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1.
The purpose of this study was to describe the physiological responses of premature infants to an acute tissue-damaging stimulus and to determine how severity of illness and behavioral state influenced these responses. The physiological responses (heart rate, oxygen saturation, and intracranial pressure) of a convenience sample of 124 premature infants between 32 and 34 weeks gestational age were described during four phases of a routine heel stick procedure. Analysis of the results showed a significant multivariate main effect of phase on the group of physiological responses. Behavioral state was found to influence the physiological responses, but severity of illness did not.  相似文献   

2.
On the basis of findings by Klein et al. (see 33: 9518) that perception is affected by subliminal stimuli, the present research tests the hypothesis that such stimuli will affect the nature of fantasy productions as well. Ss were presented with TAT card-projections, simultaneous with the projection of superimposed subliminal "negative," "positive," and "neutral" toned words. The results failed to support the hypothesis. In a 2nd phase of the experiment, clarity of the TAT slides was reduced whereupon the effect of the subliminal stimuli seemed to be achieved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
Influences exerted by tactile stimuli on the muscle activity were investigated with two methods: (1) analysis of kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activity of eight forelimb muscles during contact placing (CP) reactions elicited by tactile stimuli applied to the dorsal, medial or lateral sides of the paw in cats, and (2) the Hoffmann (H)-reflex technique to quantify the effects of the tactile stimuli on the excitability of the alpha motoneurones of the soleus muscle in awake rats. The first group of the data showed that the tactile stimuli applied to dorsal, medial or lateral aspects of the paw led to different strategies of the forelimb movements during CP reactions. These differences arose from various patterns of activation of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles at the beginning of CP reactions and a various involvement of the medio-lateral components of movements, depending on the site of the tactile stimulus application. With the H-reflex technique it was found that the tactile stimulus diminished the excitability of alpha motoneurones of the soleus muscle when applied to the skin overlying the lateral side of the ankle joint. This effect was in line with the observation that the tactile stimulus applied to the lateral side of the paw activated the elbow flexor muscles but not their antagonists to initiate CP reaction.  相似文献   

4.
We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine how isoflurane affected cerebral neuronal activation resulting from noxious and innocuous stimuli. Five male volunteers were subjected to mild electrical shock and tactile stimuli applied to the hand. During low (0.7%) and moderate (1.3%) isoflurane anesthesia the stimuli were repeated and a supramaximal electrical shock was also applied. Tactile stimulation activated bilateral SI and SII, but resulted in no significant activation at low or moderate anesthesia. Electrical shock activated contralateral SI and bilateral SII; low anesthesia completely abolished this response. The supramaximal stimulus activated the caudate nucleus and bilateral thalamus at low anesthesia; these responses were diminished at moderate anesthesia. Isoflurane anesthesia blunts cerebral responses to somatosensory stimuli, and the absence of cortical activation during supramaximal stimulation suggests that noxious-induced movement is generated in lower CNS structures.  相似文献   

5.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this article is to review the history of the medical outcomes movement as well as the methodologies used in outcomes research. CONCEPT: Outcomes research refers to a genre of clinical investigation that emphasizes the measurement of patient health outcomes, including the patient's symptoms, functional status, quality of life, satisfaction with treatment, and health care costs. RATIONALE: Outcomes research evolved from studies that demonstrated the presence of wide geographic variations in the practice of medicine and surgery. Such differences in utilization were unaccompanied by any discernible difference in patient outcomes. With escalating health care costs, there has been a growing interest in measuring the outcomes of medical intervention to determine the quality and appropriateness of medical care. DISCUSSION: Outcomes may be measured both directly and indirectly, over differing periods of time, and with varying degrees of objectivity, reliability, and validity. Current research has focused on quality of life issues, which include the extent to which a patient's usual or expected physical, emotional, and social well-being have been affected by a medical condition or treatment. The true value of health care can be determined only by a systematic examination of patient outcomes. To accomplish this goal, methods are required that are relatively unfamiliar to many clinical researchers. Future clinical research should include patient-oriented outcome measures that would otherwise focus solely on physiological or anatomic outcomes. Such information will be essential in determining which medical and surgical treatment strategies should be abandoned and which will gain acceptance in the future.  相似文献   

6.
Measured heart rate (HR) and visual fixation responses as indices of attention getting (AG) and attention holding (AH) in 17 15-wk-old infants. The stimulus situation was one in which a brief central stimulus was followed by either a brief peripheral stimulus (AG trials) or a prolonged peripheral stimulus (AH trials). The stimuli for both central and peripheral presentations were moving black and white bar patterns. The speed for the central stimulus was constant over trials and groups (at 6.6°/sec), whereas the peripheral stimuli were either 6.6 or 26°/sec. Results suggest that much of the observed HR change can be accounted for by the AG phase, whereas the AH phase was reflected in the time it took for the cardiac responses to return to prestimulus baseline values. Stimulus speed also affected both attention behaviors; the faster speed produced the greatest HR change. Latency of 1st fixation and duration of looking measures did not show any discrimination between stimuli of different speeds. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

