
than following a solicitation. The results on interventions are discussed in the perspective of benefits to supporters. Twenty-one
instances of outranking of older females (matrilineal rank acquisition) were observed. By the end of the study, the number
of older lower born females not yet outranked by the focal females was negatively correlated to the rank distance between
the two sets of females. However no such correlation was found between these two groups when compared according to their age
difference in years. 相似文献
2.
Randall C. Kyes K. Elizabeth Mayer Bradford N. Bunnell 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(3):407-412
The present study was designed to assess a monkey's perception of specific visual stimuli by measuring both the behavioral
responses and duration of attention to the presentation of photographic slides. Five adult male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were placed individually in an open field apparatus and presented a series of slides consisting of apples, a gorilla mask,
a collage of colors, a human being, and a plain field. The slide of the gorilla mask followed by that of the human being received
the most attention while the plain field received the least. In addition, the gorilla mask and human being elicited a range
of behavioral responses with the higher ranking animals displaying a greater number of aggressive responses and the lower
ranking animals displaying a greater number of submissive gestures. Taken together, these data would suggest that the slides
of the gorilla mask and the human being were perceived by the monkeys as threatening. These results are consistent with a
continuing theme observed among a number of studies of primate social perception — namely, that potentially threatening stimuli
are a significant determinant of visual observing. 相似文献
3.
Shoji Machida 《Primates; journal of primatology》1990,31(2):205-211
The vocal behavior of threat calls was investigated in a captive group of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata). The vocalizations were heard most often when they undertook winner-support during triadic agonistic interactions. The likelihood
of call emission in support of the winner was affected by the attributes of the participants, and not by the types of agonistic
behavior. The calls were emitted by intermediate ranking animals frequently in support of high ranking animals and in support
of females. The calling behavior of winner-supporters appears to advertise the partner and distant group members of their
support for reciprocation in the near future. 相似文献
4.
Joseph Soltis 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(3):453-467
Heterosexual relationships during one mating season were examined in a wild troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yakushima Island, Japan. Validation tests of putative mate choice behaviors demonstrated that female initiation and maintenance
of proximity, female lookback at the male, and sexual presents to the male, were associated with increased mating. Male grooming
the female was also associated with increased mating. Ten dyadic social behaviors were subject to principal components analysis
to empirically define behavioral dimensions of male-female relationships. The analysis yielded four relationship dimensions:
‘Mutual Choice and Male Coercion,’ ‘Female Choice’ (two types), and ‘Mutual Choice’ Dyads tended to be characterized by more
than one dimension. The results suggested that females sought matings with multiple males of various dominance ranks. Female
relationships with high ranking males contained elements of male coercion and mate guarding, however, because these males
attempted to inhibit females from mating with lower ranking males. The correlation between each relationship dimension and
mating success depended, in part, on the dominance rank of males. Relationships involving high ranking males, which were most
likely to contain elements of male coercion and mate guarding, were associated with mating success. Relationships involving
low ranking males, which usually lacked such coercive elements. were less strongly correlated with mating success. These results,
obtained from a wild troop, are compared to those previously obtained in captive and provisioned groups of Japanese macaques. 相似文献
5.
Gen’ichi Idani 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(3):377-383
Peering behavior (prolonged gazing within 30 cm by an animal toward another) in wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) at Wamba, Zaire, was studied. A total of 230 peering episodes were observed in various social contexts. Peering behavior
was often directed from younger animals toward older ones. In particular, adult females were most frequently involved in peering,
with individuals of all age-sex classes. On the other hand, male bonobos seldom took part in peering behavior. Four types
of behavior patterns followed the peering behavior: (1) the peerer left; (2) the peeree left; (3) both peerer and peeree stayed
but had no further social interaction; and (4) some other social interaction followed. Type (1) was the most frequent. Peering
usually led to tolerance by older (dominant) animals of a younger (subordinate) animal’s subsequent actions directed towards
the former. Peering was thus concluded to be a unilateral action for initiating affinitive interactions by the peerer. 相似文献
6.
Christine M. Johnson Rebecca E. Frank Danielle Flynn 《Primates; journal of primatology》1999,40(2):397-407
“Peering”—close-proximity staring at the mouth of another—was observed in ten (three males and seven females) mature (at least
7 years old) bonobos (Pan paniscus) living in three social groups at the San Diego Zoo and Wild Animal Park. Instantaneous scan samples, taken at 2-min intervals,
over a three-and-a-half year period, yielded 617 observations of peering (1.4 per observation hour). Food was exchanged in
only 15 of these scans. Peering was most often performed by younger animals and was primarily directed toward older females
(“matrons”). In a given dyad, the animal more likely to peer at the other was also more like to both peer and be peered at
if they frequently groomed and infrequently displayed aggression at a given female. An adolescent male showed the highest
frequency of peering when living with two older females, but dropped to adult male levels when later housed with two younger
(albeit mature) females. A reversal in which animal was more likely to peer, follow, and groom occurred in one female dyad,
after the birth of the younger animal's first infant. After a similar birth in the other group, no such changes were observed.
