夏热冬冷湿润气候下绿化屋面对建筑环境影响的研究

绿化屋面是一种被动式建筑技术,通过提高建筑屋面对太阳辐射的反照率,以及附加的种植基质保温性能,实现减缓热岛效应、降低建筑能耗的作用。结合夏热冬冷湿润地区气候特点,使用温度实测、软件能耗模拟的方法,分析绿化屋面对建筑内部及外部环境的影响。通过对南京1个办公建筑屋面温度实测显示,夏季晴朗日间应用绿化的建筑屋面外表面比裸露屋面温度平均低约16℃。通过EnergyPlus模拟,有保温屋面增加绿化屋面后,其顶层全年能耗降低了2.6kWh/m2,无保温屋面增加绿化屋面后,其顶层全年能耗降低了14.1kWh/m2;通过Airpak对一个居住区的室外环境模拟,在应用屋顶绿化后,其室外环境温度可降低约0.2℃。     

基于太阳辐射的建筑屋面形态绿色设计方法

太阳辐射是建筑得热的主要途径,是绿色建筑设计研究的重要内容之一,其与建筑的热环境能耗直接相关。以北京市门头沟体育文化中心前期方案的屋面形态为研究对象,利用Grasshopper平台的Ladybug、Honeybee建筑性能模拟工具对不同的屋面形态进行模拟分析,探讨了寒冷地区建筑屋面的倾角、矢高和平面轮廓三个形态设计要素对屋面太阳辐射量的影响规律及其节能潜力,并提出了以夏季太阳辐射总量最小化为目标、利用进化算法对屋面形态进行优化的参数化节能设计方法,指导寒冷地区绿色建筑设计。     

喷气增焓空气源热泵技术在办公建筑中的应用

本文以郑州市某办公楼建筑为基础,为满足改造后的采暖及制冷需要,从技术性能及投资运行费用角度出发,对比分析不同方案,选择喷气增焓空气源热泵系统为最佳方案,拓宽了系统运行温度区间,提高系统运行COP。经统计改造后喷气增焓空气源热泵系统运行数据,系统在采暖季及制冷季平均电耗分别为0.154kWh/(m2·d)及0.1776kWh/(m2·d)。     

建筑节能和轻质保温砌块的开发

在我国已有的400亿m2的城乡建筑中,只有3.2亿m2的城市房屋可称得上节能建筑.全国每年竣工的20多亿m2建筑中,只有不到1亿m2建筑属于节能建筑,仅占3%左右.我国每平方米建筑采暖或制冷能耗约为发达国家的3倍.     

对建筑节能的几点体会和看法

自20世纪70年代出现能源危机以来,世界发达国家皆进行了建筑节能,建筑能耗已大幅度降低。与我国北方采暖区纬度相近的发达国家,一个采暖期的能耗已由原来的30OkWh/m2,降为1O0kWh/m2左右。不仅其建筑围护结构进行了较高水平的保温隔热,外墙外保温作法已较普遍,外墙及外窗的传热系数大大降低,而且在采用高效能供热、制冷、照明、家电设备及系统等使用能耗方面也取得重大进展。与先进国家相比,我国居住建筑单位面积采暖能耗高3倍左右,而且在室内热环境方面也有较大差距。　　按照建设部第76号令的要求,现阶段建筑节能主要是对新建、扩建…     

气象参数对成都地区办公建筑能耗的影响及预测

气象参数是影响建筑热环境和供暖空调能耗的主要因素之一。基于成都地区1971—2000年共30a的历史观测数据,生成了建筑能耗模拟软件EnergyPlus所需要的逐时气象数据文件。比较分析了该地区30a干球温度、太阳辐射等各气象参数月均值的变化,模拟分析了该地区建筑的采暖、制冷及总能耗,利用多元回归建立了建筑能耗与气象参数之间的关系式,并检验了该关系式的准确性。结果表明:成都地区办公建筑能耗变化与各气象参数没有呈现明显的规律性;建筑月总能耗与各气象参数呈纯二次多项式关系,月采暖能耗、月制冷能耗与各气象参数呈交叉二项式关系;建筑月能耗回归模型能够较准确地预测建筑月能耗与各气象参数的关系,且月采暖能耗和月制冷能耗回归模型预测的准确性优于月总能耗模型。     

蓄水屋面

在生产性建筑的热平衡中,生产余热占有突出地位。但是,夏季通过围护结构进入建筑的太阳热量是总热量的主要部分。减少或消除这个热量能够大大地降低制冷费用。 现代生产性建筑的屋顶面积很大,占整个建筑围护结构面积的70％。和墙比较,屋顶的重量较轻,使得屋面在夏季吸收大量的太阳辐射热,并传至室内。生产性建筑要     

住宅建筑屋面参数对采暖能耗的影响研究

本文在分析我国住宅建筑围护结构耗热量的基础上,阐述了研究屋面节能的必要性;针对济南市某住宅建筑,分析了墙体的朝向、传热性能、墙体太阳辐射吸收系数几方面对采暖能耗的影响,并得出了各项参数与采暖能耗的关系曲线与方程。     

