基于视觉的MAG焊接熔池的标定

焊接熔池几何尺寸能够在一定程度上反映熔透信息,准确可靠的检测出熔池几何尺寸,对于实现熔透控制具有重要的意义.在MAC(metal active gas)焊中,由于熔敷金属在试件表面堆积,使熔池表面与试件上表面形成一定的倾角,导致基于视觉传感器检测到的熔池长度尺寸出现了误差.文中分析了产生误差的原因,给出了修正误差的方法,并从熔池侧面测量了熔池表面的倾角.根据测量得到的数据,对从熔池正前方检测到的熔池长度尺寸进行了修正,得到了较准确的熔池长度.     

大厚板双面双TIG电弧打底焊熔池成形特性

采用视觉图像监测法对新开发的双面双TIG电弧错位同步打底焊熔池成形特性进行了研究.结果表明,根部预留间隙是保证打底焊根部熔合的有效措施,可以实现大厚板不清根焊接.脉冲TIG焊是大厚板打底焊的优选方法,峰值期间电弧熔化能力强,坡口根部两侧边缘熔化良好.基值期间熔池迅速凝固,防止了下淌.双TIG电弧错位同步打底焊时,后电弧的加入导致两弧之间工件高温区增加,前电弧熔池拉长.焊缝宏观金相显示母材充分熔化,没有侧壁未熔合,焊缝正表面成形圆滑过渡,没有气孔、裂纹、夹渣、咬边等成形缺陷.     

TIG焊接熔透熔池的数学模型

根据流体力学理论和变分法原理，推导出了熔透情况下ＴＩＧ焊接熔池上表面和下表面变形的方程，建立了ＴＩＧ焊接熔透熔池流场与热场的数值分析模型，采用非正交贴体曲线坐标系成功地处理了熔池表面的曲面边界，将熔透情况下熔池上下表面变形的计算，与熔池流场与热场的计算相结合，不仅较好地计算出熔池的流场与热场，同时求得了焊接熔池的上下表面变形。焊接工艺试验表明，根据该模型计算的焊缝成形与试验测试结果吻合程度良好。     

电子束扫描横焊薄铌板的熔池动力学行为

在电子束焊接过程中,金属液体蒸发的反冲压力、表面张力、重力等驱动力共同作用于熔池,对焊缝成形有显著影响. 在扫描横焊的情况下,电子束作用范围的扫描摆动和重力方向的旋转使熔池的动力学行为变得更复杂. 采用试验和数值计算方法对电子束扫描横焊薄铌板的熔池形态和凝固后熔合区形貌进行研究,数值模拟得到的熔池形态和熔合区形状与试验结果吻合. 熔池流场分析结果表明,半熔透熔池的驱动力主要为液态金属蒸发引发的反冲压力;全熔透熔池的上表面Marangoni流动占主导,表面张力与反冲压力共同作为熔池流动的驱动力;重力与焊接扫描共同作用使得熔池两侧的质量分布和流场分布不对称,造成了焊缝两侧熔合线的不对称.     

周期超声对铝合金TIG焊缝成形影响机制分析

超声可以影响铝合金TIG焊熔池结晶与焊缝成形,文中对超声场下铝锂合金TIG焊缝成形的机制进行了分析.文中分析了超声作用下焊缝宏观形貌及熔池上表面振动的变化,并通过有限元分析了超声对熔池流动的影响.周期超声使焊缝出现周期性的凸起,焊缝熔宽有变小趋势.超声使熔池上表面振动幅度增大,周期超声使熔池上表面产生周期性的振动.对焊缝周期性凸起产生的机制进行分析.结果表明,声流使熔池流动速度增大,熔池边缘熔体流动状态变化,熔池凝固后在熔池边缘产生凸起.周期超声周期性地影响熔池的流动及凝固,因此熔池边缘产生周期性凸起.     

Prediction of weld penetration extent in GTAW

The governing equations of surface-deformation in fully-penetrated GTA W weld pool are derived. The solution scheme of the Lagrange multiplier, which makes the top sutface-deformation equation be coupled with that for the bottomsurface of a single weld pool, is given out. Through numerical analysis of weld pool surface-deformation in GTA W,it is found that there is clear correlation between the penetration extent and the Lagrange multiplier, in addition to the relationship between the penetration extent and the maximum depression and hump as well as the depressed volume of the top surface of weld pool. It lays good foundation for top-side sensing based weld penetration control.     

Study on heat source model in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool

The heat input from arcs to weld pool in twin-arc gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with a common weld pool is investigated by high-speed photography. The characteristics of arc shapes and droplet transfer are studied and then the models for heat flux distribution on top surface of weld pool and enthalpy distribution of metal droplets transferred into weld pool are established. By using the model, 3-D geometries of weld pools in twin-arc GMAW with a common weld pool are predicted. Corresponding welding experiments on mild steel plates are carried out and the results indicate that the predicted shape of weld bead on cross section shows good agreement with measured one.     

