未置氢及置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓冷镦成形及其成形后的显微组织与显微维氏硬度

目的 解决TC21钛合金六角头螺栓冷镦成形困难的难题。方法 利用置氢处理改善TC21钛合金的冷镦成形性能,利用电子万能材料试验机对未置氢和置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓进行冷镦成形,利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜和显微维氏硬度计等设备对未置氢和置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓的显微组织和显微维氏硬度进行分析。结果 在冷镦成形过程中,置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓未出现缺陷,而未置氢TC21钛合金六角头螺栓则出现了裂纹。未置氢和置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓的头部均呈现出“一字双岔状变形带”,在未置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓头部变形带的分岔处出现了裂纹。与未置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓相比,置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓的显微组织发生了显著变化。在置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓中,α相和β相的光学对比度与未置氢合金的相反,α相含量减少,β相含量增加,β相成为合金的主要相,并发现了较多的位错。置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓各区的显微维氏硬度均低于未置氢TC21钛合金冷镦六角头螺栓各区的显微维氏硬度。结论 置氢处理有利于TC21钛合金六角头螺栓的冷镦成形。     

根据在腐蚀介质内外钛合金延迟开裂研究亚临界裂纹增长的动力学和机理

通过电阻法研究了在某些溶液中钛合金的应力腐蚀开裂裂纹增长动力学。用阴极极化对裂纹增长速率的影响,研究在不同情况下钛合金的应力腐蚀开裂机理。并提出氢扩散的模型来描述在没有腐蚀介质的情况下,钛合金延迟断裂的动力学。有了这种模型,就有可能根根动力学数据来确定DH值。据表明,在没有腐蚀介质的情况下,亚临界裂纹增长为内部氢脆。     

两种含氢钛合金的疲劳断裂特性

对含氢的两种新型钛合金Ti 4Al 2V和Ti 2Al 2 .5Zr拉 拉疲劳断裂特征进行了金相和断口观察。当材料承受大应力疲劳加载时 ,两种钛合金断口形貌除可见到疲劳弧线外 ,与静拉伸断口类似 ,氢含量不同对疲劳断口形貌的影响很小。充氢以后 ,疲劳载荷越低 ,裂纹源越多。不充氢的角裂纹通常以穿晶方式萌生 ,而充氢的角裂纹一般以准解理方式形核。Ti 4Al 2V在裂纹扩展区可见大量清晰的疲劳辉纹 ,而Ti 2Al 2 .5Zr的疲劳辉纹很少 ,且疲劳辉纹的间距比Ti 4Al 2V小得多。面裂纹一般在氢化物位置形核 ,然后穿晶扩展 ,具有沿晶和穿晶混合形貌。氢化物的含量越大 ,萌生面裂纹的几率越大     

固溶氢对TA15钛合金电子束焊接头疲劳扩展寿命的影响

对TA15钛合金电子束焊接试样充氢,研究了氢对其显微组织形态和接头疲劳扩展寿命的影响。结果表明:充氢含量低于0.105%时,氢以固溶态存在于合金中,并未形成氢化物;母材抗疲劳扩展的能力高于焊缝区;随着充氢含量的增加,接头的疲劳寿命大幅下降。其原因是,微量氢的存在降低了TA15合金的韧性,固溶氢提高了疲劳裂纹的扩展速率。氢在边界处的聚集加速了焊接接头内裂纹沿马氏体束边界的扩展,导致在断口形成了团结构这一特殊组织形态。     

含氢的Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金的静态和动态断裂行为研究

采用紧凑拉伸(CT)试样,研究了含氢110μg/g的Ti-2Al-2.5Zr钛合金在室温的静载延迟裂纹扩展(da/dt)和疲劳加载裂纹扩展(da/dN)行为,用扫描电镜观察了断口形貌.结果表明,Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金含氢110μg/g即足以引起材料的静载氢致延迟断裂,氢在裂纹尖端扩散聚集并析出氢化物,导致材料变脆,是氢致延迟断裂的微观机制;而相同含氢量时对疲劳断裂过程的影响微弱,疲劳断裂受通常的裂纹萌生、稳态扩展和瞬断机制控制.     

铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金损伤容限行为对比研究

目的 研究影响铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金的损伤容限行为差异的主要因素。方法 分别从裂纹尖端塑性变形行为、二次裂纹及断口表面粗糙度3个方面对比,分析造成3种成形方法制备的TC4钛合金的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率差异的原因。结果 铸造TC4钛合金断裂韧性优于锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金,主要是因为新产生的裂纹面积大,消耗更多断裂能量。铸造TC4钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于锻造、粉末冶金TC4钛合金,其主要原因为曲折的裂纹路径和断面粗糙度诱发裂纹闭合效应以及长而深的二次裂纹。结论 3种成形方法制备TC4钛合金损伤容限行为差异的主要原因是断裂形成了不同裂纹路径形貌。     