基于室外热舒适的寒地教学组团形态设计策略

立足寒地城乡地域特征,修正室外热舒适预测指标,分析寒地高校教学楼组团形态对室外热舒适的影响并提出 优化设计策略,改善寒地室外热舒适性能。基于寒地校园热环境实测数据修正室外热舒适预测指标,通过模拟实验提 出基于室外热舒适的组团形态设计策略。当D/H=2.50 时,教学楼组团室外热舒适和空间感受较好;L 型围合式和三 面围合式是兼顾室外热舒适、节能和空间需求的较优组团形式。室外热舒适评价指标需结合地域特征进行修正,设计 者可通过优化教学楼组团形态改善寒地高校室外热舒适水平。     

毛细管网平面辐射式空调系统特点及市场前景

建筑能耗占我国全部能耗的40％～50％,其中冬季采暖、夏季制冷是建筑能耗的主体,采暖和制冷方式的不断改进和创新,将是节能的关键所在。由于毛细管网平面辐射空调系统主要是以辐射为主导的传递冷热量,因此它相比于其他空调系统有很大的不同,也因这一技术特性,它具有众多特点和优势。     

Estimating the effect of using cool coatings on energy loads and thermal comfort in residential buildings in various climatic conditions

The impact from using cool roof coatings on the cooling and heating loads and the indoor thermal comfort conditions of residential buildings for various climatic conditions is estimated. The energy cooling loads and peak cooling demands are estimated for different values of roof solar reflectance and roof U-value. The results show that increasing the roof solar reflectance reduces cooling loads by 18–93% and peak cooling demand in air-conditioned buildings by 11–27%. The indoor thermal comfort conditions were improved by decreasing the hours of discomfort by 9–100% and the maximum temperatures in non air-conditioned residential buildings by 1.2–3.3 °C. These reductions were found to be more important for poorly or non-insulated buildings. For the locations studied, the heating penalty (0.2–17 kWh/m² year) was less important than the cooling load reduction (9–48 kWh/m² year). The application of cool roof coatings is an effective, minimal cost and easy to use technique that contributes to the energy efficiency and the thermal comfort of buildings.     

An assessment of roof space solar gains in a temperate maritime climate

New Zealand has a temperate maritime climate. Despite mild winters compared to nations with continental climates, New Zealand houses have been reported to often be at temperatures below internationally recommended levels. Sources of additional heating are therefore of interest to many New Zealand home occupants. Roof space solar gains have been identified as one possible source of heating. This paper investigates the energy gains available in New Zealand homes from ventilation systems drawing air from the roof cavity. Three New Zealand houses were monitored and a computer-based thermal building simulation developed to quantify the heating and cooling energy that might be transferred by home ventilation systems. The computer model simulating the temperature in the roof space and occupied spaces was constructed using MATLAB, and used publicly available weather station data as the inputs. A good match between measured and modelled results was obtained. Small heating and cooling benefits are possible at certain times from pumping roof space air into the living areas of some New Zealand houses. The magnitude of these benefits, however, is not significant compared with the space heating required to maintain reasonable indoor temperatures over the New Zealand winter.     

夏热冬冷地区住宅围护结构能耗的灵敏度分析

为得到围护结构各相关因素对建筑能耗影响的权重,采用EETP围护结构评价指标对空调、采暖能耗进行计算,分析了夏热冬冷地区上海、长沙、韶关和成都四个城市高层点式住宅围护结构各因素对空调、采暖及全年能耗的灵敏度,包括体形系数、窗墙比、遮阳系数、外墙/屋顶/外窗的传热系数、外墙/屋顶外表面的太阳辐射吸收系数。结果表明：窗墙比为25%时,墙体传热系数、体形系数和窗墙比依次是影响全年能耗的前三位主要因素,四个城市灵敏度分别为24.4%~35.8%、21.7%~32.0%和16.8%~31.1%;窗墙比为50%时,窗墙比、体形系数和遮阳系数依次是前三位主要因素,灵敏度分别为34.8%~45.6%,20.0%~44.3%和12.0%~47%;外墙和屋顶外表面太阳辐射吸收系数以及屋顶传热系数对建筑全年能耗影响均很小。     

Effect of courtyard proportions on solar heat gain and energy requirement in the temperate climate of Rome

The present study focuses mainly on the effect of solar heat gain on the energy demand of courtyard building form with different proportions. Several methods can be employed to improve the building's utilization of solar heat gain. This includes using light colours for the external surfaces to reduce the solar radiation absorption in summer, using shading devices and improving the thermal properties of the external walls and roof. However, it is of great importance before using any of these methods to have the courtyard building's architectural design adapted to have full advantage of the available solar heat gain. Therefore, the main objective of the present examination was to find out to what extent the building's solar heat gain and consequently the energy requirements are influenced by the building's configurations. A computer Tool (IES) was used to carry out the investigation taking Rome as an empirical background to temperate climate. The results showed that the proportions of the courtyard building considerably influence the need for heating and cooling.     

