黄河流域浅层地下水资源量及可开采量分析

采用水均衡法评价黄河流域平原区多年平均浅层地下水资源量,采用可开采系数法评价全流域平原区多年平均浅层地下水可开采量。全流域平原区多年平均浅层地下水矿化度M≤2 g/L的计算面积为152 485km2,资源量为154.54亿m3;其中矿化度M≤1 g/L区域的计算面积和资源量分别为119 703 km2和116.52亿m3。平原区多年平均浅层地下水矿化度M≤2 g/L的总补给量为161.94亿m3、可开采量为119.39亿m3;其中矿化度M≤1g/L的总补给量为122.46亿m3、可开采量为90.75亿m3。     

黄河悬河段影响带远景水源地可采资源评价

在简要介绍河南省黄河影响带水文地质条件的基础上，运用FEFLOW软件建立了研究区三维地下水流模型，计算出地下水多年平均补给量为28．35亿m^3/年，可开采量为19．43亿m^3/年。首次选择了9个水源地的有利开采地段，并通过地下水模型评价，在新增水源地地下水允许开采量133万m^3/年的条件下，预测浅层地下水位最大降深小于20m，开采5—10年后地下水趋于稳定，新增允许开采量的62．58％来自黄河水的补给。研究表明，黄河对研究区地下水具有重要的补给作用，远景水源地地下水允许开采量是有保证的。     

无极县农村饮水安全现状与对策

无极县地处河北省中部．水资源相对匮乏．无地表水可利用。城乡居民和农业生产用水全部靠开采地下水．全县年地下水可开采量为8011万m3．年用水量1．308亿m3．自1987至今．地下水埋深由7．8m降到现在的30m．年均降深约1m左右．属重度缺水区域。上世纪八九十年代．由于皮革、化工业的快速发展和长期粗放式管理．致使全县浅...     

淮北平原区降雨入渗补给量的研究

本文从淮北平砂区降雨入涌的物理过程出发，分析了不同降雨资料系列，不同开发利用水平下，利用试验研究方法，探讨了该地区不同降雨年型的降雨入渗补给量和系数的变化趋势。并运用地下水多年逐旬调节计算模型对该区在限制水位开采埋深情况下充分开采浅层地下水时入渗补给量作了预测计算 。     

冠县地下水资源合理开发利用浅析

冠县位于山东省最西部,共有人口73.5万,总面积1152km~2,多年平均降水量572mm,浅层地下水静储量19.6亿m~3,其中淡水17.1亿m~3,咸水2.5亿m~3。多年平均水资源可利用量1.62亿m~3,其中地下水可开采量0.8亿m~3,人均占有水资源量221m~3,是全省人均水平的61.9％,全国人均水平的9.2％。 1 地下水资源分布情况 冠县地处黄河故道,浅层地下水的水文地质条件较好,第四纪沿积层厚达150—200m,地下水系第四纪孔隙水,主要岩性由粘土、业粘土、亚砂及粉砂构成,含水层较发育,顶界面埋深15—20m左右,局部地区埋深40m以上,累计厚度10—20m之间。地下水质较好,全县范围内绝大部分水矿化度小于2g/L,仅有局部矿化度大于2g/L的咸水区域。地下水资源为     

济南市区地下水埋深动态变化及其成因

应用统计学和水均衡原理对济南市区1997—2016年地下水水位实测数据进行分析,研究济南市区地下水埋深动态演变特征及其成因。结果表明：近20年来市区地下水埋深增大趋势得到明显遏制,目前地下水埋深呈稳健减小趋势,市区平均埋深减小2.527 m,多年平均减小速率为0.133 m/a,地下水埋深减小率空间变化特征表现为由东北向西南衰减,其中,历下区党家庄镇区域地下水埋深减小率最高达到0.667 m/a,长清区张夏镇区域地下水埋深增大率最低为0.115 m/a;地下水埋深与降水补给和人工开采直接相关,地下水埋深年内变化呈季节性波动,历下区位于地下水补给区,对补给或开采的响应程度表现最为敏感,而位于地下水排泄区的天桥区响应程度最为缓慢;在2003年采取大规模节水保泉措施后,地下水开采量减少约3亿m3/a,市区地下水蓄变量由2003年以前的负均衡(-2.7亿m3/a)转变至2003年以后的正均衡状态(0.8亿m3/a),行政干预措施效果明显。研究成果可为制定节水保泉方案措施提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

