幼儿视觉 ERP: Ⅲ.P_3 波面积的研究

以往事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）研究主要对峰波幅和峰潜伏期进行测量，本研究用人像照片按一定概率编排成刺激序列，成功诱发幼儿ＥＲＰ，并在此基础上对Ｐ３面积进行了测量。结果证明，低概率非靶刺激在幼儿可以诱发出Ｐ３，与任务Ｐ３相比波面积小，提示幼儿Ｐ３波面积有明显的任务效应，再认熟悉人的Ｐ３面积大于再认陌生人，波面积比波幅更合理地反映场合修正量。幼儿在高度选择注意时，Ｐ３面积大。幼儿Ｐ３波面积以Ｐｚ、Ｏｚ电极所描记的为大。     

健康青少年与老年人单音、图像、汉字结构识别的事件相关电位研究

目的了解不同类型刺激对健康老年及青少年的事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）的影响。方法对６０名青少年及４７名老年健康志愿者做单音、图像及汉字结构识别视觉刺激的ＥＲＰ研究。结果１、外源性成分的比较：（１）单音：男性及女性的Ｐ２ＰＬ均是老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）图像：男性Ｆｚ、Ｃｚ部位的Ｎ１ＰＬ和女性Ｐ２ＰＬ均是老年组短于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）汉字结构：男性Ｐ２ＰＬ和女性Ｎ１、Ｐ２ＰＬ老年组短于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２、内源性成分及ＲＴ的比较：（１）单音：男性及女性Ｎ２、Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ均是老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）图像：男性Ｎ２ＰＬ及Ｃ３、Ｐｚ部位的Ｐ３ＰＬ、ＲＴ和女性Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ，老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（３）汉字结构：男性Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ，老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５），女性Ｆｚ部位的Ｎ２ＰＬ，老年组短于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；Ｐ３ＰＬ及ＲＴ，老年组长于青少年组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论ＥＲＰ的性别差异及年龄差异随刺激的不同而变化。     

老年人视觉、听觉及体感诱发的ERP比较

对３０位神经系统正常、精神活动完整的老年人同时进行视觉、听觉、体感不同刺激模式检测得到的事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）进行比较分析，结果提示不同的刺激模式诱发出来的ＥＲＰ各波的潜伏期、波幅、波型是不同的。如视觉刺激时Ｐ３波潜伏期为４００．７４±２６．５２ｍｓ，波幅为８．３５±４．９６μｖ；听觉刺激时Ｐ３波潜伏期为３３９．５２±２３．９０ｍｓ，波幅为８．４０±５．４３μｖ；体感刺激时Ｐ３波潜伏期为３４６．２±３５．１ｍｓ，波幅为８．５６±２．１４μｖ。并对不同刺激模式的最佳记录部位和产生机制进行初步讨论。     

幼儿视觉ERP：Ⅱ．P_3潜伏期和反应时间

幼儿事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）对研究儿童心理发展有重要意义，因试验难度大，国内外至今未见报道。本研究以４～５岁幼儿为研究对象，用母亲照片和陌生女人照片按一定概率编排成刺激序列，分别在三个试验中成功诱发ＥＲＰ。结果证明幼儿Ｐ３平均潜伏期符合成人Ｐ３定义范围；幼儿Ｐ３潜伏期Ｆｚ长于Ｐｚ、Ｏｚ；无任务Ｐ３潜伏期短于任务Ｐ３；高度选择注意时Ｐ３潜伏期长；再认母亲与再认指定陌生人照片Ｐ３潜伏期无显著差异，是幼儿记忆发育良好的表现。反应时间长于Ｐ３潜伏期可以做为幼儿思维支配行为的佐证。     

正常青年人视觉、听觉诱发的ERP的比较

对３５例正常青年人同时进行视觉、听觉不同刺激模式检测到的事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）进行比较分析，发现不同刺激模式诱发出的ＥＲＰ各波的潜伏期、波幅均不相同。本文对其原因和不同年龄的Ｐ３波在颅顶有不同的分布部位以及其中一些Ｐ３波电位值两半球不对称性的机理进行了初步探讨。     