铸造钛合金补焊技术研究进展

铸造钛合金存在缺陷时可以通过补焊修复,在这过程中容易受到氢、氧、氮的影响而导致焊区出现裂纹、氧化、脆化等缺陷,由此影响到整个构件的整体性能,这都是由其自身的物理特性和化学特性所决定的。概述了铸造钛合金的补焊特性,并对补焊中常见的缺陷进行了分析;介绍了铸造钛合金补焊缺陷的检测方法,进而提出了控制补焊缺陷的有效防范措施;提出了补焊工艺参数的选择原则及注意事项;描述了各种铸造钛合金补焊方法的优缺点,并最终确定各补焊方法的选择原则及适用依据。随着钛合金铸件在航空、航天领域的广泛推广及应用,铸造钛合金补焊技术将成为其不断向前发展的一种不可或缺的制造工艺。     

TB6钛合金疲劳小裂纹扩展行为

为了研究TB6钛合金自然萌生小裂纹的扩展行为,针对单边缺口拉伸试样开展室温下不同应力比(R=0.1,0.5)的小裂纹扩展实验,采用复型法观测了小裂纹的萌生与扩展情况。结果表明:同一应力比下,随着应力等级的降低,小裂纹的萌生寿命由占全寿命的60%增加到80%,但应力等级对TB6钛合金小裂纹扩展速率没有明显影响。裂纹早期扩展速率受微观组织的影响大,TB6钛合金扩展速率转变临界值是200μm,一旦裂纹长度达到200μm,裂纹扩展速率将不受取向不同的晶界或晶粒影响而迅速提升。TB6钛合金疲劳小裂纹起源于试样缺口根部,所有试样的裂纹大部分为角裂纹,疲劳小裂纹萌生寿命占全寿命的绝大部分。     

医用酒精溶液对TC4钛合金力学性能的影响

在常温下对经医用酒精浸泡过的TC4钛合金试样进行单轴拉伸实验和超声疲劳实验,以研究医用酒精溶液对TC4钛合金力学性能的影响.单轴拉伸实验结果表明酒精对TC4钛合金的单轴拉伸力学性能影响极小,而经酒精浸泡再放置一段时间后,TC4钛合金的屈服强度有一定的变化.超声疲劳疲劳试验结果表明TC4钛合金经酒精浸泡后,其疲劳性能明显下降.酒精对TC4钛合金力学性能影响,是由于医用酒精降低了TC4钛合金内局部塑性,钛合金在酒精溶液中发生渗氢反应,使钛合金固溶氢浓度增加,在外载荷作用下,氢向材料缺陷处扩散富集,形成氢脆降低了材料局部塑性.     

氢对TC21钛合金热物理性能的影响

目的 获得氢含量对TC21钛合金密度、热扩散系数、比热容和热导率等热物理性能的影响规律.方法 利用固态置氢法对TC21钛合金进行氢处理,利用固体密度测试仪、激光导热仪和差示扫描量热仪等设备测定原始及含有不同氢含量TC21钛合金的热物理性能.结果 随着氢含量的增加,TC21钛合金的密度呈线性降低趋势;TC21钛合金在不同...     

Hydrogen distribution in titanium materials with low outgassing property

This paper addresses a hydrogen outgassing mechanism in titanium materials with extremely low outgassing property by investigating hydrogen atoms distribution in depth around the surface in a titanium material and stainless steel. The evacuation time dependence of depth profiles of positive hydrogen ions was measured by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). In the stainless steel, concentration of hydrogen atoms decreases slowly at the surface oxide layer, while it decreases rapidly in the bulk by vacuum evacuation. Thus, the surface oxide layer is considered to prevent hydrogen diffusions in the bulk. On the other hand, in the titanium material, hydrogen atoms show maximum concentration at the boundary between the surface oxide layer and the bulk titanium. Moreover, concentration of hydrogen atoms decreases rapidly at the surface oxide layer, while those decrease slowly in the deep region below the surface-bulk boundary by vacuum evacuation. It is suggested that the boundary between the surface oxide layer and bulk titanium plays a role of a barrier for bulk hydrogen diffusions. These facts give very low hydrogen concentration near the surface, which results in an extremely low outgassing rate in titanium materials.     

高强度钛合金螺栓断裂失效分析

规格为M4×30 mm高强度钛合金螺栓在正常预紧装配后自行断裂。采用金相检验、扫描电镜断口分析、二次离子质谱分析和螺栓的受力分析等方法对螺栓断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明,螺栓断裂的性质为低应力脆性断裂,断裂机理为氢致延迟断裂,导致螺栓氢致延迟断裂的原因主要与该批棒材原始氢含量过高有关。     

Embrittlement of the titanium alloy VT‐5

The binary titanium‐ 5wt% aluminum alloy (VT‐5) is a commonly used Russian grade of titanium. It has much higher strength compared to the well known commercially pure titanium grades; at the same time it exhibits reasonable toughness values. Hot rolled bars of this grade were to be manufactured and supplied conforming to OST I 90173‐75 specification. Material was hot rolled to final size; as the hydrogen level was higher than the specified maximum, the bars were subjected to vacuum annealing. The vacuum annealed material did not meet the specification with reference to Charpy impact toughness. Repeat vacuum heat treatment was therefore carried out at a higher temperature; material was then found to be meeting all specification requirements. The paper brings out the details of failure, analysis carried out to identify the factors responsible for the failure and the rejuvenation steps taken to render the product acceptable.     