Performance of a reversible heat pump/organic Rankine cycle unit coupled with a passive house to get a positive energy building

This paper presents an innovative technology that can be used to deliver more renewable electricity production than the total electrical consumption of a building while covering the heat demand on a yearly basis. The technology concept uses a heat pump (HP), slightly modified to revert its cycle and generate electricity, coupled to a solar thermal collector roof. This reversible HP/organic Rankine cycle unit presents three operating modes: direct heating, HP and organic Rankine cycle. This work focuses on describing the dynamic model of the multi-component system followed by a techno-economic analysis of the system under different operational conditions. Sensitivity studies include: building envelope, climate, appliances, lighting and heat demand profiles. It is concluded that the HP/ORC unit can turn a single-family house into a PEB under certain weather conditions (electrical production of 3012?kWh/year and total electrical consumption of 2318?kWh/year) with a 138.8?m² solar roof in Denmark.     

建筑一体化电热冷联产光伏组件能量特性研究

传统太阳能光伏或光热建筑一体化只能为建筑提供单一电能或热能。通过研究一种集成发电、集热、制冷3种功能的建筑一体化电热冷联产光伏组件,对其夏季工况下能量特性进行了实际检测。结果表明:白天,组件集热同时能有效降低光伏电池温度,组件工作温度高于环境温度约8~16℃,发电和集热效率分别为14.1%~13.7%和40.1%~15.7%;晴朗夜间,组件通过对流和辐射两种传热方式进行散热制冷,总制冷功率为26.0~268.5 W/m~2。电热冷联产光伏组件适合与热泵结合,为建筑提供所需能源。     

陶瓷太阳板与锚桩结构陶瓷太阳能房顶

陶瓷太阳板以普通瓷土、工业废弃物为原料制造,其生产工艺简单、耗能少、成本低,产品寿命长、热效率高;锚桩陶瓷太阳能房顶与原房顶共用结构层、保温层和防水层,结构简单,与建筑一体化、同寿命,为建筑物提供热水、采暖,调节室内湿度。     

Energy performance analysis on telecommunication base station

Telecommunication base station (TBS) has high indoor IT heat dissipation rate, and cooling load exists almost all year around. Energy consumption of air-conditioning system is 30–50% of the TBS entire energy. Envelope and heat pipe assisted air-conditioning system performances are investigated using annual hourly simulation software. In cold city Harbin, high insulation envelope is recommended to avoid heating requirement in winter; and in warm city Guangzhou, low insulation envelope is recommended to reduce the annual cooling load. Shading and roof ventilation have little impact on the reduction of cooling load. Simplified analysis method based on daily average steady values is proposed, which can reveal the main performance influencing factors and clearly direct the main approach in energy saving. The simplified method can accord well with numerical results and tested results available in literature. Contribution of each heat source can be clearly gained and analyzed, solar radiation does not possess large effect in TBS. Ideal thermal resistance with no heating or cooling requirement is then derived, envelope can be easily optimized and contribution of such kind of outdoor cooling source method using heat pipe can be easily obtained.     

遮阳系数对供暖与空调能耗影响差异的逐时解析

以中国福州为例,从当地逐时气象数据入手,分析了建筑空调负荷及供暖负荷的所有时刻对应的逐时太阳辐射,用特征温度法研究当遮阳系数减小时各时刻建筑的空调与供暖能耗及相对变化(节能率)情况。研究发现,由于冬季有太阳辐射各时刻的供暖能耗相对于无太阳辐射各时刻能耗比例很小,故遮阳措施对供暖总能耗的影响不显著,从而证明DOE-2关于冬季遮阳系数减小对供暖能耗影响的结论值得商榷;由于夏季有太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗远大于无太阳辐射各时刻空调能耗,故遮阳措施对空调总能耗及节能率的影响非常显著,DOP2软件与特征温度法的结果是正确的;通过对福州全年各时刻空调供暖能耗、建筑负荷及节能率进行解析,揭示了看起来很分散的各时刻能耗及节能率差异数据总体上遵循的某种共性规律,供同行参考。     

The predicted impact of roof aperture design on the energy performance of office buildings

An investigation has been made of potential lighting electricity reductions and associated thermal impacts of replacing electric light with sunlight admitted through rooftop glazing on a single-story, prototypical office building. Experimental scale models have been used to determine the fraction of the solar radiation entering the aperture which reaches the work plane as useful illumination. This information is used in a developmental version of the building energy analysis computer program BLAST-3.0 to predict reductions in lighting electricity and the impacts on energy consumption for heating and cooling the building. The results indicate that a large fraction of the electricity consumed for lighting a single-story office building can be displaced using modest amounts of glazing in the roof. Also, both heating and cooling energy consumption reductions are possible from a daylighting system, but they are substantially smaller than the potential lighting electricity reductions. The design implications of the results are discussed and future directions for the work are outlined.