快堆系统分析程序FASYS堆芯分析模块验证

中国原子能科学研究院自主开发了快堆系统分析程序FASYS，已用于中国实验快堆的调试试验分析，目前正用于中国示范快堆的事故分析。FASYS程序包含堆芯分析模块、一二回路模块、事故余热排出系统模块等，其中堆芯分析模块包括点堆、衰变热、反应性反馈、堆芯通道热工水力模型等。本文采用解析解、DINROS程序、SAS4A/SASSYS-1程序验证FASYS程序的点堆模型；采用SAS4A/SASSYS-1程序验证FASYS程序的衰变热、反应性反馈和堆芯通道热工水力模型，各模型的验证结果均符合良好。对FASYS程序堆芯分析模块各模型的计算偏差和整体计算偏差进行评估，为中国示范快堆的事故分析提供参考。     

中国先进研究堆停堆冷却措施及其主要特点

停堆后冷却问题是中国先进研究堆(CARR)重要的安全问题之一.冷却措施的实施对CARR的安全和建设投资有较重要的影响.CARR采用停堆初期的强迫循环及停堆后期全堆芯自然循环相结合的策略实现正常停堆和事故停堆后的堆芯冷却.停堆冷却的过程具体分为主泵大质量惯性飞轮惰转强迫冷却、应急堆芯冷却系统强迫冷却、自然循环功能部件动作实现全堆芯自然循环3个阶段.3个阶段既相互衔接又相互独立,每个阶段各有特点.停堆冷却策略的实施证明,CARR停堆冷却过程是可靠、有效、合理的,符合先进研究堆的发展趋势.     

中国铅合金冷却研究堆事故余热排出系统概念设计与分析

针对中国铅合金冷却研究堆(CLEAR-I)的设计需要,提出了一种非能动事故余热排出系统的方案设计。该系统利用反应堆容器外的空气自然循环,把事故工况下的堆芯余热排出到最终热阱。通过CFD数值求解耦合经验公式的手段,对该非能动事故余热排出系统的运行进行模拟,验证了设计方案的可行性。     

日本文殊快堆整体热腔室流场三维数值模拟

为研究日本文殊快堆一回路热腔室的热工水力特性,借鉴和消化国外快堆的设计经验,使用流体力学软件CFX对文殊快堆整体热腔室进行三维稳态数值模拟,得到其整体热腔室流场。文殊快堆全堆芯温度监测系统可为我国快堆小型化设计作技术准备。     

中国先进研究堆停堆冷却策略

停堆后冷却问题是中国先进研究堆（CARR）重要的安全问题之一，冷却措施的实施对CARR的安全和建设投资有重要的影响。有关停堆冷却系统应严格遵循核安全法规，确保其可靠性和安全性。CARR采用停堆初期的强迫循环及停堆后期全堆芯自然循环相结合的方式，实现正常停堆和事故停堆后的堆芯冷却。     

CEFR事故余热排放系统管道热应变测量及结果分析

中国实验快堆(CEFR)以钠作为冷却剂。事故余热排放系统是CEFR快堆的专设安全设施,在反应堆出现地震、系统供电全部中断、全部蒸汽发生器给水中断的事故工况时,将堆芯余热通过空气冷却器非能动地排放到最终热阱。CEFR事故余热排出系统设计温度为550℃,运行温度最高为516℃,全部为双层管道,管道内运行介质为高温的液态金属钠。通过对事故余热排放系统进行热应变测量和数据分析,掌握系统管道的应力应变情况和监测系统运行状态的应力变化。     

基于SAC-3D系统软件的FFTF未能紧急停堆失流实验的数值模拟

本文利用系统分析软件SAC-3D对美国快通量试验堆（FFTF）堆芯及一回路进行了建模,并根据国际原子能机构（IAEA）提供的FFTF未能紧急停堆的失流实验的边界条件数据进行了事故瞬态仿真计算。计算得到堆芯热工水力及中子物理关键参数,仿真结果与实验测量数据符合较好。对比结果验证了SAC 3D在模拟液态金属冷却快堆事故工况中的有效性与准确性,也证明了FFTF堆型具有可靠的非能动安全性。     

溶液堆内气-液两相流流动及换热特性数值研究

在溶液堆台架模型数值模拟研究的基础上,对实际堆结构的堆芯内气-液两相流流动及冷却盘管与堆内溶液间的换热特性进行了数值模拟研究.采用欧拉两相流模型描述堆芯内气-液两相流流动,MUSIG(MUltiple-SIze-Group)模型描述堆芯内气泡尺度分布和相互作用,流-固耦合模型描述溶液与盘管间换热.数值计算得到了堆芯内的温度、速度、气泡组分等分布及冷却盘管的换热效率.数值计算结果表明:在有气泡扰动时堆内温度分布比没有气泡时均匀,冷却盘管可将堆内产生的85%热量带出,与试验测量结果一致.额定功率时,不同气体产生量对于冷却盘管换热影响的研究表明,随着堆内气泡产生量的增加,溶液与冷却盘管之间的换热得到强化.     