7.
8.
The AVE Micro Stent (AVE Inc., Santa Rosa, CA) is composed of helically welded 3 mm long, zigzag crowns with stent lengths from 6 to 39 mm and diameters from 2.5 to 4.5 mm. Quantitative coronary angiography and histologic analyses of acute and chronic implantation were obtained in 52 stented coronary segments of 18 dogs. Three hearts with 8 stented coronary segments were harvested after 24 hr, 3 hearts with 9 stented segments were harvested after 2 weeks, 6 hearts with 15 stented segments were harvested at 8 weeks, and 6 hearts with 20 stented segments were harvested at 24 weeks post-deployment. There were no procedural complications, deaths, or acute vessel closures. The average lumen diameter of the stented segment was largest at 2 weeks (3.3 +/- 0.3 mm). The smallest average diameters were observed at 8 weeks after the stent deployment (2.7 +/- 0.4, P < 0.05) with an increase again at 24 weeks (2.9 +/- 0.6). The pre-explant percent of stenosis was <30% in all animals. Histologically, a peak of inflammation was visible at 2 weeks; however, the extent of luminal narrowing reached its peak at 8 weeks and the lumen dimension increased somewhat at 24 weeks. The degree of intimal thickening remained relatively constant throughout the different time points (<200 microm). Overall, these data suggest that constrictive remodeling within the stented segment occurs at 8 weeks in this animal model. The later increase of the stented segment dimensions as well as higher net gain at 24 weeks compared to 8 weeks after deployment suggests that this constriction is a transitory phenomenon.  相似文献   

9.
Analyzed in detail the conditions eliciting approach behavior to the imprinting stimulus in White Leghorn, New Hampshire, and hybrid White Leghorn-New Hampshire chicks. It was found that the approach response to a relatively weak imprinting stimulus could arise by 2 different mechanisms. Some Ss approached the stimulus object within a few min.; others needed a considerably longer stimulation, essentially a conditioning, to elicit the approach response. The 2 mechanisms, which were termed "prompt approach" and "conditioned approach," were distinguished on the basis of the different conditions required for eliciting them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
Introduces special section and provides an overview of research on infant and child emotion regulation, beginning with consideration of emotion as a set of responses to particular stimuli, such as aversive events. Emotional responding is noted as occurring simultaneously within each of three response systems, including neurophysiological-biochemical, motor-expressive, and experiential-cognitive domains. Emotion regulation is the process through which activation in one response domain serves to alter, titrate, or modulate activation in another response domain. During the course of development, the child acquires skill not only in responding within domains, but also in coordinating and regulating responses across domains. Mechanisms of development include fortuitous learning, repetition, and active socialization by a caregiver. Individual differences can be observed in the child's capacity for regulation, and major life events can intrude on development, the latter leading to dysregulation of emotional responding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
Tested the hypothesis that an unconscious preattentive perceptual analysis of phobic stimuli is sufficient to elicit human fear responses. Selected snake- and spider-fearful Ss, as well as normal controls, were exposed to pictures of snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms. A separate forced-choice recognition experiment established backward masking conditions that effectively precluded recognition of experimental stimuli both for fearful and nonfearful Ss. In the main experiment, these conditions were used to compare skin conductance responses (SCRs) to masked and nonmasked phobic and control pictures among fearful and nonfearful Ss. In support of the hypotheses, snake- and spider-fearful Ss showed elevated SCRs to snake and spider pictures as compared with neutral pictures and with responses of the nonfearful Ss under both masking conditions. Ratings of valence, arousal, and dominance indicated that the fearful Ss felt more negative, more aroused, and less dominant in relation to both masked and nonmasked phobic stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
13.
When human subjects are presented with visual displays consisting of random dots moving sideways at different velocities, they perceive transparent surfaces, moving in the same direction but located at different distances from themselves. They perceive depth from motion parallax, without any additional cues to depth, such as relative size, occlusion or binocular disparity. Simultaneously, large-field visual motion triggers compensatory eye movements which tend to offset such motion, in order to stabilize the visual image of the environment. In a series of experiments, we investigated how such reflexive eye movements are controlled by motion parallax displays, that is, in a situation where a complete stabilization of the visual image is never possible. Results show that optokinetic nystagmus, and not merely active visual pursuit of singular elements, is triggered by such displays. Prior to the detection of depth from motion parallax, eye tracking velocity is equal to the average velocity of the visual image. After detection, eye tracking velocity spontaneously matches the slowest velocity in the visual field, but can be controlled by attentional factors. Finally, for a visual stimulation containing more than three velocities, subjects are no longer able to perceptually dissociate between different surfaces in depth, and eye tracking velocity remains equal to the average velocity of the visual image. These data suggest that, in the presence of flow fields containing motion parallax, optokinetic eye movements are modulated by perceptual and attentional factors.  相似文献   

