小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰硬联合麻醉应用于老年患者的临床研究

目的 研究小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰硬联合麻醉应用于高龄患者的可行性.方法 选择拟行下腹部及下肢手术的高龄患者共60例,采用完全随机法分为2组:小剂最布比卡因复合芬太尼试验组(S组,n=30)及单纯布比卡因对照组(C组,n=30),评价两组的阻滞效果,观察两组低血压,心律失常,恶心、呕吐,寒战的发生率以及治疗低血压的麻黄碱应用.结果 两组患者均可产生可靠的麻醉效果,S组术中低血压发生率为13.3%,显著低于对照组(26.7%);试验组心律失常的发生率为16.7%显著低于对照组(43.3%),试验组与对照组相比,低血压需要麻黄素十预的患者例数显著减少;试验组恶心、呕吐的发生率显著低于对照组.两组寒战反应的发生率均较低,差异无统计学意义.结论 在实施卜腹部和下肢手术的高龄患者,小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰硬联合麻醉可保持心血管系统稳定,并可减少恶心、呕吐等副作用的发生.     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产术效果分析

目的观察小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产术的效果。方法将68例实施急诊剖宫产术的产妇随机分为2组,每组34例。2组均在左侧卧位下于L_(2～3)间隙用针内针方法使用0.75%布比卡因行腰-硬联合麻醉。对照组布比卡因用量为7.5 mg,观察组布比卡因用量为5 mg加复合芬太尼25μg。比较2组麻醉起效时间、完全麻醉时间、痛觉恢复时间、不良反应发生率和新生儿Apgar评分。结果观察组麻醉起效时间、完全麻醉时间均短于对照组,痛觉恢复时间长于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组。差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产术,麻醉起效快、阻滞完全,而且不良反应少。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻在痔手术中的应用

目的探讨小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻用于痔手术的麻醉效果及其不良反应。方法 择期行痔手术患者80例,随机分为2组,每组40例。A组采用0.5%布比卡因5 mg复合芬太尼20μg腰麻,B组采用0.5%布比卡因10 mg腰麻。观察并比较2组患者麻醉效果、血流动力学变化、下肢运动阻滞恢复时间和不良反应。结果2组患者麻醉效果均满意,A组麻醉后血压下降小于B组(P<0.05),下肢运动阻滞恢复时间短于B组(P<0.05)。低血压和恶心发生率A组低于B组(P<0.05)。结论小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼20μg腰麻应用于痔手术麻醉效果满意,无明显不良反应。     

小剂量左旋布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉用于经尿道前列腺电切术的观察

目的评价小剂量左旋布比卡因复合芬太尼椎管内联合麻醉在老年患者经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)中的麻醉效果及其副作用。方法选择行TURP男性患者40例,年龄60~83岁,随机分为两组:A组,左旋布比卡因5mg加芬太尼25μg与10%葡萄糖水配成2.5ml溶液,20例;B组,左旋布比卡因7.5mg与10%葡萄糖水配成2.5ml溶液,20例。实施腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉。观察并记录:感觉阻滞最高平面,到达感觉阻滞最高平面时间,改良Bromage评分法判断运动神经阻滞程度,运动神经阻滞消退时间,血压与心率变化以及恶心、呕吐、寒战、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等副作用。结果所有患者麻醉镇痛完善。B组低血压和寒战的发生率显著高于A组(P<0.01);B组运动神经阻滞评分与阻滞持续时间显著高于A组(P<0.01)。结论小剂量左旋布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉能完全满足老年患者TURP的麻醉要求,且副作用明显减少。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉用于急诊剖宫产的临床观察