We discuss how these and related findings, in conjunction with what is known of the social structure of this species, suggest
that one possible function of peering in bonobos may be as a signal acknowledging female status. 相似文献
7.
Data were collected on play behaviors occuring within a singletroop or rhesus monkeys in two environments. Observations wereregular and covered a total of almost 2 years. The three categoriesof playobject, activity, and social playtendedto occur together, typically within the same recording session.Thus, the attending conditionsincluding satiation andmaturitywhich permitted the occurrence of one categoryof play behavior, permitted the occurrence of the other categoriesas well. Maturity seemed to account for the appearance of aparticular behavior within a category (e.g., manipulation ratherthan touching; climbing rather than active hanging; rompingand wrestling rather than contact or touching). The social context,determined by such factors as maternal dominance, the identityof nearby animals, and the overall social tension of the troop,and reflected in the extent of inhibitory control of the targetanimals by their mothers, seemed to determine the frequencywith which these elements in the infant monkey's repertoirecould be displayed during any given period in the ontogeny ofthe individual. 相似文献
8.
We tried to answer the question to what extent neurons in the tectum of the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat and in regions of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) localized more ventrally are involved in the
control of movements of the limbs. The impulse activity of neurons of the above-mentioned structures was recorded in animals
performing targeted operated food-procuring movements by their forelimbs (pressing the pedal). As was found, neurons with
impulse reactions correlating with forelimb movements are rather numerous in the SC and adjacent MRF, and there are several
groups of neurons, whose impulse responses reached their maxima within different phases of the movements. These were neurons
with peaks of the discharge frequency coinciding with the target-reaching movement, with the moment of touching the pedal,
with pressing the pedal, and with the development of the muscle force counteracting the forced withdrawal of the limb toward
the initial position. Such specific patterns of the responses of different neurons of the SC and neighboring MRF are indicative
of a rather specific involvement of the above structures in the control of forelimb movements in cats.
Neirofiziologiya/Neurophysiology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 245–254, May–June, 2007. 相似文献
9.
Carola Borries Volker Sommer Arun Srivastava 《International journal of primatology》1991,12(3):231-257
Correlations among female age, dominance, and reproduction were investigated for a 12-year period in free-ranging, provisioned
Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus), living in one-male groups near Jodhpur in Rajasthan, India. Of 2940 displacement episodes,
27% occurred over natural food, 26% over provisioned food, 8% over grooming, 23% over position and shade, and 16% for other
reasons. It was possible to reconstruct a displacement hierarchy that was linear and stable over short periods but fluctuated
according to the age composition of the troop, resulting in an age inversed dominance structure. Females occupied top ranks
as soon as they experienced menarche (around 2.4 years of age) and gradually declined thereafter, with postmenopausal females
(≥30 years) being the lowest ranking individuals. Old females tended to be peripheral, while young females were highly social
and active. Fertility peaked at about 7 years and gradually decreased thereafter, but infant mortality was much higher in
young females than in old ones. During years when females gave birth, their ranks, especially those of old females, were higher
than the average expectation for their age class, which suggests that females compete more vigorously if they have an infant.
Reproductive success (i.e., infant survival to ≥2 years) declined significantly from high-over middle-to low-ranking females
but did not differ for the three age classes investigated, because the higher fecundity of young females was balanced by better
rearing success of older females. These results are discussed in light of the controversy over whether the langur social system
is strongly influenced by kin selection (Hrdy and Hrdy, 1976; Dolhinow et al., 1979). 相似文献
10.
J. Erber B. Pribbenow K. Grandy S. Kierzek 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1997,181(4):355-365
Honeybees fixed in small tubes scan an object within the range of the antennae by touching it briefly and frequently. In
our experiments the animals were able to scan an object for several minutes with the antennae. After moving the object out
of the range of the antennae, the animals showed antennal movements for several minutes that were correlated with the position
of the removed object. These changes of antennal movements are called “behavioural plasticity” and are interpreted as a form
of motor learning. Bees showed behavioural plasticity only for objects with relatively large surfaces. Plasticity was more
pronounced in bees whose compound eyes were occluded. Behavioural plasticity was related to the duration of object presentation.
Repeated presentations of the object increased the degree of plasticity. After presentation durations of 30 min the animals
showed a significant increase of antennal positions related to the surface of the object and avoidance of areas corresponding
to the edges. Behavioural plasticity was compared with reward-dependent learning by conditioning bees to objects. The results
of motor learning and reward-dependent conditioning suggest that bees have tactile spatial memory.