弱视儿童不同部位记录视觉诱发电位比较

目的对弱视儿童不同部位所记录的视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）进行比较研究。方法分析５２只弱视眼常规视觉刺激时于Ｏ１、Ｏ２、Ｏｚ三点记录的ＶＥＰ，并以６６只健康眼的ＶＥＰ作比较。结果弱视眼三个点ＶＥＰ的异常率：Ｏｚ一个点２３％，Ｏ１、Ｏ２两点为７５％，Ｏｚ、Ｏ１和Ｏ２三个点为８１％。与正常眼比较，弱视眼此三点ＶＥＰ的潜伏期均显著延长，Ｏｚ点波幅显著降低，Ｏ１、Ｏ２点波幅则无显著差异。弱视眼的ＶＥＰＯ１和Ｏ２点潜伏期较其Ｏｚ点显著延长，波幅亦显著降低。结论对ＶＥＰ的评价，必须考虑到有无弱视和记录部位这两个因素。     

智力低下儿童事件相关电位的研究

对３１例智力低下儿童进行事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）和智商（ＩＱ）对照研究，并与正常儿童进行比较，发现Ｐ３波之潜伏期（ＰＬ）与ＩＱ的高低有显著的相关性，靶刺激时智力低下儿童组Ｐ２、Ｐ３波波幅较正常儿童组低。提示ＥＲＰ测定是评价智力低下儿童认知功能较为灵敏的一种客观指标。     

精神运动性癫痫患者脑诱发电位初步观察

目的研究脑诱发电位在精神运动性癫痫病人的应用。方法应用诱发电位仪对１６例精神运动性癫痫的听觉诱发电位（ＡＥＰ）、视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）和听觉事件相关电位（听觉Ｐ３００）作了检测，并与正常对照组进行了比较。结果患者组波形变异大，潜伏期ＡＥＰ的Ｐ２、Ｐ３，ＶＥＰ的Ｎ１、Ｐ２以及Ｐ３００靶刺激的Ｐ２、Ｎ２均延迟，非靶刺激的Ｎ１前移。波幅ＡＥＰ的Ｐ２、ＶＥＰ的Ｐ２、Ｐ３降低，与正常对照组有显著性差异。结论ＢＥＰ技术可作为脑电图检查的一种补充手段，以便临床参考诊断此类病征。     

短暂性脑缺血发作认知功能与事件相关电位研究

目的：探讨短暂性脑缺血发作（ＴＩＡ）病人事件相关电位（ＥＲＰ）的变化规律及其临床意义。方法：用听觉Ｏｄｄｂａｌ刺激序列ＥＲＰ、认知能力筛选试验（ＣＣＳＥ）和简易智力状态试验（ＭＭＳＥ）检测３２例ＴＩＡ病人和３０例年龄、性别、利手和教育程度相匹配的正常人。结果：病人组ＥＲＰ的Ｎ２和Ｐ３峰潜伏期较对照组显著延长（Ｐ＜０．０１），Ｎ２和Ｐ３波幅两组均无显著性差异，Ｐ３峰潜伏期（Ｐ３ＰＬ）异常率为２５％。病人组ＭＭＳＥ较对照组低（Ｐ＜０．０５），但与Ｐ３ＰＬ未见有相关性（ｒ＝－０．２４４，Ｐ＞０．１）；ＣＣＳＥ与对照组无显著差异，但与Ｐ３ＰＬ呈显著负相关（ｒ＝－０．４７３，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：ＴＩＡ病人存在不同程度的认知功能障碍。对认知功能障碍的早期发现，ＥＲＰ检则有临床实用价值     