目的 探讨小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰-硬联合麻醉在急诊剖宫产手术中应用的可行性.方法 单胎急诊产妇108例,随机均分为布比卡因复合芬太尼组(BF组)和布比卡因组(B组).药物分别为0.75%布比卡因5 mg加芬太尼20μg和0.75%布比卡因7.5 mg.两组产妇均在右侧卧位下于L2～3间隙用针内针方法行腰麻,留置硬膜外导管备用.记录麻醉等待时间、最高平面、硬膜外追加药物的情况,术中心率、血压变化和麻黄碱的使用情况,并记录术中恶心呕吐、胸闷、呼吸困难等不良反应;记录手术医师和产妇对麻醉的评价以及术后下肢肌力完全恢复所需时间.结果 所有患者成功完成手术,无需改变麻醉方式或静脉辅助用药.BF组硬膜外腔追加药物率、低血压发生率和麻黄碱使用率明显少于B组(P＜0.01);麻黄碱平均用量明显少于B组(P＜0.05);恶心呕吐和胸闷的发生率明显低于B组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);下肢肌力恢复到Bromage 0分的时间短于B组(P＜0.05).结论 0.75%布比卡因5 mg复合芬太尼20 μg腰-硬联合麻醉能为急诊剖宫产提供满意的麻醉.     

不同浓度布比卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的Meta分析

目的应用Meta分析方法评价不同浓度布比卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛时对产妇和新生儿的影响。方法检索PubMed、Embase、WOK、CNKI、CBM和万方数据库,时间从1970年至2015年5月,所有关于不同浓度布比卡因用于分娩镇痛的随机对照试验。按照Cochrane协作网偏倚风险评估标准对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评价,并采用RevMan 5.0软件进行Meta分析。将布比卡因浓度≤0.1%定义为低浓度组,0.1%为高浓度组。结果共纳入13篇文献,共1 593例患者。低浓度组的器械助产率明显低于高浓度组(OR=0.62,95%CI 0.49~0.79,P0.001)。低浓度组自然分娩率明显高于高浓度组(OR=1.47,95%CI 1.17~1.84,P0.001)。低浓度组第一产程时间明显缩短(SMD=-21.66,95%CI-34.75~-8.57,P=0.001)。低浓度组局麻药总量明显减少(SMD=-29.14,95%CI-38.42~-19.86,P0.001)。低浓度组皮肤瘙痒发生率明显增加(OR=21.15,95%CI 2.75~162.51,P=0.003)。结论低浓度布比卡因复合舒芬太尼或芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛可降低器械助产率,提高自然分娩率,但皮肤瘙痒发生率增加。     

小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻的临床应用

目的　探讨小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼和常规布比卡因腰麻的临床效应。方法　 32例行择期手术患者 ,随机双盲分为两组 ,0 75 %布比卡因 1 6ml组 (SB组 ,n =16 )和 0 75 %布比卡因 0 8ml加 0 0 0 5 %芬太尼 0 8ml组 (BF组 ,n =16 )。观察两组用药后的MAP和HR变化、运动阻滞程度及不良反应。结果　SB组MAP比BF组下降更加显著 ,两组分别有 4例和 1例需麻黄碱处理 (P <0 0 5 ) ;SB组Bromage评分集中在 3～ 4分 ,而BF组大部分病例为 2～ 3分 ;两组恶心、呕吐、瘙痒和尿潴留无显著性差异。结论　小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻对患者血液动力学影响小 ,运动阻滞程度轻 ,术后患者能及早运动 ,不良反应少。     

超小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻用于肛肠疾病患者日间手术的可行性

目的 探讨超小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻用于肛肠疾病患者日间手术的可行性.方法 ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级肛肠手术患者60例,随机分成两组,分别采用0.75%布比卡因0.4ml+芬太尼15μg+50%葡萄糖0.05ml行腰麻(腰麻组)和传统骶管阻滞组1.2%利多卡因25～30ml(骶麻组).记录两组患者围术期血流动力学变化,和麻醉后患者感觉阻滞起效和持续时间,最大下肢运动阻滞强度,肛门松弛度,调查外科医师和患者满意度.手术后恶心、呕吐、尿潴留、瘙痒、头痛等不良反应.结果 腰麻组痛觉阻滞起效较骶麻组快.腰麻组痛觉阻滞持续时间较骶麻组长.低血压、恶心、呕吐、尿潴留发生率、肛门松弛度两组无明显差异.瘙痒发生率腰麻组高于骶麻组.医师和患者满意度腰麻组均高于骶麻组.结论 超小剂量布比卡因复合芬太尼腰麻起效快,痛觉阻滞时间长,运动阻滞少,不良反应发生率少,是肛肠疾病手术麻醉的适合方法,用于日间手术具有可行性.     

