腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因及意义探讨(附5260例报告)

目的 了解目前我国腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的原因。方法 对1994年－1999年期间有关献报道腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的病例数及原因进行统计和分析。结果 5260例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中，中转开腹169例，中转手术率为3．21％。中转手术的主要原因为：胆道损伤22例（13％）、出血25例（14．8％），腹腔内粘连81例（48％），急性胆囊炎16例（9．5％），胆漏3例（1．8％），术中发现胃癌1例（0．6％），胆囊癌及“瓷”胆囊10例（6％），胆总管增宽及结石4例（2．4％） 胆囊内瘘2例（1．2％），胃及肠管损伤4例（2．4％），因气腹不满意无法完成手术1例（0．6％）。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹的主要原因依次为腹腔内严重粘连、胆道损伤及血管损伤。     

良性胆道疾病再次手术的原因及对策(附119例报告)

目的：探讨良性胆道疾病再次手术的原因及对策。方法：对1988年6月至1998年6月十年间收治的119例良性胆道疾病再次手术病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：119例中接受2次手术者78例（65．55％），3次者30例（25．21％），4次以上者11例（9．24％），死亡4例（3．36％），初次手术方式，开腹胆囊切除术61例（51．26％），胆囊切除加胆总管探查术35例（29．41％），胆肠吻合术15例（12．61％），腹腔镜胆囊切除术8例（6．72％），再次手术的原因，残留或复发结石占首位，共43例（36．13％），胆管损伤或损伤性狭窄32例（26．98％），残留胆囊炎或伴结石23例（19．33％），胆肠吻合口狭窄13例（10．92％），Oddi括约肌狭窄4例（3．36％），其他原因4例（3．36％），结论：良性胆道疾病再次手术的对策；（1）提高术前确诊率，通过各种影像学及造影检查，详细了解胆道系统情况。（2）术中全面细致检查，充分运用胆道镜，胆道造影及术中B超检查，选择合理的术式，降低残石率。（3）根据胆道的损伤类型，合理把握初次手术时机，成形后的肝管空肠端侧Roux-en-Y吻合术是胆道重建术的最佳选择。     

小切口胆囊电切术4200例临床分析

目的 探讨小切口胆囊切除术治疗胆囊结石的效果。方法 对1991年1月－2000年1月采用小切口胆囊切除术治疗的4200例临床资料回顾性分析,并将不同手术操作者引起并发症进行比较。结果 4200例全部治愈,发生严重并发症41例（0．98％）;其中术中出血4例（0．09％）,胆道损伤18例（0．43％）,应激性溃疡8例（0．19％）,残余胆管结石11例（0．26％）。结论 小切口胆囊切除术具有创伤小,出血少、手术时间短、术后肠功能恢复快、住院医疗费用低等优点。但在手术过程中,不同手术操作者引起手术并发症有明显的差异,应强调预防并发症的重要性。     

医源性胆道损伤的治疗经验与教训

医源性胆道损伤均发生在上腹部手术，以胆道手术时最多，是胆道外科中的严重并发症，近年来发病率呈上升趋势。其发生率国外文献报道0．07％～0．5％，国内报道0．78％。本文总结1984～2006年间发生的9例胆道损伤中的经验教训，报告如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆道并发症的多学科治疗

腹腔镜胆囊切除术在英国已于1990年起列为症状性胆结石的推荐治疗方法，但前瞻性研究报告胆道并发症为开放手术年代的4～8倍，其发生机理和损伤性质与开放手术中发生的也不尽相同。复习伦敦皇家自由医院于1992～1995年期间发生腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆道并发症资料，包括ERCP和经皮经肝胆道造影（PTC）的数据。共有胆道并发症18例。在英格兰和威尔士、苏格兰和芬兰其发生率为0．3％～0．8％，欧洲和美国大组报道的发生率分别为0．33％和0．25％。在上述18例中，8和10例分别由会诊医生和高年资外科训练者施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的。3例…     