Accepted: 13 May 1997 相似文献
11.
We report the sequence of a matrilineal overthrow in longtailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) during which the α-matriline dropped to the third of four ranks. In the initial phase of the overthrow, females from the
former second ranking matriline attacked the females of the former α-matriline in a sequence which suggests a strategy. They
attacked the highest ranking mother first and then directed their attacks toward her daughter, then toward her grand-daughter,
and finally toward her great-grand-daughter. This seems to be the most effective way to disrupt the possible interventions
of mothers in favor of their daughters. 相似文献
12.
Rodney L. Johnson 《Primates; journal of primatology》1989,30(3):433-437
The present paper provides an analysis of reproductive data derived from 1,265 adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), including 570 animals 13 years old and older. The data were collected during a partial census of two provisioned but free-ranging
rhesus populations in the Florida Keys. Within both colonies, live birthrates were found to increase sharply among females
4–7 years old and to decline linearly among females 7–17 years of age. These data do not support the suggestion byAnderson (1986) that decline in fertility among nonhuman primate females is primarily the result of deteriorating health rather than
ageper se. 相似文献
13.
Ruud van den Bos PhD 《Journal of Ethology》1998,16(1):1-13
Grooming interactions (n=83) occurring in a group of non free-ranging adult neutered male (n=14) and female (n=11) domestic
cats (Felis silvestris catus) were analysed. Grooming was not induced by the proximity (distance <=0.5 m) of another animal. Grooming was in general directed
at the head-neck area. Higher ranking animals groomed lower ranking animals more often than the other way round. Groomers
tended to adopt ‘higher’ (standing, sitting upright) postures than groomees (sitting, lying). Agonistic behaviour occurred
in 35% of interactions. Groomers showed offensive behaviour more often than groomees, most often after grooming a partner.
Furthermore groomers often groomed themselves after grooming a partner. The degree of relatedness of animals did not affect
the frequencies or durations of grooming. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that allogrooming in domestic cats
may be a way of redirecting (potential) aggression in situations in which overt aggression is too costly.
The data were previously presented at the 29th International Congress of the International Society for Applied Ethology (van
den Bos, R. (1995) Allogrooming in domestic cats in confinement, Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of the International
Society for Applied Ethology, S.M. Rutter et al. (Eds.), pp. 109–110) 相似文献
14.
Seventeen male crab-eating macaques, drawn from two captive troops, were tested on a series of complex problem solving tasks
in a Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (wgta). The animals were trained on a series of 6-trial object quality learning set problems followed by a series of 10-trial object
quality learning set problems. They were then given problems in which the correct stimulus object was reversed part way through
the problem. After the animals reached criterion on this task, the reversal learning set was then extinguished. High ranking
animals made more intraproblem errors than low ranking animals on the 6-trial problems, but there was no relationship between
social status and the rapidity with which the object quality learning set was established. Animals that received overtraining
on the 6-trial problems transferred their learning virtually intact to the 10-trial problems; however, high ranking animals
without overtraining made more errors than low ranking animals. On reversal learning and reversal extinction, high ranking
animals made more errors on critical trials, indicating that they formed and extinguished the reversal set more slowly than
low ranking animals. Object quality sets, as measured by trial-2 performance, were not affected by the reversal conditions.
Supported by USAMRDC Contract No. DADA 17-73-C-3007. 相似文献
15.
Ben G. Blount 《Primates; journal of primatology》1985,26(4):424-435
One vocalization in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) system of communication is the “girney.” Previous studies indicated that the “girney” is used for short range communication
and that it tends to occur when subordinate animals approach and groom dominant ones and when females without infants approach
females who have infants. Data were collected on the social behavior of adult female Japanese monkeys of the Arashiyama-A
troop in Texas in order to test those results. The study indicates that “girneys” are the most frequently occurring vocalizations
of females during and following the birth season and that they occur primarily in two contexts. Those are the proximity of
a female to another female with a new infant and the proximity of a lower ranking animal to a higher ranking one. The contexts
are ones in which the risk of aggression is high, and the “girneys” appear to function as appeasement gestures to reduce the
risk. 相似文献
16.
S. C. Debnath 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2009,45(2):122-128
An efficient system to regenerate shoots on excised leaves of greenhouse-grown wild lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was developed in vitro. The effect of thidiazuron (TDZ) on adventitious bud and shoot formation from apical, medial, and basal segments of the leaves
was tested. Leaf cultures produced multiple buds and shoots with or without an intermediary callus phase on 2.3–4.5 μM TDZ
within 6 wk of culture initiation. The greatest shoot regeneration came from young expanding basal leaf segments positioned
with the adaxial side touching the culture medium and maintained for 2 wk in darkness. Callus development and shoot regeneration
depended not only on the polarity of the explants but also on the genotype of the clone that supplied the explant material.