一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆瞬态特性分析

根据下一代核能系统的发展目标,提出了采用自然循环的一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆的概念。利用修改后的RELAR5-MS系统分析程序,建立了一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆模型,并得到其稳态特性参数。在此基础上,对其在满功率运行状态下的反应性引入事故和失热阱事故进行了分析。分析计算表明,在反应性事故工况下,由于自然循环的存在,堆芯冷却剂流量随着堆芯温度发生动态变化,最终达到新的稳态,燃料棒和冷却剂温度均处于安全限值范围内。在失热阱事故下,反应堆负反馈的特性使得堆芯功率逐渐降低并实现自动停堆,即使不考虑余热排出系统的作用,燃料组件和冷却剂温度上升缓慢,在140 h内,燃料棒和冷却剂温度均处于全限值范围内。结果表明,一回路采用自然循环冷却的一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆具有良好的固有安全性。     

全隐二阶迎风差分格式在快堆模拟中的应用

鉴于一般差分格式在模拟快堆系统中间热交换器的事故时会产生温度振荡现象，为了保证数值解法的稳定性和差分精度，采用全隐二阶迎风差分格式对中间热交换器进行了流量失衡模拟，彻底解决了温度振荡问题，所得结果和实验结果吻合良好，而且还可以达到超实时的模拟效果。最后，还将该方法用于对堆芯失流工况的模拟，也取得了良好的模拟效果。     

CEFR改进型独立热交换器热工水力分析研究

事故余热排出系统是池式钠冷快堆最重要的专设安全设施之一,是实现反应堆相关事故工况下余热排出安全功能的主要手段,如全厂断电工况,而独立热交换器是快堆事故余热排出系统的关键设备之一。本文以ANSYS FLUENT为工具,对中国实验快堆现有的独立热交换器和一种改进的新型独立热交换器布置在快堆热池中的情况进行了瞬态数值模拟,并分析比较其结果,证明了改进型独立热交换器在热工水力上的可行性。本文工作对大型快堆的独立热交换器的设计具有一定的借鉴意义。     

EBR-Ⅱ余热排出实验及非能动余热排出系统性能分析

本文基于SAC-CFR事故分析程序，在国际原子能机构联合研究项目（IAEA CRP）框架下，对美国EBR-Ⅱ快堆余热排出实验（SHRT-17、SHRT-45R）进行了分析，计算了事故余热排出系统（DRACS）的响应、衰变热功率、关键部件的冷却剂温度、一回路的质量流量等关键参数。将计算参数与实验数据进行了对比，对程序的有效性进行了验证。计算结果表明，在SHRT-17工况下，随DRACS风门的打开，每台事故热交换器可带走330 406.4 W的堆芯余热，DRACS具有长期带走衰变热的能力。     

中国实验快堆堆芯围桶开孔对正常运行工况影响的分析

堆芯围桶开孔是中国实验快堆(CEFR)事故余热排出系统的重要组成部分之一,是保证该系统形成自然循环排出反应堆事故后剩余发热的关键环节。本文应用通用计算流体力学软件CFX对CEFR堆芯围桶开孔对反应堆正常运行工况的影响进行了模拟,计算了在正常工况运行时,CEFR的反射组件与屏蔽组件热功率对堆芯围桶开孔附近温度场以及流场的影响,给出了堆芯围桶开孔区域的三维温度场、三维流场以及压力分布矢量图。结果表明,目前的设计在满足事故余热排出的要求同时,对反应堆正常运行工况的影响是可以接受的。     

CEFR堆芯围桶开孔处温度场及流场分析

应用CFX对堆芯围桶开孔处温度场及流场进行模拟计算并对结果进行分析。利用模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ分别计算得到堆芯围桶开孔处的温度场及流场,并得到在正常工况下堆芯围桶开孔处钠的流动方向。计算验证了事故余热排出系统（CAPX）水台架的试验结果,为CEFR堆芯围桶开孔的安全分析打下基础。     

中国实验快堆空气热交换器热工流体力学研究

针对中国实验快堆事故余热排放系统空气热交换器的国内外研究现状,结合中国实验快堆工程建设的需要,建立了空气热交换器的数学模型,对其在自然循环条件下的热工流体力学特性进行了分析研究.     