医源性胆道损伤的预防及处理

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的原因、预防及处理方法。方法 对1990年1月至2005年10月南雄市人民医院和北京军区总医院收治的31例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果开腹胆囊切除、胆总管探查及腹腔镜胆囊切除是医源性胆道损伤的主要原因，占87．1％（27／31）。31例均行手术治疗，共行胆道重建修复手术41例次，其中行2次手术5例，3次以上（含3次）3例。29例随访3个月至7年。疗效优良率达82．8％。结论医源性胆道损伤常见于胆囊切除术。熟悉胆道解剖及变异、严格掌握手术指征、术中肝外三管的辨认是预防医源性胆道损伤的关键。根据损伤的时间及类型采取相应的处理方法，早期发现和及时正确的处理对预后十分重要，胆管空肠Roux—en—Y内引流术是目前最常用且疗效肯定的胆道重建方法。     

医源性胆道损伤的处理

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤的防治方法。方法 对1990年3月－2000年9月收治的118例医源性胆道损伤资料进行回顾性分析。结果 胆囊切除时胆囊三角区解剖不清是医源性胆道损伤发生的主要原因,占50．8％（60／118）。医源性胆道损伤的诊断主要依赖于临床症状、体征、腹部穿刺和影像学检查,其中B超诊断率可达93．2％（110／118）。按损伤部位作者将其分为6个类型,临床上以肝总管和胆总管部分切除的损伤类型（Ⅲ型）多见,占83．9％（99／118）。根据损伤类型而选择相应的外科手术中明显提高治愈率,本组治愈率达100％（118／118）。结论 胆囊切除时遵循“辨、切、辨”三字原则是预防医源性胆道损伤的关键,损伤类型则决定手术方式的选择。     

医源性胆管损伤13例处理体会

医源性胆管损伤系指医生在行上腹部手术时因操作不慎而造成的肝外胆管的损伤，发病率约为0．1％～0．5％，但近年来随着胆道外科的普遍开展，尤其是腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）及小切口胆囊切除术（MC）的推广应用，我国发病率呈上升趋势。自1998年3月至2008年3月，我院共收治医源性胆管损伤13例，现对相关资料进行分析，就其处理对策报告如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆管损伤围手术期处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆管损伤围手术期的处理方法。方法分析我院1989年1月至2005年6月收治的38例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆管损伤的临床资料，结合随访结果总结有关围手术期处理方面的经验。结果38例胆道重建包括胆肠吻合术29例和对端吻合及胆管修补术9例，术后均放置胆道支撑管；术后发生胆瘘5例（13．15％），切口感染4例（10．52％），腹腔积液3例（7．89％）。胆道引流管3～4周内拔除31例；5～6周拔除7例。随诊6个月～15年，平均93个月，33例（86．84％）手术效果良好，5例（13．16％）术后吻合口狭窄，其中3例再次手术治愈，2例经十二指肠镜介入球囊扩张好转。结论胆管损伤宜术中及时发现和合理的处理；胆管损伤导致严重腹腔感染应尽早探查引流择期再行胆道重建术；胆道重建术后吻合口再狭窄处理前须获得满意的影像学检查结果；是否胆管重建术后常规放置支撑管和通过介入方法行胆管扩张治疗胆道狭窄的疗效有待进一步研究。     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合669例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术的临床经验。方法1992年3月～2006年12月，我院实施腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合术669例（胆道镜取石术，液电碎石术，胆道狭窄扩张术，经胆囊管引流术，胆道内支架术）。结果手术成功643例（96．1％），胆漏17例（2．5％）经内镜鼻导管引流和腹腔引流治愈，胆道轻度狭窄2例（0．3％）无临床表现未处理，残余结石4例（0．5％）经术后内镜取石治愈，细导管滑脱2例（0．3％）经再次手术治愈，晚期胰头癌死亡1例（0．1％）。581例随访6～48个月，平均25．6月，无胆漏、胆管狭窄、胆道出血发生。结论严格掌握手术适应证，选择合适的病例，腹腔镜下胆总管探查一期缝合安全、有效、可行。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.