阴性、阳性精神分裂症患者听觉P300和抽象思维的比较研究

目的：比较阴性、阳性精神分裂症Ｐ３００、抽象思维能力的差异；探讨Ｐ３００能否从客观上反映抽象思维能力的水平。方法：２２例阴性、２７例阳性初发未服药的精神分裂症患者和１７例正常对照组，进行Ｐ３００、第四例外和Ｗｉｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ卡片分类测验。阴性、阳性组各１０例接受氯氮平治疗四周后，进行治疗前后的比较。结果：阴性组在Ｆｚ，Ｃｚ，Ｐｚ，Ｔ７，Ｔ８五个点的Ｐ３００波幅显著低于对照组，潜伏期明显长于正常对照组，阳性组在Ｃｚ，Ｐｚ点的Ｐ３００波幅低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），Ｐ３００的波幅与潜伏期两组患者之间有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）；治疗前后阴性组的Ｐ３００无明显变化（Ｐ〉０．０５），而阳性组变化显著（Ｐ〈０．０５）；阴性、阳性组患者第四例外、ＷＣＳＴ成绩明显低于正常对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。相关分析发现抽象思维能力的测     

Reliability analysis of event-related brain potentials to olfactory stimuli

Olfactory event-related potentials (OERP) have been used to investigate olfactory processing in health and disease. However, the reliability of the OERP has yet to be established statistically. The present study examined test-retest reliability of the OERP over a 4-week interval. EEG was recorded from Fz, Cz, and Pz, using a single-stimulus paradigm with amyl acetate. Reliabilities for ERP component latencies and interpeak amplitudes were assessed as intraclass and Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients. Reliabilities were higher for latency than for amplitude. Highest correlation coefficients were observed for P2 latency, specifically at Cz and Pz P3 amplitude and latency exhibited high reliability at Cz and Pz. Fz demonstrated weakest correlation coefficients. The data suggest that OERP reliability is comparable to that of auditory and visual ERPs, supporting the use of OERPs in both basic research and clinical assessment.     

Developmental changes in ERPs to visual language stimuli

ERPs to visual language stimuli were recorded in normal children (7-18 years) and adults from Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz, F3, F4, C3, C4, P3, P4, T3, T4, T5 and T6. An oddball paradigm was employed with letter discrimination and lexical decision tasks. N2 and P3 latencies decreased significantly with age, N2 until adolescence, P3 until adulthood. The P3 amplitude increased until 11-12 years and then decreased until adulthood. In younger children there was a large frontal negativity and posterior positivity to targets. With increasing age there was a gradual increase in anterior positivity, concomitant with a decrease in posterior positivity. On the Pz and Cz coronal chains P3 was always largest at Pz while P3 was rarely largest at Cz. Asymmetric ERPs over the temporal lobes were recorded in the younger children. These data extend earlier studies by demonstrating variations in ERP scalp topography that occur with age.     

Habituation of event-related potentials in patients with Parkinson's disease

Auditory event-related potential (ERP) was studied in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) using our new procedures. We examined 12 non-demented patients with PD, and 9 age-matched control subjects. Ninety responses induced by rare stimulation were continuously recorded from Fz, Cz, Pz referred to linked earlobe electrode (A1A2), and were divided into nine blocks (one block = 10 responses) for statistical analysis. We assessed the habituation of auditory ERP to detect delicate changes related to the information processing in PD. N100 and P300 latencies were significantly longer in PD than in control subjects (p<0.05). P300 latency gradually increased with progression of recording blocks in both PD and control subjects, whereas N100 latency increased only in PD. Three way analysis of variance for P300 amplitude revealed significant effects of subject group, recording electrode site, and trial block. P300 amplitude was smaller in PD than in control subjects. Significant negative correlation between P300 amplitudes and block numbers were observed at Cz and Pz in PD, and at Fz in the control group. Previous reports as well as present results suggest that prolongation of N100 latency might be related to frontal lobe dysfunction, and abnormality of P300 to dysfunction in both the frontal lobe and hippocampus in PD.     

中国乒乓球听障奥运选手脑诱发电位特点的研究

探讨中国乒乓球听障奥运队员视觉诱发电位P100和事件相关电位P300的特点,为该项目运动员的选材和机能学评定提供参考。采用上海海神医疗电子仪器厂生产的NDI-200（海神号）神经电检诊仪,对参加2013年7月在保加利亚举行的第22届夏季听障奥林匹克运动会的8名中国乒乓球听障奥运选手和74名常人大学生的视觉诱发电位和视觉事件相关电位进行了记录、分析比较。奥运选手组和对照组之间视觉诱发电位P100波幅和潜伏期均无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。奥运选手组与对照组相比,视觉事件相关电位P300表现为：Cz点的波幅呈极显著性增加（P＜0．01）、Fz点的波幅呈显著性增加（P＜0．05）、Pz点的波幅有一定的增加（P＝0．061）;Pz点的潜伏期呈极显著性缩短（P＜0．01）;Pz、Cz、Fz点的反应时均呈极显著性缩短（P＜0．01）。听障乒乓球运动员和常人对照组之间视觉诱发电位P100波幅和潜伏期均无显著性差异;视觉事件相关电位P300表现为波幅增加、潜伏期缩短、反应时缩短的特点。     