昭平台灌区浅层地下水资源分析评价

文章以位于河南省中部的大型灌区之一的昭平台水库灌区浅层地下水为研究对象,根据灌区内的地形地貌、水文地质条件、地下水埋深、包气带的岩性、厚度以及补排关系等因素,首次把整个灌区划分4个均衡区,利用多年地下水观测资料数据,采用多年水均衡法计算并分析评价了灌区4个水文地质单元区内浅层地下水的资源量,为灌区合理开发优化配置水资源提供科学依据。     

中水利用是缓解水资源紧缺的一种有效途径

大兴区位于北京郊区南部,面积1030km2,多年平均降水量为493.3 mm,地下水多年平均可开采量为2.6亿m3.近年来,随着工农业生产的迅速发展,用水量不断增加,由于区域降水减少,无地表水供给,仅靠开采地下水,每年超采0.5亿m3,导致地下水位埋深从20世纪80年代初的2～4 m下降到现在的10～15 m.水资源的紧缺已成为制约大兴区经济可持续发展,影响人民生活质量提高的重要因素之一,因此开辟新水源迫在眉睫.     

平原县地热水资源开发管理初探

平原县地处鲁北黄泛冲积平原，全县总面积1047km2，人口44．7万人。多年平均降水量557mm，水资源总量1．45亿m3．黄河客水是重要的补充水源。该县的地下水资源按埋深分为深层地下水和浅层地下水。多年来，地下水的开发一直是农业和生活用水开采浅层地下水．工业用水开采深层地下水。近年来，地热水资源又成为开发的热点。     

基于GIS的昌平区地下水位现状分析

随着北京市昌平区社会和经济的发展,地下水的需求量日益增加,过量开采导致地下水位持续下降.在对北京市昌平区水文地质条件分析基础上,基于GIS技术分析了地下水位的年内变化、年际变化以及地下水位动态的空间分布特征和变化规律.结果表明昌平区地下水2001-2011年,年内变化较大,总体上与多年年内变化一致;年际变化较大,呈不断增加的趋势.昌平区2011年的平原区松散孔隙浅层地下水位埋深最大为89.8 m,最小为2.0 m左右;与2001年相比水位埋深普遍增大,平均地下水位埋深较2001年增加了12.55 m,降深最高达到22.0 m,年均降速为1.1 m.平原区中部和东部开采强度大,地下水位降深较大,而山区以及山前平原一带开采力度小,水位降深不大,部分地区有回升趋势.     

Agricultural Multi-Water Source Allocation Model Based on Interval Two-Stage Stochastic Robust Programming under Uncertainty

Numerous uncertainties and complexities exist in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system, that must be considered in the optimization of water resources allocation. In this paper, an agricultural multi-water source allocation model, consisting of stochastic robust programming and two-stage random programming and introducing interval numbers and random variables to represent the uncertainties, was proposed for the optimization of irrigation water allocation in Jiamusi City of Heilongjiang Province, China. The model could optimize the water allocaton to different crops of groundwater and surface water. Then, the optimal target value and the optimal water allocation of different water sources distributed to different crops could be obtained. The model optimized the economic benefits and stability of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system via the introduction of a the penalty cost variable measurement to the objective function. The results revealed that the total water shortage changed from [18.6, 32.3]?×?10⁸ m³ to [15.7, 26.2]?×?10⁸ m³ at a risk level ω from zero to five, indicating that the water shortage decreased and the reliability improved in the agricultural irrigation water allocation system. Additionally, the net economic benefits of irrigation changed from [287.21, 357.86]?×?10⁸ yuan to [253.23, 301.32]?×?10⁸ yuan, indicating that the economic benefit difference was reduced. Therefore, the model can be used by decision makers to develop appropriate water distribution schemes based on the rational consideration of the economic benefit, stability and risk of the agricultural irrigation water allocation system.     