14.
How to measure pain is a great challenge to those who desire to control adequately such a complex experience. Standardized instruments that take into consideration the patient's own account, have been developed in order to make such a task easier. In this article we carry out a revision of the instruments used mostly for measuring postoperative pain, and we point out some of the advantages and disadvantages. We emphasize the need for specific research focusing on the measurement of surgical pain, taking into consideration the multiple dimensions of a painful experience.  相似文献   

15.
The goals of this research were to determine (1) the change in heart rate elicited by aversive auditory stimuli in the laboratory rat at different ages and (2) the autonomic origins of those changes at each age. The results of the 1st 2 experiments showed that aversive white noise stimuli elicited cardiac deceleration in preweanling (16-day-old) rats and cardiac acceleration in weanling (23-day-old), periadolescent (30-day-old), and adult (60-day-old) rats. Subsequent experiments showed that (1) the decrease in heart rate elicited by the noise stimulus in preweanling rats was mediated by parasympathetic activation of the heart, (2) the stimulus-elicited increase in heart rate elicited by the noise in periadolescent rats was mediated by parasympathetic withdrawal of the heart, and (3) the noise-induced increase in heart rate in adult rats was primarily mediated by sympathetic activation of the heart. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure responses to nonsignal auditory stimuli were measured in rats after saline or pharmacological blockade of the sympathetic or vagal innervation of the heart. HR responses to the low-intensity stimulus were predominantly deceleratory, whereas responses to the high-intensity stimulus were more notably acceleratory. Both stimuli elicited a biphasic pressor–depressor response, although potential baroreflex influences accounted for only a small proportion of the HR response variance. Deceleratory responses to the low-intensity stimulus were eliminated by scopolamine and thus appeared to be predominantly of vagal origin. Acceleratory response to the high-intensity stimulus appeared to be mediated primarily by sympathetic activation because it was substantially attenuated by the β? antagonist atenolol. Furthermore, HR responses to the low-intensity stimulus appeared to reflect coactivation of both sympathetic and vagal systems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
Following copulation and cohabitation with a pregnant female, male gerbils show high levels of parental behavior toward their pups. The initiation of male parental behavior may be the result of neuroendocrine changes induced by cohabiting with the pregnant female or by pup stimuli. Experiment 1 examines the changes in androgen and prolactin levels in male gerbils cohabiting with females over the reproductive cycle. Gerbils were mated and blood samples taken from males for hormone analysis 1, 10, and 20 days after pairing and 3, 10, and 20 days after pups were born. A group of unmated male gerbils served as controls. Plasma prolactin levels of males were elevated throughout the female's pregnancy and lactation periods, but were only statistically significantly higher than those of unmated males 20 days after pups were born. Androgen levels rose during pregnancy and dropped significantly after the birth of the pups. These hormonal changes are similar to those found in males of monogamous birds and differ from those found in males of polygynous rodents such as the rat. Experiment 2 examined the hormonal responses of male and female gerbils to pup replacement after 4 hr of parent-pup separation. Female gerbils showed a significant elevation of prolactin levels 1 hr after pup replacement, but males did not. Males with pups returned showed no difference in androgen levels from males who did not have pups returned. Thus, male gerbils show neuroendocrine changes following long-term cohabitation with their mate and pups, but do not show acute hormone responses to pup removal and replacement. These results indicate that parental males have neuroendocrine changes associated with parental behavior and these differ from the neuroendocrine changes underlying female parental behavior.  相似文献   

18.
Administered a paired-associates learning task and a visual recognition task to 32 female hysterical personalities and 32 nonhysterical personalities. Both tasks included neutral and sexual material. 1/2 the Ss in each group performed under sexually "seductive" conditions, the other 1/2 under neutral conditions. Results showed that (1) hysterics learned sexual material quickly under neutral conditions but relatively slowly under sexual conditions; (2) hysterics had a relatively low visual recognition threshold for sexual words under neutral conditions and a relatively high threshold under sexual conditions; and (3) these threshold differences were maximized when sexual stimuli referred to the self. It was concluded that the characteristic behavior of the hysteric was consistent with an approach-avoidance conflict involving sexual motives and behavior. (19 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
The neural reaction to bitter stimuli was tested in the glossopharyngeal (GL) and chorda tympani (CT) nerves of mice. Relative responses to several bitter stimuli (quinine, iso-alpha-acids, L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine) were greater in the GL nerve than in the CT nerve. Strain variability for taste sensitivity to bitter stimuli existed between two strains (C57BL and BALB/C). The GL nerve response to caffeine, iso-alpha-acids and L-phenylalanine in the BALB/C strain was greater than the response in the C57BL strain.  相似文献   

20.
Studies exploring the performance of African Americans on the Rorschach were reviewed. The review revealed the limited number of studies done in this area of study, as well as the fact that the research paradigm for all of this research has been limited to comparing the Rorschach performance of African Americans to that of Whites. However, no one has offered a rationale for such a research paradigm. Without a scientific reason to expect personality to be a function of race, another research design was recommended, one that explores the effect of a variety of aspects of living conditions on the development of the personality of African Americans.  相似文献   

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