TDZ-initiated cultures were transferred to medium containing 2.3–4.6 μM zeatin and produced usable shoots after one additional
subculture. Elongated shoots were dipped in 39.4 mM indole-3-butyric acid powder and planted on a peat:perlite soilless medium
at a ratio of 3:2 (v/v), which yielded an 80–90% rooting efficiency. The plantlets were acclimatized and eventually established in the greenhouse
with 75–85% survival. 相似文献
17.
We investigated the mechanism of alliance formation among adult male savanna baboons by comparing the characteristics of males
that formed coalitions frequently with males that never or seldom took part in coalitions. We observed three groups: two of Papio cynocephalus cynocephalusin Amboseli National Park, Kenya, and one of P. c. anubisin the vicinity of Gilgil, Kenya. We considered four hypotheses: (1) Males must be familiar with each other, (2) males must
have an affinitive bond, (3) males must have more than average experience, and (4) the combined fighting ability of the coalition
partners relative to the fighting ability of their opponent determines the likelihood that a coalition is formed. We conclude
that relative fighting ability forms the key factor in coalition formation. High- ranking males do not form coalitions often,
since they hardly need them. Low- ranking males rarefy form coalitions, since they cannot form effective coalitions among
themselves. Affinity (“friendship”) may play a role as an additional factor. The relation of coalition formation with age
and period of residence, which was found in several studies, can be explained largely by the correlation between these parameters
and fighting ability. 相似文献
18.
Carola Borries Volker Sommer Arun Srivastava 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(3):421-443
We studied grooming among adults of a one-male multifemale troop of free-ranging Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus)living near Jodhpur, India, for 9 years. The 11–13 females devoted about 6% of their day to allogrooming. Adult males, whose
tenures averaged 2.2 years, were transient figures in the troop's history, as reflected by their rather peripheral role in
the grooming network. Females groomed males 4–40 times more frequently (1006 episodes) than vice versa- (176 episodes). Adult
females received 97% of all grooming from other adult females (6655 episodes). Although females exhibited an age- inversed
dominance hierarchy, they did not compete for grooming access to particular troop mates. Dyads of all possible rank differences
occurred as frequently as expected: 51% of grooming was directed up the hierarchy and 49% down it. Young, high- ranking individuals
gave and received significantly more grooming than the oldest, low- ranking females did. The pattern seemed to be influenced
by kin selection because of the presumably high degree of female relatedness. They invested most in troopmates with the highest
reproductive value, i.e., the youngest individuals. This trend was coupled with a preference of closest kin (mothers and daughters).
Reciprocity was the outstanding feature since all adult females groomed and were groomed by all others. Such a tight social
net might establish the necessary cohesion during frequent territorial disputes with neighboring troops. 相似文献
19.
Chan Sun Park 《Journal of applied phycology》2006,18(2):203-207
The fungal parasite Pythium porphyrae is the causative organism of red rot disease in Porphyra cultivation farms. The detection of P. porphyrae from dried Porphyra yezoensis sheets was achieved using the species-specific primers PP-1 (5′-TGTGTTCTGTGCT-CCTCTCG-3′) and PP-2 (5′-CCCAAATTGGTGTTGCCTCC-3′) with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The DNA sequence (707 bp) of PCR product was found to be identical to that amplified from ITS rDNA extracted from a type species of P. porphyrae (IFO 30800, The Institute of Fermentation, Osaka, Japan). Quantities of the product amplified varied with the time when samples were harvested after the occurrence of red rot disease in Porphyra farms. This simple, rapid, and inexpensive method should have great applications in furthering quality control and determination of quality ranking in the Porphyra processing industry. 相似文献
20.
Selection byTrichogramma nubilale (Ertle & Davis) for different aged egg masses ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) was examined by separating components of parasitism. FemaleT. nubilale were exposed to egg masses of 2 different ages (freshly laid egg masses versus 1, 2, 3 or 4 day old egg masses), and the
age of the initial egg mass inspected, number and percent of eggs and egg masses parasitized, and the emergence rate of pharate
parasitoids was recorded. When there was a large difference in age between young and old egg masses, ♀♀ inspected initially
more young egg masses (>2 days difference), parasitized a greater percent of young egg masses (>2 days difference), and parasitized
more eggs/parasitized egg mass in young egg masses (>3 days difference) than old egg masses. Females did not discriminate
between host age when hosts were similar in age. Successful emergence of parasitoids was greater from younger eggs than older
eggs, although emergence was better from one-day-old eggs than from fresh eggs. These results imply that when the hosts were
sufficiently different in age, ♀♀ were attracted to younger egg masses more than older egg masses, and they tended to remain
ovipositing for longer periods of time on younger egg masses than older egg masses. Moreover, ♀♀ appeared to prefer to oviposit
in hosts in which their young are more likely to complete development.
相似文献