Specifics of RBMK core cooling in beyond design basis accidents

The most dangerous beyond design basis accidents for RBMK reactors, leading to the worst consequences, are related to the loss of long-term heat removal from the core. Due to a specific design of RBMK, there are a few possibilities for heat removal from reactor core by non-regular means: removal of heat from graphite stack by reactor gas circuit, removal of heat from reactor core using control rods cooling circuit, depressurisation of reactor cooling system, supply of water into cooling system from low pressure water sources, etc. This paper presents the analysis of such heat removal by employing RELAP5, RELAP5-3D and RELAP/SCDAPSIM codes. The analysis was performed for Ignalina nuclear power plant with RBMK-1500 reactor. The analysis of result shows that the restoration of water supply into control rod channels enables to remove 10-30 MW of the generated heat from the reactor core. This amount of removed heat is comparable with reactor decay heat in long-term period and allows to slowdown the core heat-up process. However, the injection of water to reactor cooling system is considered as main strategy, which should be considered in RBMK-1500 accident management procedure.     

Investigation into the effects of a coastdown flow on the characteristics of early stage cooling of the reactor pool in KALIMER-600

A numerical investigation into the effect of a coastdown flow on the early stage cooling of the reactor pool in Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (KALIMER)-600 during a loss of normal heat sink accident has been carried out. Based on the design values of KALIMER-600, thermal-hydraulic calculations for steady and transient states have been done using the COMMIX-1AR/P code. Coastdown flow effect was evaluated based on a transient analysis of reactors employing various flywheels, which had coastdown flow time (CDT) values ranging from 0 (without a flywheel) to 300 s. The transient analysis has been done from a reactor trip to the onset of an overflow into the DHX support barrel. It was found that the coastdown flow range could be divided into three zones, based on its effect. Among them an excessive core coolant peak temperature and a reversed flow at the core region were observed for a medium coastdown flow range. The medium ranged coastdown flow induces the development of a high density layer near the core exit. This layer contributes to the development of an adverse effect in the core coolant flow, and finally results in increasing the core peak temperature. It was also found that the initiation of heat removal by DHX could be accelerated by the increase of the CDT, although it needs a large flywheel. From this analysis the best CDT is determined to be 25 s.     

CEFR中间热交换器一次侧数值模拟

应用CFX程序对中国实验快堆（CEFR）一回路中间热交换器（IHX）一次侧的1/6进行三维稳态模拟。计算获得IHX一次侧速度场、换热管束的温度分布及变化规律。结果表明,中间热交换器满足设计要求,能保证主热传输系统的正常工作。计算结果可为快堆调试及运行提供技术支持和理论依据。     

Design and evaluation of Operation Grade Decay Heat Removal System of PFBR

The decay heat removal (DHR) system removes the decay heat generated (by radioactive decay of fission products) in the core after the reactor is shut down, thereby ensuring proper cooling of the core sub assemblies and limiting main vessel, internals and sodium temperature within safe limits. There are two diverse paths for removal of decay heat from the reactor, namely, Safety Grade Decay Heat Removal System (SGDHRS) and Operation Grade Decay Heat Removal System (OGDHRS). OGDHR circuit is used when at least one secondary sodium loop, DHR related steam water circuit and off site power supply is available and SGDHR circuit is used when OGDHR system is not available or when both the secondary loops are not available for DHR. This paper provides brief details of the design and evaluation of OGDHRS.     

Static design of a liquid-salt-cooled pebble bed reactor (LSPBR)

A renewed interest has been raised for liquid-salt-cooled nuclear reactors. The excellent heat transfer properties of liquid-salt coolants provide several benefits, like lower fuel temperatures, higher average coolant temperature, increased core power density and better decay heat removal, and thus higher achievable core power. In order to benefit from the on-line refueling capability of a pebble bed reactor, the liquid salt pebble bed reactor (LSPBR) is proposed. This is a high temperature pebble bed reactor with a fuel design similar to existing HTRs, but using a liquid-salt as coolant. In this paper, the selection criteria for the liquid-salt coolant are described. Based on its neutronic properties, LiF–BeF₂ (flibe) was selected for the LSPBR. Two designs of the LSPBR were considered: a cylindrical core and an annular core with a graphite inner reflector. Coupled neutronic thermal-hydraulic calculations were performed to obtain the steady state power distribution and the corresponding fuel temperature distribution. Calculations were performed to investigate the decay heat removal capability in a protected loss-of-forced cooling accident. The maximum allowable power that can be produced with the LSPBR is hereby determined.