宁夏回族自治区麻醉医师职业倦怠现状调查

目的调查宁夏回族自治区麻醉医师职业倦怠的现状并评价其相关危险因素。方法调查宁夏回族自治区30所公立医院的310名在职在岗麻醉医师,采用职业倦怠量表(Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey,MBI-HSS)进行测评。对与重度职业倦怠及职业倦怠3个维度(情感衰竭、去人性化和成就感低落)重度评级进行单因素分析及多元Logistic回归分析。结果重度职业倦怠发生率为18例(5.81%)。职业倦怠3个维度重度评级发生率分别为134例(43.22%)、35例(11.29%)和128例(41.29%)。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示:重度职业倦怠危险因素为受教育程度[硕士及以上学历(OR=4.695,95%CI 1.556~14.172)]。职业倦怠3个维度重度评级危险因素分别为每周工作时间[40~60 h(OR=4.420,95%CI 2.504~7.802);≥60 h(OR=7.469,95%CI 1.758~31.733)]和医院级别[三级(OR=1.847,95%CI 1.112~3.069)];受教育程度[硕士及以上(OR=2.306,95%CI 1.032~5.155)]、工作年限[6~15年(OR=0.358,95%CI 0.135~0.949)]和年麻醉例数[≥390例(OR=3.352,95%CI 1.301~8.639)];医院级别[二级(OR=1.717,95%CI 1.045~2.823)]。结论宁夏回族自治区麻醉医师职业倦怠客观存在,主要表现为情感衰竭及成就感低落。硕士以上学历麻醉医师更倾向于发生重度职业倦怠。     

低浓度布比卡因腰麻联合控制性补液对痔上黏膜环切术术后尿潴留的影响

目的探讨低浓度布比卡因腰麻联合控制性补液对痔上黏膜环切术病人麻醉效果及术后尿潴留的影响。方法痔上黏膜环切术病人200例,按照随机对照原则将其分为0.45%布比卡因+常规补液组(Ⅰ组)、0.45%布比卡因+控制性补液组(Ⅱ组)、0.25%布比卡因+常规补液组(Ⅲ组)、0.25%布比卡因+控制性补液组(Ⅳ组),每组各50例,观察4组病人麻醉效果及术后尿潴留发生情况。结果 4组病人术中肛门松弛程度评分、直肠肛门牵拉反射评分、麻醉平面、感觉神经阻滞起效时间、运动神经阻滞程度评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组病人运动神经阻滞持续时间均短于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Ⅳ组病人排尿费力、尿潴留发生率低于Ⅰ组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组病人排尿费力、尿潴留发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但均低于Ⅰ组。结论不同浓度布比卡因腰麻均可在痔上黏膜环切术术中取得满意的麻醉效果,在痔上黏膜环切术围术期行控制性补液,并采用低浓度布比卡因进行术中麻醉,可降低术后尿潴留发生率。     

Spinal anaesthesia

Spinal anaesthesia is the injection of local anaesthetic into the subarachnoid space. It is a simple technique that can be used to provide surgical anaesthesia for procedures involving the abdomen, pelvis and lower limbs. To perform the technique safely it is important to understand the physiology of the block and the pharmacology of the drugs commonly used. Although serious complications are rare, they must be recognized and managed quickly.     

Maintenance of anaesthesia

The anaesthetist must have a sound pharmacological knowledge with respect to maintenance of general anaesthesia but this is by no means their sole responsibility during this, the longest phase of anaesthesia. The anaesthetist must be constantly vigilant to detect those factors that might jeopardize patient wellbeing or safety as well as giving consideration to those paraclinical matters in the wider context of healthcare service provision.     

局麻和硬膜外麻醉下腹股沟疝无张力修补手术的比较分析

目的探讨腹股沟疝无张力修补更适宜的麻醉方式。方法将我院2002年3月至2005年3月收治的单侧腹股沟疝病例422例按随机数字表法分为局麻组和硬膜外麻醉组，手术方法均采用充填式无张力疝修补，设定观察指标，记录相关数据（包括手术时间、下地时间、进食时间、住院时间、恢复日常生活时间、伤口并发症、术后麻醉并发症、辅助药物使用率、麻醉满意率及住院费用），填写问卷调查表并进行随访。结果局麻组和硬膜外麻醉组的辅助药物使用率、伤口并发症发生率、手术时间及恢复日常生活时间比较，差异均无统计学意义（P〉0、05）；在对麻醉满意率方面两组均为总体满意。局麻组下地时间、进食时间、住院时间、术后麻醉并发症（恶心／呕吐、尿潴留）发生率及住院全部费用均明显低于硬膜外麻醉组，两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。随访期间，两组患者均无复发。结论大多数腹股沟疝无张力修补均可在局麻下完成，局部麻醉可成为腹股沟疝无张力修补的常规麻醉方式。     

Meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis of local vs. general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy

Controversy exists regarding the best choice of anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. We aimed to evaluate the peri‐operative outcomes of local vs. general anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy. We conducted a systematic search of electronic information sources and applied a combination of free text and controlled vocabulary searches adapted to thesaurus headings, search operators and limits in each of the electronic databases. We defined peri‐operative stroke, transient ischaemic attack, mortality and myocardial infarction as the primary outcome measures. We identified 12 randomised controlled trials and 21 observational studies reporting a total of 58,212 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy under local or general anaesthesia. Analysis of observational studies demonstrated that local anaesthesia was associated with a significantly lower incidence of stroke (odds ratio (OR (95% CI) 0.66 (0.55–0.80), p < 0.0001), transient ischaemic attack (0.52 (0.38–0.70), p < 0.0001), myocardial infarction (0.55 (0.41–0.75), p = 0.0002) and mortality (0.72 (0.56–0.94), p = 0.01) compared with general anaesthesia. Analysis of randomised controlled trials did not find a significant difference in the risk of stroke (0.92 (0.67–1.28), p = 0.63), transient ischaemic attack (2.20 (0.48–10.03), p = 0.31), myocardial infarction (1.25 (0.57–2.72), p = 0.58) or mortality (0.61 (0.35–1.05), p = 0.07) between local and general anaesthesia. On trial sequential analysis of the randomised trials, the Z‐curve did not cross the α‐spending boundaries or futility boundaries for stroke, mortality and transient ischaemic attack, suggesting that more trials are needed to reach conclusive results. Our meta‐analysis of observational studies suggests that local anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy may be associated with lower peri‐operative morbidity and mortality compared with general anaesthesia. Although randomised studies have not confirmed any advantage for local anaesthesia, this may be due to a lack of pooled statistical power in these trials.     

The use of processed electroencephalography (pEEG) in obstetric anaesthesia: a narrative review

Accidental awareness under general anaesthesia (AAGA) remains a major complication of anaesthesia. The incidence of AAGA during obstetric anaesthesia is high relative to other specialities. The use of processed electroencephalography (pEEG) in the form of “depth of anaesthesia” monitoring has been shown to reduce the incidence of AAGA in the non-obstetric population.The evidence for using pEEG to prevent AAGA in the obstetric population is poor and requires further exploration. Furthermore, pregnancy and disease states affecting the central nervous system, such as pre-eclampsia, may alter the interpretation of pEEG waveforms although this has not been fully characterised.National guidelines exist for pEEG monitoring with total intravenous anaesthesia and for “high-risk” cases regardless of technique, including the obstetric population. However, none of the currently available guidelines relates specifically to obstetric anaesthesia.Using pEEG monitoring for obstetric anaesthesia may also provide additional benefits beyond a reduction in risk of AAGA. These potential benefits include reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting, reduced anaesthetic agent use, and a shorter post-anaesthetic recovery stay. In addition, pEEG acts as a surrogate marker of cerebral perfusion, and thus as an additional monitor for impending cardiovascular collapse, as seen in amniotic fluid embolism.The subtle physiological and pathological changes in EEG activity that may occur during pregnancy are an unexplored research area in the context of anaesthetic pEEG monitors. We believe that the direction of clinical practice is moving towards greater use of pEEG monitoring and individualisation of anaesthesia.     

Regional anaesthesia in ambulatory surgery

Regional anaesthesia provides many advantages and can be practised safely in ambulatory surgery. It provides better postoperative pain control, avoids many complications associated with general anaesthesia and shortens recovery time. However, extra time required, associated complications and acceptance of patients are the factors of concern in practising regional anaesthesia in an ambulatory setting. This review will discuss various regional anaesthesia techniques suitable for outpatients.