敏化纳米晶TiO2太阳电池的光电转换研究

该文对光电化学太阳能电池的发展历程和工作原理进行了探讨,并指出了该电池存在的一些主要问题,介绍了通过复合掺杂可以提高TiO2光阳极的光电转换效率,指出用导电聚合物代替染料敏化修饰纳米晶网络电极,已成为提高太阳能电池的稳定性和光电转换效率的研究热点。     

Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2染料敏化PbS/Zn2+--TiO2复合半导体纳米多孔膜电极的光电化学

采用水热法合成了Zn2+离子掺杂的TiO2纳米粒子(掺杂量0.5%),并用光电化学方法研究了Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2(bpy=2,2'-bipydine-4,4'-dicarboxylicacid)分别敏化Zn2+掺杂的TiO2电极和PbS/Zn2+-TiO2复合半导体纳米多孔膜电极的光电化学行为.实验证明Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2敏化PbS/Zn2+-TiO2复合半导体纳米多孔膜电极比单独敏化Zn2+-TiO2电极的光电效果好,且敏化电极的光电流产生的起始波长都比Zn2+-TiO2电极向长波方向移动;在360600nm范围内,Ru(bpy)2(NCS)2敏化PbS/Zn2+-TiO2复合半导体纳米多孔膜电极比单独敏化Zn2+掺杂TiO2电极的效果更好.     

氧化钛纳米棒/纳米颗粒复合晶膜电极的制备与应用

用水热法制备的Ti02纳米棒与纳米颗粒P25混合制备复合晶膜电极,通过扫描电镜、透射电镜、紫外-可见吸收光谱和电池的光电性能测试,分析掺入纳米棒对染料敏化太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSC)性能的影响.结果表明:加入一定量的TiO2纳米棒可以改善复合薄膜对染料的吸附量和薄膜电极对...     

质子钛酸盐热解TiO_2纳米棒的光电性能研究

采用水热法制备钛酸盐纳米棒,在300、500和700℃下煅烧得到了TiO2纳米棒。采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜及X-射线衍射法对所得样品进行了结构表征。将所得TiO2纳米棒作为光阳极组装成染料敏化太阳电池。电流-电压曲线测试表明700℃烧结所得样品的光电性能最优。采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)、强制光电流谱(IMPS)和强制光电压谱(IMVS)进一步研究TiO2膜电极的动力学过程。结果显示,700℃烧结所得样品制作的电池较其它温度的电池具有更低的电荷转移阻抗、更短的电子转移时间和更长的电子寿命,暗示了其优良的电子传输动力学性能以及更高的电荷收集效率。     

染料敏化太阳能电池的研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池是通过染料进行光捕获经纳米半导体把太阳能转化成电能的器件,这类电池作为一种新兴的光伏材料,具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要简单地介绍了染料敏化太阳能电池的结构和工作原理,综述了该类电池中关键功能材料——纳米晶薄膜电极、染料光敏剂和电解质的研究现状,并对其未来的发展进行了展望。     

天然染料在染料敏化太阳能电池中的研究进展

染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)为无机固态光伏电池提供了可靠的可代替概念。染料敏化太阳能电池的光电转换效率主要依赖于纳米晶多孔半导体TiO2薄膜电极的染料。由于天然染料的低成本和工艺制备简单的优点,天然染料作为敏化剂已成为DSSC研究热点。作为DSSC的敏化剂的天然染料,如花青素类、胡萝卜素类、叶绿素类、类黄酮,可从不同植物不同部分提取出。主要介绍和讨论天然敏化剂的发展和实用化必须解决的关键问题。     

N-正(异/叔)丁基苝酰胺单酐光电性质研究

报道了N-正(异/叔)丁基苝酰胺单酐的合成与表征并将它们分别组装到TiO2纳米晶电极上,通过表面光电压谱、光电流工作谱等光电化学测试手段,对膜电极进行光电性质表征,结果发现三者分子中N上取代基的供电子诱导效应与其光敏性成正比,且三者敏化的纳米晶太阳能电池较高的总光电转化效率。     

染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池中的表面处理

简要概述了染料敏化纳米TiO2太阳能电池(DSC)的研究现状,重点列举了TiO2膜的酸碱处理,金属化合物覆盖处理的方法和原理,并对其他分子与染料共吸附和电极吸附染料后的表面处理方法也进行了介绍。     

花青素染料敏化太阳能电池的制备与性能

采用两种晶相TiO₂光阳极、蓝莓花青素染料、I-/I3-电解质溶液、复合碳层对电极制备了染料敏化太阳能电池。通过XRD、SEM分析了TiO₂纳米颗粒的微结构与形貌，以模拟太阳光和电化学工作站检测了电池的光电性能，结果发现，太阳能电池性能差异较大，金红石相光阳极电池的光电转换率为锐钛矿相光阳极电池的三倍多，结合TiO₂纳米颗粒形貌及电池的EIS分析了原因。     