基于数值模拟及可开采系数法的广花盆地地下水可开采量研究

使用数值模拟法(GMS模拟软件)及开采系数法计算广花盆地的可开采量,以合理地评价广花盆地地下水资源及可开采潜力,防止地下水过度开采及由此引发的地质灾害。结果表明:构建的地下水水流三维数值模型可为研究区提供合理的地下水水流模拟结果,在整个模拟期共730 d中,第60、180、540和730 d的标准化残差均方根分别为4. 996%、4. 043%、6. 517%、6. 787%。以可开采水位最大降深5 m作为岩溶含水层抽取水量的约束条件,数值模型计算得到的地下水可开采量为12 997. 78×104m3。采用可开采系数法计算得到的地下水可开采量为14 015. 10×104m3。两种方法的计算结果相对误差为7. 3%,两种方法相互验证,结果较为可靠,最后提出广花盆地应急备用水源地地下水管理目标及措施。     

Reuse of wastewater effluent for irrigation in severely arid regions

Al‐Hassa oasis, with an estimated population of 750000, is one of the main agricultural areas in Saudi Arabia. The estimated present agricultural water consumption in the oasis is almost 419 × 10⁶ m³ per year and the water is mainly supplied from the aquifer systems in the oasis. The climate is severely arid and the groundwater resources are limited. A deficiency in irrigation water supplies would occur in the oasis, especially during the summer season, without the reuse of wastewater effluent. Alternative schemes were developed on the basis of climatic, irrigation method, crop, health and economic considerations for the potential reuse of wastewater effluent for irrigation purposes. The schemes suggested different alternatives for reuse of the untreated effluent or with various types of additional treatments needed to render the water free of health hazards and suitable for agricultural use. An expected average wastewqter effluent of about 32.2 × 10⁶ m³/year will be available for irrigation purposes. This will result in minimizing the mining of groundwater and in conserving the water resources in Al‐Hassa oasis.     

台州城市规划区地下水应急供水研究

结合台州城市规划区城市供水设施现状,在满足水量、水质及开采条件的基础上,优选了3处河谷孔隙潜水和2个孔隙承压含水层地下水应急水源地,并利用visual MODFLOW软件建立了孔隙承压水地下水流与溶质运移数值模型。计算的河谷孔隙潜水允许开采资源量为455.53×10~4m~3/a,孔隙承压水年均补给总量为472.3×10~4m~3。在遵循应急供水的原则下,设置了三级、二级和一级预警开采方案,计算结果均能满足应急供水要求。并预测评估了应急开采后的地面沉降、咸水入侵等地质环境问题,结果表明产生的地面沉降最大量为一级预警的14.2mm,相对可控,咸淡水界线移动不明显。     

Design of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Agricultural and Ecological Water Supply Assessed Through Numerical Modeling

The Walla Walla Basin, in Eastern Oregon and Washington, USA, faces challenges in sustaining an agricultural water supply while maintaining sufficient flow in the Walla Walla River for endangered fish populations. Minimum summer river flow of 0.71 m³/s is required, forcing irrigators to substitute groundwater from a declining aquifer for lost surface water diversion. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) was initiated in 2004 attempting to restore groundwater levels and improve agricultural viability. The Integrated Water Flow Model (IWFM) was used to compute surface and shallow groundwater conditions in the basin under water management scenarios with varying water use, MAR, and allowable minimum river flow. A mean increase of 1.5 m of groundwater elevation, or 1.5 % of total aquifer storage, was predicted over the model area when comparing maximum MAR and no MAR scenarios where minimum river flow was increased from current level. When comparing these scenarios a 53 % greater summer flow in springs was predicted with the use of MAR. Results indicate MAR can supplement irrigation supply while stabilizing groundwater levels and increasing summer streamflow. Potential increase in long-term groundwater storage is limited by the high transmissivity of the aquifer material. Increased MAR caused increased groundwater discharge through springs and stream beds, benefiting aquatic habitat rather than building long-term aquifer storage. Judicious siting of recharge basins may be a means of increasing the effectiveness of MAR in the basin.     