Effects of habitual moderate exercise on response processing and cognitive processing in older adults

We examined the effects of habitual moderate exercise on central information processing in older individuals using the reaction time (RT) and P3 component of event-related brain potentials (ERP). The present study was designed to assess cognitive function by comparing groups of 20 older individuals (69.20 +/- 1.3 years active group) who regularly engage in moderate physical activity with 20 subjects (66.90 +/- 1.1 years inactive group) who do comparatively little exercise. Subjects performed a somatosensory oddball task composed of pressing a button with their right foot as fast as possible following an electrical stimulus applied to the right index finger, and not responding to an electrical stimulus applied to the left index finger. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded at the frontal (Fz), central (Cz), and parietal (Pz) sites according to the International 10-20 system referenced to linked earlobes. The RT was faster for the active group than for the inactive group, and the P3 amplitude of the active group was significantly larger than that of the inactive group. Moreover, the P3 amplitude for the active group was maximum at Pz and significantly larger than at Fz and Cz, but for the inactive group it was identical between Fz and Pz. The results suggest that habitual moderate exercise exerts positive influences in older adults not only on response processing, but also on cognitive processing.     

Event-related potential (ERP) asymmetries to emotional stimuli in a visual half-field paradigm

To investigate the hypothesis of a right hemispheric superiority in negative emotional processing, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 17 sites (Fz, Cz, Pz, F3/4, F7/8, C3/4, T7/8, P3/4, P7/8, O1/2) in a visual half-field paradigm. While maintaining fixation, right-handed women viewed pictures of patients with dermatological diseases before (negative) and after (neutral) cosmetic surgery. A principal components analysis with Varimax rotation performed on ERPs revealed factors identified as N1, N2, early P3, late P3, late P3, and slow wave. Repeated measures analyses of variance performed on factor scores revealed a significant effect of emotional content for all factors except for N1. However, asymmetries in emotional processing were restricted to N2 and early P3, with maximal effects over the right parietal region. N2–P3 amplitude was augmented for negative and reduced for neutral stimuli over right hemisphere regions. Visual field presentation interacted with these asymmetries in enhancing amplitudes contralaterally for early but ipsilaterally for late ERP components. Overall, findings for N2 and P3 support theories of an asymmetry in emotional processing.     

An ERP study of age‐related differences in the central cost of interlimb coordination

The study investigated event‐related EEG potentials during concurrent performance of interlimb coordination and visual oddball tasks by younger and older adults. Coordination task difficulty was equated between age groups by allowing participants to perform the task at self‐determined frequencies. The amplitude of the P3b component of the event‐related potentials (ERPs) elicited by visual task targets showed a different pattern across midline sites (Fz, Cz, Pz) for younger and older adults. While younger adults showed a parietal maximum, P3b amplitudes in older adults did not differ across midline site, with lower amplitudes at central and parietal sites than younger adults but higher amplitude at the frontal site. Younger adults also had significantly shorter P3b latency than older adults. The results suggest that older adults may rely more on cognitive control of their movements than younger adults.     