纳米TiO2/β-CD/壳聚糖无机-有机复合材料的超声法制备及光催化降解性能

用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)改性锐钛型纳米TiO2粉末,以壳聚糖、β-环状糊精(β-CD)、SDS改性的纳米TiO2为原料,用超声法制备了纳米TiO2/β-CD/壳聚糖无机-有机复合材料,并用XRD,SEM表征了其结构。对复合材料进行了光催化降解染料直接湖蓝的实验,结果表明,复合材料对染料直接湖蓝具有较高的光催化降解活性。     

Electrochemical activity and microscopy of electrosynthesised poly(o-phenylenediamine) nanotubes

Poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) nanotube electrodes were obtained by templated electropolymerization employing anodic porous alumina membrane. Infrared Spectroscopy measurements confirmed the polymerization of oPD into the alumina templates. The electrochemical activity of the PoPD nanotube electrodes were assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) as a function of monomer concentration. The morphology of the obtained nanostructures was assessed by scanning electron microscopy measurements. The results showed that poly(o-phenylenediamine) nanotube arrays have uniform diameter and they match the aspect ratio of the anodic porous membrane used for the synthesis. A high filling factor of the polymer within the alumina template was also revealed. The CV studies showed that the electrochemical properties of the PoPD nanotubes are greatly influenced by the monomer concentration in the synthesis electrolyte.     

Effects of polymerization potential on the permselectivity of poly(o-phenylenediamine) coatings deposited on Pt-Ir electrodes for biosensor applications

In attempts to improve the permselectivity of poly-o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) for biosensor applications, we investigated the influence of applied electropolymerization potential on the permeability properties of the non-conducting, non-ionic form of PoPD deposited on Pt-Ir wire electrodes in neutral media, using fixed potential amperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The analytes chosen were hydrogen peroxide (the signal transduction molecule in many oxidase-based biosensors) and ascorbic acid (AA, the archetypal interference species in biological applications of biosensors). The permselectivity (S%) of Pt/PoPD, expressed as the percentage interference by AA in hydrogen peroxide calibrations carried out at +0.7 V versus SCE, showed three distinct ranges: very poor (∼70%) for mild anodic applied polymerization potentials (<200 mV), indicating little or no PoPD coating formed on the electrode surface; moderate (∼2%) when the PoPD was generated using intermediate potentials (250-300 mV); and excellent (<0.3%) for polymerization potentials >400 mV. There was also a trend in this last S% range for further improvement with increasing polymerization potential, which reached an optimum value of 0.10 ± 0.02% (n = 19 sensors) when the PoPD electrodeposition was carried out at 700 mV versus SCE. This enhancement in S% was due to a surprising combination of increases in permeability for hydrogen peroxide and decreases in AA permeability for the higher values of applied polymerization potential. In addition, the data indicate that, for the conditions used here, electropolymerization at the fixed applied potential of 0.7 V was superior to CV in terms of permselectivity for hydrogen peroxide detection by PoPD-modified electrodes in media containing AA.     

导电玻璃对纳米二氧化钛薄膜太阳能电池性能的影响

在3种导电玻璃基材上烧结制备一层纳米TiO2薄膜,并用它们各自组装成N3染料敏化太阳能电池.用紫外可见光仪、场发射扫描电镜及四探针仪研究了导电玻璃的透光率和导电性能对染料敏化太阳能电池电流、电压输出性能的影响.结果表明:在100mW/cm2模拟太阳光强照射下,导电玻璃的面电阻减小时,光电池的短路电流会迅速增加,开路电压基本不变.导致这种现象的主要原因是导电玻璃上导电层的面电阻减小会使太阳能电池的内阻下降.由于太阳能电池的开路电压与短路电流的对数成正比.当导电玻璃的透光率大于80%时,导电玻璃的透光率对太阳光电池的电流电压输出性能基本没有影响.     

导电碳黑连接TiO2和染料分子提高染料敏化太阳能电池的光电性能

通常,染料敏化纳米太阳能电池(dye-sensitized solar cells,DSSCs)使用纳米金属氧化物来作为光阳极,如纳米TiO2,作为N型半导体通过连接染料来建立光阳极的。在光阳极中金属氧化物连接染料使DSSC的吸收光谱扩展到可见光谱区。文章研究在光阳极中添加导电碳黑使其成为纳米TiO2和染料之间的纽带。实验中使用粉末涂敷法在透光率约90%导电玻璃上涂覆纳米TiO2层在450℃烧结30 min,自然冷却然后再浸在染料和碳黑的混合物中敏化制得光阳极。添加的导电碳黑起到催化剂的作用,有助于染料电子的激发和纳米TiO2导带的增加并且减小了复合阻抗。结果表明,添加0.05 g导电碳黑的DSSCs光电性能最佳。开路电压增加了约33.9%,短路电流密度从4.385 mA/cm2增加到7.637mA/cm2。     

纳米CdS∶Cu双酶膜葡萄糖生物传感器

将纳米CdS∶Cu颗粒加入到葡萄糖酶(GOD)和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)双酶膜中,与导电聚合物聚邻苯二胺(PoPD)经电化学聚合反应而固定此两酶,制备了电流型纳米CdS∶Cu颗粒双酶膜葡萄糖生物传感器,分析了CdS∶Cu纳米颗粒对传感器电流响应的影响,进行了传感器的性能测定。实验表明,引入CdS∶Cu纳米粒子和PoPD后可显著改进传感器响应性能,线性范围为0.55~9.2 mmol/L,检测下限为0.55 mmol/L,响应时间为20 s。稳定工作215天,传感器活性指标无显著变化,且抗干扰性强。     

Dye-sensitized solar cells based on electrospun poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) nanofibers

Poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) nanofibers were prepared by the electrospinning method and used as polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity of electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers with different diameters changed significantly, regardless of the nanofiber thickness. The PVDF-HFP nanofibers prepared from a 15 wt% spinning solution showed high ionic conductivity (1.295 S/cm) and electrolyte uptake (947 %). DSSCs based on the 15 wt% PVDF-HFP nanofiber electrolyte showed an electron transit time of 6.34 × 10^?3 s, electronic recombination time of 5.88 × 10^?2 s, and conversion efficiency of 3.13 %. Thus, we concluded that the electrospun PVDF-HFP nanofibers can be used as polymer electrolytes in flexible DSSCs as well.     

A facile method to prepare SnO2 nanotubes for use in efficient SnO2-TiO2 core-shell dye-sensitized solar cells

A high-efficiency photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) should combine the advantageous features of fast electron transport, slow interfacial electron recombination and large specific surface area. However, these three requirements usually cannot be achieved simultaneously in the present state-of-the-art research. Here we report a simple procedure to combine the three conflicting requirements by using porous SnO(2) nanotube-TiO(2) (SnO(2) NT-TiO(2)) core-shell structured photoanodes for DSSCs. The SnO(2) nanotubes are prepared by electrospinning of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)/tin dichloride dihydrate (SnCl(2)·2H(2)O) solution followed by direct sintering of the as-spun nanofibers. A possible evolution mechanism is proposed. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of the SnO(2) NT-TiO(2) core-shell structured DSSCs (～5.11%) is above five times higher than that of SnO(2) nanotube (SnO(2) NT) DSSCs (～0.99%). This PCE value is also higher than that of TiO(2) nanoparticles (P25) DSSCs (～4.82%), even though the amount of dye molecules adsorbed to the SnO(2) NT-TiO(2) photoanode is less than half of that in the P25 film. This simple procedure provides a new approach to achieve the three conflicting requirements simultaneously, which has been demonstrated as a promising strategy to obtain high-efficiency DSSCs.     

Application of poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">o</Emphasis>-phenylenediamine) in rechargeable cells

The electrochemical synthesis of poly(o -phenylenediamine) (PoPD) from an aqueous medium was suitably modified by controlling the switching potential to enhance the growth of the polymer. The charge–discharge data for the cell Zn/1 M ZnSO₄ (pH 4)/PoPD are presented. The polymer was modified by incorporating Pt microparticles into its matrix during electropolymerization. The PoPD-Pt composite electrode was also characterized as a cathode active material in aqueous cells.     

Vertically building Zn2SnO4 nanowire arrays on stainless steel mesh toward fabrication of large-area, flexible dye-sensitized solar cells

Zn(2)SnO(4) nanowire arrays were for the first time grown onto a stainless steel mesh (SSM) in a binary ethylenediamine (En)/water solvent system using a solvothermal route. The morphology evolution following this reaction was carefully followed to understand the formation mechanism. The SSM-supported Zn(2)SnO(4) nanowire was utilized as a photoanode for fabrication of large-area (10 cm × 5 cm size as a typical sample), flexible dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The synthesized Zn(2)SnO(4) nanowires exhibit great bendability and flexibility, proving potential advantage over other metal oxide nanowires such as TiO(2), ZnO, and SnO(2) for application in flexible solar cells. Relative to the analogous Zn(2)SnO(4) nanoparticle-based flexible DSSCs, the nanowire geometry proves to enhance solar energy conversion efficiency through enhancement of electron transport. The bendable nature of the DSSCs without obvious degradation of efficiency and facile scale up gives the as-made flexible solar cell device potential for practical application.     

Protection of type 430 stainless steel against pitting corrosion by ladder conductive polymer

Poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) was electropolymerized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) on 430 stainless steel from sulfuric acid solution containing o-phenylenediamine monomer. The formation of the polymer film is slower than that of polyaniline (PANI) film. Transparent and compact layers (∼1.0 μm) of PoPD deposited after 100 cycles, while thicker (∼3 μm), grainy and porous layers of PANI formed after 50 cycles. The PoPD layers protect the steel substrate from pitting in 3% NaCl but the layers of PANI fail, and pitting and crevice corrosion were observed on the steel surface. Both polymers keep the steel substrate in a passive state in sulfuric acid. After aging in acid solution the underlying oxides were investigated after peeling off the polymer layers; this showed an excellent passive film formed under PoPD. The passive steel was completely free from pitting after immersion in the chloride solution for 1 week.