大安市地下水时空动态变化分析及预测

为掌握大安市地下水的动态变化规律,更好地为社会经济服务,本文利用2000—2013年现有21口承压井水位埋深数据资料,采用ArcGIS空间分析及主成分分析法对研究区地下水动态变化规律进行分析,运用BP神经网络对地下水位进行预测。结果表明:大安市动态类型为入渗—蒸发型和入渗—开采型; 2000—2010年枯水期水位变幅较小,丰水期前五年的变幅小,后五年北部和南部部分地区的水位下降变幅较大,这表明近些年以来,大安市大规模地开采地下水,导致地下水位逐年下降且变幅较大,局部已形成较明显的降落漏斗。通过主成分分析法得到的地下水驱动力最大为农业灌溉开采,采用BP神经网络预测得出地下水水位仍然呈现一定的下降趋势,因此在农作物灌溉时期要发展地下水灌溉与地表水渠灌相结合的方式,提高水资源综合利用效率,严格控制地下水超采的行为,合理开发地下水资源。     

不同回灌补源模式下石川河富平地下水库数值模拟

石川河富平地区地下水长期处于采补失衡状态,大范围含水层被疏干,形成区域性降落漏斗,针对拟建的石川河富平地下水库,设置5种开采回灌方案,建立地下水流数值模型模拟不同方案下地下水库水位和蓄水库容变化情况。结果表明：各回灌方案在消除降落漏斗的同时,均能较好地恢复地下水水位,且不超过地下水库的调蓄上限水位;回灌量相同、回灌方式不同时,逐日回灌方式的水位恢复效果优于灌期+非灌期回灌方式,较2018年地下水水位平均抬升13.55 m,蓄水库容增加2.99×10⁸ m³;回灌量不同时,较大回灌量对地下水水位的影响大于回灌方式,即泾惠渠水源回灌时,水位抬升程度最大,为19.77 m,蓄水库容相应增加4.36×10⁸ m³。模拟结果可为地下水库的调蓄与运行提供参考。     

盐城市地下水资源规划评价三维数值模型

根据盐城市地下水系统的水文地质机制,在概化出盐城市地下水系统水文地质概念模型的基础上,建立了盐城市地下水资源规划评价的三维数值模型,并针对盐城市对各含水层地下水水位的控制要求,给出了各含水层的最优开采量,为合理开发利用盐城市地下水资源提供了科学依据。     

青海乌兰盆地地下水资源评价及可开采潜力分析

针对青海乌兰盆地面临的以水定产的问题,为进一步了解乌兰盆地水文地质条件和地下水资源情况,评价其地下水资源量及可开采潜力,基于乌兰盆地地下水赋存规律,结合勘查结果和拟建水源地开采布局等情况,建立了研究区地下水资源数学模型。结果表明,乌兰盆地地下水可开采资源量为8.5万m³/d,地下水资源开采系数小于0.4,开采程度低,综合分析认为乌兰盆地地下水资源可开采潜力巨大。     

The future sustainability of water supply in Kuwait

Abstract

The main natural source of water available in Kuwait is the brackish groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam aquifers, where the salinity ranges from 4300 to 10200 mg/l and from 2500 to 10000 mg/l, respectively. Limited fresh groundwater resources in Al‐Rawdhatain and Umm Al‐Aish fields, which have a salinity of 359 ‐1737 mg/l, are also available. Most of the groundwater in Kuwait is used for irrigation, domestic purposes, small‐scale industries and for blending with distilled water. Because rainfall is seasonal and less than annual evaporation, the recharge of the groundwater from rainfall is negligible. The objective of this paper is to assess the different water resources in Kuwait in order to make an integrated management plan and to focus on future sustainability. Generally, in the State of Kuwait, there is increasing pressure on the natural water resources because of the exploitation of the aquifers at a rate exceeding that of both the groundwater recharge and population growth (from 1.4 million in 1980 to 2.55 million in 2003). This has lead to the observed decline in groundwater level and to the deterioration of water quality. In the early 1950s, a plan was endorsed in Kuwait to establish seawater desalination plants. By 2005, six desalination plants have been established, with a total capacity of distillation units of 1434.72 ×103 m³/d (315.6 MIGD). However, the gross maximum consumption for the year 2003 reached a value of 1440.17 ×103 m³/d (316.8 MIGD), which is higher than the total capacity of the available distillation units. Given the limitation of conventional water and the shortages of non‐conventional water, along with the increasing population, Kuwait must consider the recycling of wastewater for irrigation, industrial or any other unrestricted non‐potable purpose.