On the mechanism of porosity formation during welding of titanium alloys

The mechanism of porosity formation during the fusion welding of titanium and its alloys is studied. Porosity formed during the electron beam welding of titanium is characterized using high-resolution X-ray tomography, residual gas analysis and metallographic sectioning; the results confirm that porosity formation is associated with evolution of gas, especially hydrogen. A model for hydrogen diffusion-controlled bubble growth is proposed, to aid in the interpretation of these findings. To investigate further the effect of hydrogen on porosity formation, hydrogen charging is used to achieve different hydrogen levels prior to welding. The results confirm that porosity can be suppressed even at every high hydrogen levels, when welding is carried out with optimized welding parameters and perfect joint alignment; on the other hand, porosity is exacerbated when a small beam offset is employed. This is because any beam offset alters the size of the liquid zone at the melting front, where the joint edges first become melted. It is proposed that the thickness of the liquid film at the melting front is crucial for bubble nucleation and bubble survival in the weld pool; bubbles can escape through the keyhole by breaking through this liquid film, when it is too thin. This challenges the common assumption of bubble escape by flotation to the weld pool surface. Thus the nucleation rate in the liquid zone at the melting front determines the likelihood of porosity occurring. This suggests that the beam offset is likely to be one factor influencing porosity formation in these circumstances. The paper provides fundamental insights into the mechanism of porosity formation during the welding of titanium alloys and guidance to aid in its elimination.     

Influence of molten metal flow on undercutting formation in GMAW

Molten metal flow on weld pool surface in gas metal arc welding process is investigated using a vision-based sensing system and an interpolation algorithm. Bead formation is investigated by analysing flow patterns and its driving forces of weld pool under different welding speed, welding current and shielding gas. Results show that if longitudinal to transverse velocity ratio exceeds 2.0 in the front of weld pool, outward molten metal mainly driven by arc force cannot reach the widest section of the weld pool. Meanwhile, the transverse spreading of molten metal is still hindered in the middle of weld pool as it turns to be inward flow dominated by Marangoni force. These phenomena impede molten metal supply to weld toes which causes undercutting defect. Scaling analysis shows that the predicted undercutting defect agrees well with that resulted from experiments.     

全熔透GTAW熔池表面变形数值分析精度的改进

针对全熔透GTAW熔池表面变形数值模型存在的熔池上、下表面变形耦合作用不确定、重力势能项不完善的问题,做出了相应的改进.以完备的全熔透熔池上、下表面变形方程为基础,基于精度更高的熔池形状数值分析结果,计算和讨论了GTAW焊接不锈钢和低碳钢的焊接过程达到准稳态时熔池上表面和下表面的变形,并对计算结果给予了试验验证.解决了已有文献中熔透熔池表面变形计算值偏小的问题,提高了熔池表面变形的数值分析精度.     

焊丝熔化方式对激光焊接过程的影响

研究了两种焊丝熔化方法(电弧预熔丝激光焊、激光填丝焊)激光焊接过程对匙孔稳定性以及焊缝成形的影响,进一步研究了焊丝熔化方法对焊接接头质量的影响,并对比分析了两种焊丝熔化方式对焊接速度的适应性. 结果表明,电弧预熔丝激光焊过程中,熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化不大,匙孔较为稳定;激光填丝焊方法由于熔化的液态金属距离匙孔边缘很近,焊接过程中熔池表面匙孔开口尺寸变化较大,而且容易出现熔池表面匙孔的闭合. 与激光填丝焊相比,电弧预熔丝激光焊熔化的焊丝端部可以沿熔池边缘流入,与匙孔边缘的距离较远,匙孔稳定性较好,焊缝气孔数量较少. 当焊接速度为8 m/min时,电弧预熔丝激光焊的焊缝成形良好;而激光填丝焊焊缝背面成形不连续,并且出现了未焊透的缺陷.     

外加横向磁场对304不锈钢焊接熔池影响机理分析

为了改善焊缝成形及提高焊接零件组织和性能,文中采用有限元法对外加磁场作用下的304不锈钢焊接熔池进行电磁场和热流场之间的耦合分析,得到了有无外加横向磁场作用下熔池内液态金属流动的速度矢量分布. 结果表明,外加磁场使熔池横截面最大流速分布由单一的熔池中心中部改为熔池中心上表面略靠下和熔池底部;熔池纵截面最大流速由首尾端漩涡交汇处改为沿两个漩涡流动方向较均匀分布,这是由于电磁压力抵消了部分表面张力,使表面张力的作用位置更靠近熔池中心位置. 在304不锈钢上进行堆焊试验,焊道横截面组织形貌证实了上述模拟结果.     

Modeling analysis of hybrid laser-arc welding of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys

Heat transfer and dynamic fluid flow have been calculated to predict hybrid laser-arc weld pool geometry by establishing a three-dimensional numerical model. Based on previous analytical methods, a mathematical model and a general procedure are extended for calculating the fraction of misoriented stray grains in hybrid laser-arc welds. Solidification microstructures in hybrid welds in single-crystal materials are evaluated by combining the crystallographic orientation of growing dendrites with the solidification front orientation that is derived from a geometric model of the dendritic growth pattern. It is shown that finer dendrite arm spacing is always found near the solid–liquid boundary of the top side of the weld or weld root, and the coarsest dendritic microstructure occurs in the center of the weld crown. It is also found that a higher welding speed and a lower arc current or laser power are beneficial to the minimization of stray-grain formation. Calculated weld geometries are compared to previous experimental work, and calculated dendrite arm spacing agrees reasonably well with the experimental result.     

Analytical thermal model of conduction mode double sided arc welding

Abstract

An analytical thermal model of conduction mode double sided arc welding (DSAW) has been derived and used to predict the weld pool dimensions and shapes and temperatures within 2˙5 and 1˙15 mm thick AA5182 Al alloy sheets as functions of the primary DSAW parameters. Separate Gaussian distributed arc heat sources from a plasma arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding torch were assumed to act on the top and bottom surfaces of the sheets. There was excellent correlation between observed and predicted DSAW weld pool dimensions and shapes provided that suitable values for arc efficiencies and distribution coefficients for the two separate arcs were used in the model. The model is capable of predicting weld pool dimensions and shapes of both full and partial penetration conduction mode DSAW welds made in Al alloy sheet, the welding speed at which there is a transition from full to partial penetration welding and the speed above which no melting occurs.     

电子束定点焊接304不锈钢熔池流动行为数值模拟

基于电子束焊接过程的传热与受力物理过程分析,建立相应模型,对电子束定点焊接304不锈钢的温度场与流场进行数值模拟,研究电子束焊接熔池流动行为及焊缝成形规律.结果表明,电子束加热阶段,熔池上表面温度梯度达到106 K/m,熔池表面峰值温度高,在沸点温度附近波动,强烈的金属蒸汽反作用力成为熔池流动的主要作用力,促使熔池中心下凹并不断波动,熔池冷却凝固阶段,金属蒸汽反作用力下降,熔池金属表面张力梯度引起的Marangoni对流成为熔池金属流动主要驱动力,促使焊缝表面熔宽增大,熔池凝固后焊缝上表面宽度为1.9 mm,中心处宽度为1.6 mm,下表面宽度为1.8 mm.     

激光选区熔化成形TC4钛合金表面粘粉及残余应力研究

采用激光选区熔化成形技术制备了TC4钛合金试样,检测分析了试样的表面粘粉现象及表面残余应力分布状态。在保证熔池充分熔化的前提下,减少熔池热输入可有效缓解成形件表面的粘粉现象。成形件沿生长方向存在较大的拉伸残余应力,易导致层间剥离,应通过后续热处理减小残余应力累积。     

Problems of Pore Formation in Welded Joints of Titanium Alloys

Special features of formation of the connection zone in front of the front of molten pool and changes in the macro- and microstructure of the weld metal are considered for conditions of fusion welding of titanium alloys on an example of pseudo-α-titanium alloy VT20.Ways for forming macrotexture on the surface of joined preforms are determined with the aim of obtaining weld metal with structure and properties close to those of the base metal. __________ Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 7, pp. 30 – 37, July, 2005.     

电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面形态影响的数值模拟

在建立TIG焊接熔池液面三维形状模型基础上,对电弧力作用于熔池液面进行了表征,采用Surface Evolver有限元分析软件进行数值模拟,研究了电弧力对TIG焊接熔池液面三维形态的影响.得到了有电弧作用时,熔池的三维形态和熔池各液面参数随电弧力大小变化的规律.结果表明,在熔池形状一定时(正面、背面熔化区域半径和板厚一定),电弧力的作用深度增加会引起熔池上、下液面和固液面的表面积均增加,其中电弧力的大小对TIG焊接熔池的上液面影响程度大于下液面.这些分析结果为探讨TIG焊接熔池的各类问题提供了基础.     

电弧焊接焊缝偏差方法研究

焊缝跟踪技术是自动电弧焊接的一个重要研究领域,实现精确的焊缝跟踪对于提高焊接质量具有非常重要的作用。而要实现精确的焊缝跟踪,焊缝偏差(即焊缝中心与电弧的偏差)检测技术是一个关键。通过图像处理技术,选取熔池图像处理区域(包括熔池前端与熔池前端部份焊缝),并将熔池图像质心作为分析焊缝偏差的特性参量,研究利用熔池特性参数来建立焊缝偏差测量视觉模型的方法。     

TIG电弧活性化焊接现象和机理研究(3)--活性化TIG焊接中的熔池表面张力测定

利用熔池振荡及熔池谐振信号的检测,以熔池自身固有振荡频率与熔池尺寸的内在关系测定熔池金属表面张力,研究了薄板ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢ＴＩＧ焊不同熔池尺寸的表面张力变化以及活性剂对熔池表面张力的影响。实验研究方法为焊接熔池表面张力测定中的最初应用。