军人心理创伤后应激障碍患者与健康军人事件相关电位的对照研究

目的　探讨军人心理创伤后应激障碍 ( PTSD)患者 3种事件相关电位 ( ERP)的变异。方法　应用美国 Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪 ,采用光和声成对刺激、反应时间以及听觉靶 -非靶刺激序列技术 ,检测 66例 PTSD和 3 6名正常人 ( NC)的关联性负变 ( CNV)、P30 0 、以及失配性负波 ( MMN)。结果　 1 CNV:M1 潜伏期 PTSD组 [( 5 0 3 .4± 1 3 9.2 ) ms]长于 NC组[( 4 2 0 .1± 1 2 3 .6) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],M2 波幅 PTSD组 [( 1 8.9± 7.9) μv]高于 NC组 [( 1 1 .7± 5 .8) μv;P<0 .0 1 ],指令信号后负变化 ( PINV)的出现率 PTSD组 ( 3 9% )高于 NC组 ( 3 % ;P<0 .0 1 )。 2 P30 0 :在靶刺激中 ,Cz脑区的 P3潜伏期 PTSD组[( 3 1 5 .4± 1 7.8) ms]短于 NC组 [( 3 3 6.7± 1 5 .5 ) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],Pz脑区的 N2 潜伏期 PTSD组 [( 2 78.5± 2 1 .8) ms]长于 NC组 [( 2 63 .4± 1 4.2 ) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],Pz脑区的 P3波幅 PTSD组 [( 3 .4± 1 .8) μv]低于 NC组 [( 5 .9± 2 .4) μv;P<0 .0 1 ]。在非靶刺激中 ,Cz脑区的 P2 波幅 PTSD组 [( 2 .5± 1 .4) μv]低于 NC组 [( 3 .4± 0 .1 ) μv;P<0 .0 1 ]。 3 MMN:潜伏期 PTSD组[( 2 1 4.2± 2 5 .7) ms]长于 NC组 [( 1 93 .7± 2 2 .6) ms;P<0 .0 1 ],波幅 PTSD组 [( 8.5     

The effects of covert attention and stimulus complexity on the P3 response during an auditory continuous performance task.

This study examined the effects of motor responding and stimulus complexity on the event-related potential (ERP) P3 amplitude and latency during an auditory continuous performance task (A-CPT). Subjects were presented with undegraded and degraded syllables during two experimental conditions. In the motor attention (MA) condition participants performed a button press to target syllables. In the covert attention (CA) condition, participants listened for target syllables without responding. The ERP P3 amplitude for targets during MA and CA showed the expected anterior-to-posterior scalp topography, with the greatest amplitude at Pz. Although amplitudes across all scalp sites were greater for MA than CA target P3 responses, both MA and CA targets had greater P3 amplitudes than the P3 for the nontarget syllables (NT). There was no effect of stimulus complexity (degraded vs. undegraded) on P3 amplitude. However, stimulus complexity did affect P3 latency. Degraded syllables elicited longer P3 latency than undegraded syllables for both the MA and CA conditions. The amplitude and topography findings show that when stimulus probability is controlled through the use of a CPT paradigm, a reliable P3 component is present even when the task does not require a motor response to target stimuli.     

The relationship between reaction time and response variability and somatosensory No-go potentials

We investigated the relationship between reaction time (RT) and response variability and somatosensory Go/No-go potentials. Event-related potentials following electrical stimulation of the second (Go stimulus) or fifth (No-go stimulus) digit of the left hand were recorded from 16 subjects, and Go and No-go stimuli were presented at an even probability. The subjects were instructed to respond to the Go stimuli by pushing a button with their right thumb. We analyzed the correlation between RT and the N140 and P300 components, and between the standard deviation (SD) of RT and the N140 and P300. Neither the amplitude nor latency of the No-go-N140 (N140 evoked by No-go stimuli) or the Go-N140 (N140 evoked by Go stimuli) related significantly with RT and the SD of RT. There was a significant negative correlation between RT and the amplitude of the No-go-P300 (P300 evoked by No-go stimuli) at Fz and C3, indicating that subjects with a shorter RT had a No-go-P300 of larger amplitude. The latency of the Go-P300 (P300 evoked by Go stimuli) at Pz and C3 showed a significant correlation with RT. The SD of RT was significantly correlated with the amplitudes of the No-go-P300 at C3 and Go-P300 at Pz and C4, and the latency of the No-go-P300 at Cz and Go-P300 at Fz, Cz, Pz, C3, and C4. Our results suggest that response speed and variability for the Go stimulus in Go/No-go paradigms affect No-go-related neural activity for the No-go stimulus.