Comparison of tensile and impact behavior of carbon steel in H2S environments

The present research reports the effect of hydrogen sulfide pressure on the tensile and impact behavior of carbon steel. Hydrogen content measurement was conducted due to the relationship between hydrogen and mechanical behavior. A remarkable increase in the relative tensile strength and plasticity loss was observed as hydrogen sulfide pressure increased. However, the Charpy absorbed energy showed no obvious change with increase of H₂S pressure from 0.1 MPa to 1.6 MPa, even though a significant decrease compared to that of as-received steel. Combined with the results of hydrogen content measurement, it was found that hydrogen has a profound effect on the tensile and impact behavior of steel. Fractography of the corroded tensile and impact specimens exhibited mixed ductile–brittle rupture. In addition, the brittle zone on the fracture surface increased for corroded tensile specimens and showed nearly similar area fraction for corroded impact specimens as H₂S pressure increased. A probable mechanism is proposed to interpret the difference in the tensile and impact results.     

Contributions of internal hydrogen and room-temperature creep to the abnormal fatigue cracking of Ti6246 at high Kmax

This study aims at explaining the absence of a threshold for crack propagation in an /β titanium alloy during cyclic tests performed with constant K_max and increasing K_min, if K_max is higher than 60–70% of K_Ic. Tensile, creep as well as fatigue crack growth tests are performed on specimens with various hydrogen content. SIMS analyses of hydrogen content around the tip of a crack developed in the abnormal regime are made. Solute hydrogen is shown to segregate at the crack tip and to enhance room-temperature creep, strain localisation and decohesion along /β interfaces.     

Fabrication of hydrogen sensors with transparent titanium oxide nanotube-array thin films as sensing elements

Transparent thin films comprised of highly ordered titania nanotube-arrays were grown from titanium thin films using an anodization technique, from which highly sensitive and selective hydrogen sensors that can operate at room temperature were fabricated. Titanium films sputter deposited on glass at 500 °C were anodized in a fluorine-containing electrolyte to obtain nanotube-array films. Precise monitoring of current during the anodization enabled removal of the samples from the anodization bath at a point where the remaining metal layer became discontinuous, without destroying the nanotube architecture. The samples were then annealed in oxygen at 420 °C to crystallize the nanotube-arrays as well as oxidize any un-anodized metallic regions, yielding transparent films comprised of titanium oxide nanotube-arrays. Herein, we discuss the morphology, structure and optical characterization of these films. When coated with a 10-nm discontinuous palladium layer, the optically transparent nanotube-array films serve as excellent hydrogen sensors, exhibiting a four-order magnitude drop in resistance with exposure to 1000 ppm hydrogen at room temperature.     

Nanotechnology and the environment: A European perspective

The potential positive and negative effects of nanotechnology on the environment are discussed. Advances in nanotechnology may be able to provide more sensitive detection systems for air and water quality monitoring, allowing the simultaneous measurement of multiple parameters and real time response capability. Metal oxide nanocatalysts are being developed for the prevention of pollution due to industrial emissions and the photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be exploited to create self-cleaning surfaces that reduce existing pollution. However, while nanotechnology might provide solutions for certain environmental problems, relatively little is known at present about the environmental impact of nanoparticles, though in some cases chemical composition, size and shape have been shown to contribute to toxicological effects. Nanotechnology can assist resource saving through the use of lightweight, high strength materials based on carbon nanotubes and metal oxide frameworks as hydrogen storage materials. Other energy related applications include nanostructured electrode materials for improving the performance of lithium ion batteries and nanoporous silicon and titanium dioxide in advanced photovoltaic cells. It is important to develop an efficient strategy for the recycling and recovery of nanomaterials and methods are needed to assess whether the potential benefits of nanotechnology outweigh the risks. Life cycle analysis will be a useful tool for assessing the true environmental impacts.     

Fundamental aspects and recent advances in transition metal nitrides as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction: A review

With increasing human population, sustainable energy production has become one of the most persistent and significant problems of the current century. Hydrogen is considered to be the best clean fuel for future energy requirements. As a substitute of fossil fuels, hydrogen is readily provided by an electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction that splits water molecules. Conventional electrocatalysts based on noble metals are scarce and considerably expensive for large-scale hydrogen production, necessitating the search for low-cost earth abundant alternatives. In this context, transition metal nitrides have gained considerable attention as competent electrocatalytic materials for water splitting. This review presents recent advancements and progress on transition metal nitrides as efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen production. After overviewing the fundamental aspects of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the review discusses various synthetic strategies for developing transition metal nitrides. Discussed herein are titanium nitrides, vanadium nitrides, iron nitrides, nickel nitrides, molybdenum nitrides, tungsten nitrides, and their composite electrocatalysts employed in HER applications. Some design viewpoints for improving the electrocatalytic activity are systematically proposed. Finally, the review discusses challenges and future perspectives for the advancement of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts.