小浪底水库初期动用方式研究

在适当控制肖水冲刷强度、避免宽河段河势发生较大变化的前提下，从有利于下尤其是艾山可道的减淤、恢复主槽行洪能力、改善当前下游河道不利的防洪局面出发，论证了小氏水库起始运行水位淤满前的运用方式。推荐起始运行水位采用２１０，２０００年采用２０５ｍ。调控上限流量采用２６００ｍ＾３／ｓ，调控库容采用８亿ｍ＾３。     

小浪底水库拦沙初期调控库容分析论证

根据小浪底水库的开发任务、初期水库输沙规律及黄河下游河道的演变规律，对初期运用满足防淤减淤、供水发电要求所需要的调控库容进行了分析，比较了不同调控库容调水、水库淤积、下游河道减淤２及断面形态调整、发电的效果。认为当调控上限流量采用２６００ｍ＾３／ｓ时，调控库容采用８亿ｍ＾３；当调控上限流量采用３７００ｍ＾３／ｓ时，调控库容采用１３亿ｍ＾３，可较好地满足防洪减淤２和供水发电需要。     

小浪底水库拦沙初期调控流量分析论证

根据黄河下游河道冲淤特性，从减淤角度出发，分析了小浪底水库初期运用的上限及下限调控流量。对得出的调控流量从下游河产可势及工程险情，下游河这减淤效果、水库的淤积发展及综合效益４个方面作了进一步的论证，经综合比选，水库拦沙初期，调控下限流量采用８００ｍ＾３／ｓ调控上限流量采用２６００ｍ＾３／ｓ。以后随首下河道冲刷的发展、河势的调整及整治工程的建设，在条件适宜时，调控上限一可采用３７００ｍ＾３／ｓ，以适     

小浪底水库初期运用方式研究

在控制河南河段滩岸坍塌、河势变化及整治工程险情的前提下，从有利于下游尤其是山东河段的减淤出发，论证了小浪底水库2000年减淤调度运用的关键调控指标，推荐起始运行水位采用205m，调控上限流量采用2600m3/s，调控库容采用8亿m3。分析了2000年遇不同水沙条件时库区淤积变幅及下游河道清水冲刷风险。     

小浪底水库2000年调水调沙调度预案

按照以防洪减淤为主的开发任务，小浪底水库７月１１日－９月３０日平水期实行调水调沙运用。水库调节使出库流量两极分化，尽可能避免花园口断面出现８００－２６００ｍ＾３／ｓ对艾山凤下河道减淤不利的流量，利用大水输沙，提高下淤河道尤其是艾山以下河道的防洪减淤效益。     

黄河水资源利用现状,预测及对策

人民治黄以来，黄河流域修建了大量的蓄，引，提水工程，为黄河水资源的开发利用创造了良好的条件，１９９０年流域工农业总引用水４７８亿ｍ＾３其中地下水１１４亿ｍ＾３，河川水３６４亿ｍ＾３，用水量最多的是农业灌溉，工业及生活用水比重较小，据分析，２０００年水平全流域总需水量６４０亿ｍ＾３年供水量为６２０亿ｍ＾３，缺水２０亿ｍ＾３，２０１０年水平全流域总需水量为７２３亿ｍ＾３，在满足下游输水入海用水条件下，     

在海潮涨落情况下开挖胜利河的施工方法

在海潮涨落情况下开挖胜利河的施工方法傅崇宽（乐清市胜利塘围垦工程指挥部）一、情况简述从公利问到胜利闸河段称之谓胜利河。胜利河面宽４６ｍ，底宽２５ｍ，边坡１：３，纵坡１：２０００．挖深３．６０ｍ，挖方工程量９．４６万ｍ３，回淤及台毁土方量３．２３万ｍ３...     

小浪底水库拦沙期减淤运用方式探讨

小浪底水库运用方式不同于一般水库的特点在于它的减淤２调节，它吸取了三门峡水库的经验教训，采用逐步抬高汛期运用水位，以有利于山东河道减淤为目标，汛期调节出库流量集中于６００ｍ＾２／ｓ、２５００～４０００ｍ＾３／ｓ两级流量。洪水是黄河来沙与下游河道淤积的主体，为使水库多拦对下游有害的粗泥沙、多排对下游无害的细泥沙，可采取拦粗排细的运用方式，即根据水情预报，当出现流量大于２５００ｍ＾２／ｓ的洪水时，提前     

黄河小浪底水利枢纽设计若干问题的研究与实践

黄河小浪底水利本世纪是以防洪，防凌、减淤为主，兼顾供水，灌溉，发电的多目标兴利工程，是黄河下游治理的控制性骨干工程，枢纽坝高１５４ｍ，水库总库容１２６．５亿ｍ＾；枢纽吉年一遇洪水４０００ｍ＾３／ｓ设计，万年一遇洪水５２３００ｍ＾３／ｓ校核；按水库减少运行要求，在非常死水位２２０ｍ时２总泄流能力不小于７００ｍ＾３／ｓ。     

河龙区间南片水土保持措施减洪减沙效益分析

根据流域实测水文泥沙及近期土地调查，淤地坝普查资料，对黄河中游河龙区间南片水土保持措施减洪减沙效益进行了计算分析。水文法分析结果表明，１９７０￣１９９６年减洪总量３２．８亿ｍ＾３，减常水总量６．４３亿ｍ＾３，减洪沙总量２０．０７亿；水保法分析结果表明，１９７０￣１９９６年减洪总量２６．０２亿ｍ＾３，减洪沙总量１１．５７亿ｔ。     

Foraging mechanisms of age-0 lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Reaction distances under various light intensities (0-19 uE/m2/s), angles of attack, swimming speeds, and percentage of overall foraging success were measured. Extensive efforts have been invested in restoring lean lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, but successful natural recruitment of lake trout continues to be rare outside of Lake Superior and parts of Lake Huron. There is evidence of high mortality during the first several months after eggs hatch in the spring, but little is known about the foraging mechanisms of this age-0 life stage. We developed a foraging model for age-0 lake trout (S. namaycush) in response to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and mysids (Mysis diluviana) by simulating underwater environmental conditions in the Great Lakes using a temperature-controlled chamber and spectrally matched lighting. Reaction distances under various light intensities (0–19 uE/m²/s), angles of attack, swimming speeds, and percentage of overall foraging success were measured. Intake rates under different light intensities and prey densities were also measured. Age-0 lake trout were non-responsive in the dark, but were equally responsive under all light levels tested. Age-0 lake trout also demonstrated a longer reaction distance in response to moving prey, particularly mysids, which had an escape response that reduced overall foraging success. We determined that prey intake rate (numeric or biomass) could be modeled most accurately as a function of prey density using a Michaelis–Menton equation and that even under low mysid densities (3 individuals/m²), age-0 lake trout could quickly satisfy their energetic demands in a benthic setting.     

In situ assessment of lampricide toxicity to age-0 lake sturgeon

The lampricides 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and 2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide (niclosamide) are used to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an invasive species in the Great Lakes. Age-0 lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), a species of conservation concern, share similar stream habitats with larval sea lampreys and these streams can be targeted for lampricide applications on a 3- to 5-year cycle. Previous laboratory research found that lake sturgeon smaller than 100 mm could be susceptible to lampricide treatments. We conducted stream-side toxicity (bioassay) and in situ studies in conjunction with 10 lampricide applications in nine Great Lakes tributaries to determine whether sea lamprey treatments could result in in situ age-0 lake sturgeon mortality, and developed a logistic model to help predict lake sturgeon survival during future treatments. In the bioassays the observed concentrations where no lake sturgeon mortality occurred (no observable effect concentration, NOEC) were at or greater than the observed sea lamprey minimum lethal concentration (MLC or LC99) in 7 of 10 tests. We found that the mean in situ survival of age-0 lake sturgeon during 10 lampricide applications was 80%, with a range of 45–100% survival within streams. Modeling indicated that in age-0 lake sturgeon survival was negatively correlated with absolute TFM concentration and stream alkalinity, and positively correlated with stream pH and temperature. Overall survival was higher than expected based on previous research, and we expect that these data will help managers with decisions on the trade-offs between sea lamprey control and the effect on stream-specific populations of age-0 lake sturgeon.     

等应变连续加载k_0固结试验研究

采用等应变连续加载试验方法,对西安地铁二号线原状黄土进行了k0固结试验。通过试验数据的分析可知静止土压力系数k0随含水率增大而增大,割线模量随轴向应力的增大,表现为先减小后增大的变化趋势。研究表明:由于原状土的结构性影响,割线模量的变化可以分为加荷瞬间割线模量最大、荷载增大割线模量减小、超过硬化荷载后割线模量增大这三个阶段,在此基础上得出黄土地基沉降量计算公式。     

The effect of Fe(0) on electrokinetic remediation of clay contaminated with perchloroethylene.

The present paper was to investigate the effect of Fe(0) reaction barrier position and Fe(0) quantity on the remediation efficiency and electrokinetic performances of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) contaminated clay under potential gradient of 2 V/cm for 5 days. The Fe(0) reaction barrier was composed of 2 to approximately 16 g of Fe(0) mixed with Ottawa sand in a ratio of 1: 2. Its positions were respectively located at the anode, the middle, and the cathode end of the electrokinetic cell. Results showed that a relatively higher remediation of 66% of PCE was found as the Fe(0) reaction barrier located at the cathode side, which corresponded to a factor 2.4 times greater than that in the EK system alone (27.0%). As the Fe(0) quantity increased to 16 g, a highest remediation efficiency of 90.7% was found. It was concluded that the PCE removal in the EK/Fe(0) system was dominated by Fe(0) quantity rather than the Fe(0) reaction barrier position. As more Fe(0) existed in the EK system, a higher electroosmosis flow, higher permeability, and lower soil pH after treatment were found. The cost analyses were also investigated in this research.     

新疆和田与陕西西安的ET_O的比较

对干旱区和半湿润区的参考作物蒸散量ET0进行比较。本文采用世界粮农组织(FAO)推荐的Penman-Monteith PM公式(1974)计算得到新疆和田和陕西西安站1956～2005年的逐日ET0序列。将逐日ET0序列统计得到月序列、季序列、年序列,分析了两站的年和四季ET0的长期变化及ET0的年内变化;对年和四季ET0量值进行了影响因素分析。和田和西安的ET0的年内变化和年际变化均呈下降趋势,但是和田的ET0下降趋势不显著,西安的ET0下降趋势显著;气象因素对和田和西安的ET0的影响是相似的,但是日照时数对和田地区的ET0影响比对西安地区的ET0影响弱。     

Multi-year evidence of unbiased sex ratios in hatchery and wild-reared age-0 lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)

Assessment of population sex ratios allows managers to forecast recruitment dynamics and loss of genetic diversity in natural populations and is important when the focal population is in low abundance and subject to demographic stochasticity. If levels of natural or artificial selection differ for males and females and levels of mortality likewise vary, lower levels of population recruitment, loss of genetic diversity, and genetic drift can occur. Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are a species of conservation concern, where restoration efforts increasingly rely on hatchery supplementation. Raising larvae to the juvenile stage can increase survival during important early life stages; however, knowledge is lacking concerning effects of artificial rearing environments on differential sex-specific survival before release. We genetically determined the sex of 1459 age-0 lake sturgeon from three cohorts (2016 through 2018) using PCR assays of the ALLWSex2 acipenserid sexing marker. Sexed individuals represented three groups: (1) wild-captured dispersing larvae that died during hatchery rearing, (2) wild-captured dispersing larvae that survived hatchery rearing to release, and (3) wild-captured, wild-raised age-0 individuals. Sex ratios of wild-captured larvae (dead + live) were nearly 50:50 in all years surveyed. We observed slight, but non-significant, directionality in sex ratios in the live and dead hatchery-reared larvae and in wild-captured age-0 individuals. Genetic sexing methods allow for analyses during prolonged pre-reproductive periods and associated variable environmental and demographic circumstances, in situations where physical determination of sex is not possible.     

K0应力条件下砂土小应变剪切模量研究

利用带弯曲元波速测试的三轴仪对不同密实度下饱和丰浦砂进行了侧向静止土压力系数K₀固结试验,旨在得出丰浦砂在不同密实度下K₀值,并通过弯曲元波速测试计算K₀固结条件下饱和砂的小应变剪切模量。研究表明:随着砂土密实度的增加,K₀变小。同时,确定了K₀固结下砂土的小应变剪切模量G₀随有效围压和密实度的变化,并确定了G₀预测公式中的参数A和n的值。基于试验成果,进一步尝试建立了丰浦砂K₀系数和其小应变剪切模量G₀的关系。     

Effects of river discharge on abundance and instantaneous growth of age‐0 carpsuckers in the Oconee River,Georgia, USA

The Oconee River in middle Georgia, U.S.A., has been regulated by the Sinclair Dam since 1953. Since then, the habitat of the lower Oconee River has been altered and the river has become more incised. The altered environmental conditions of the Oconee River may limit the success of various fish populations. Some obligate riverine fishes may be good indicator species for assessing river system integrity because they are intolerant to unfavourable conditions. For example, many sucker species require clean gravel for feeding and reproduction. Further, age‐0 fishes are more vulnerable than adults to flow alterations because of their limited ability to react to such conditions. In this study, we investigated the relationship between abundance and growth of age‐0 carpsuckers to river discharge in the Oconee River. A beach seine was used to collect age‐0 carpsuckers (Carpiodes spp.) from littoral zones of the lower Oconee River from May through July of 1995 to 2001. Regression models were used to assess whether 12 river discharge categories (e.g. peak, low, seasonal flows) influenced age‐0 carpsucker abundance or instantaneous growth. Our analysis indicated that abundance of age‐0 carpsuckers was significantly negatively related to number of days river discharge was >85 m³ s^?1(r² = 0.61, p = 0.04). Estimates of instantaneous growth ranged from 0.10 to 0.90. Instantaneous growth rates were significantly positively related to summer river discharge (r² = 0.95, p <0.01). These results suggest that (1) moderate flows during spawning and rearing are important for producing strong‐year classes of carpsuckers, and (2) river discharge is variable among years, with suitable flows for strong year‐classes of carpsuckers occurring every few years. River management should attempt to regulate river discharge to simulate historic flows typical for the region when possible. Such an approach is best achieved when regional climatic conditions are considered. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纳米级零价铁修复重金属污染水体的研究进展

近几年的研究表明,纳米级零价铁材料成为目前环境污染修复技术中一个非常活跃的研究领域。本文介绍了纳米级零价铁去除水体中重金属污染物的种类、反应动力学和机理,总结了当前几种比较简便实用的纳米铁制备和稳定化处理方法及纳米铁在环境修复中应用研究的热点和最新进展。最后,探讨了目前纳米铁在水体重金属污染修复研究和实际应用中存在的问题和研究方向,以期为我国重金属污染水体修复技术的开发提供借鉴。     

水利水电工程设计概算标准软件(V3.0)简介

通过对水利水电工程设计概算软件（V3．0）的调试和使用，详细描述该软件的编制、操作环境、结构、内容及使用特点，以方便广大用户正确使用该软件。