水下爆炸特性的一维球对称数值研究

 应用数值模拟方法对水下爆炸产生的诸如气泡脉动规律、脉动周期、水中冲击波压力的变化等特性进行了研究。给出了不同装药水下爆炸产生的气泡半径脉动的一些规律、脉动周期变化规律、气泡与水交界面处的压力曲线、爆炸产生的水中冲击波压力和速度的变化等结果。     

铝氧比对含铝炸药水下爆炸载荷及能量输出结构的影响

为了系统地研究铝氧比对含铝炸药水下爆炸载荷及能量输出结构的影响,在验证数值模型有效性的基础上,针对铝氧比分别为0、0.16、0.36、0.63的RDX基含铝炸药,利用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日方法模拟了其水下爆炸连续的全过程,考虑了冲击波载荷和气泡载荷之间的耦合作用,从冲击波、气泡和能量输出结构三方面对影响效应进行评估。计算结果表明:随着铝氧比的增大,含铝炸药水下爆炸冲击波衰减时间常数、冲击波冲量、气泡脉动周期、气泡最大半径以及比气泡能都增大;铝氧比为0.36时,冲击波峰值压力、冲击波能流密度和比冲击波能达到最大。铝粉的加入对气泡能的提高相对于冲击波能更加显著。     

含铝炸药水下爆炸性能的实验研究

对RS211、HL-1、HL-2这3种含铝炸药和TNT炸药进行了水下爆炸实验,测量了4种炸药水下爆炸冲击波压力剖面和气泡脉动周期,获得了4种炸药水下爆炸冲击波的峰值超压、冲量、能量和气泡能。实验结果表明,在所研究的范围内,与TNT炸药相比,含铝炸药的冲击波能量有明显增加,约为TNT炸药的1.20～1.35倍,气泡能有显著增加,约为TNT炸药的1.50～2.30倍,表明在炸药中加入铝粉对于提高炸药水中爆炸威力是有益的。     

高铝含量铝箔膜炸药与铝粉炸药水下爆炸性能的对比分析

为研究铝箔膜炸药的爆炸性能,将铝箔膜与RDX炸药均匀混合并压制成型,得到高铝含量的铝箔膜炸药,与铝粉炸药形成对比,进行水下爆炸实验。通过实验测得两种炸药在不同距离处的冲击波压力时程,分析冲击波压力峰值、冲量、比冲击波能、气泡脉动周期、比气泡能和总能量等主要参数的差异。研究表明:铝箔膜炸药压力峰值的衰减速率低于铝粉炸药,冲量和比冲击波能与铝粉炸药相当;由于铝箔膜的比表面积比铝粉小,纯度相对较高,气泡脉动周期相对较长,因此铝箔膜炸药的比气泡能乃至总能量均略高于铝粉炸药。     

水下爆炸冲击波数值仿真研究

由于在水下爆炸冲击波的数值仿真研究中,水的状态方程、人工黏性系数和网格尺寸对数值计算结果影响很大,采用常规TNT炸药的水下爆炸为例,以冲击波的峰值压力和比冲量为衡量指标,研究了这3个主要影响因素对数值仿真结果的影响。首先,通过采用常用的5种水的状态方程进行系列仿真,给出了各种状态方程的适用范围;其次,讨论了人工黏性系数对计算结果的影响,并给出了一次与二次人工黏性系数的建议取值范围;最后,通过对不同炸药当量及不同网格尺寸开展系列运算,从而得到不同炸药当量在满足工程计算精度要求下所对应的建议网格尺寸,并得到了不同炸药当量所对应的建议网格尺寸的表达式。     

铝纤维炸药水下爆炸性能研究

将纯铝用熔喷法制成铝纤维添加到炸药中,得到新型非理想混合炸药,通过水中爆炸实验,测试不同位置铝纤维炸药的压力时程曲线。对压力时程曲线进行分析,计算得到水下不同位置铝纤维炸药的冲击波压力峰值、冲量、冲击波能和气泡能。结果表明:铝纤维炸药的压力时程曲线可采用指数函数与双曲线函数进行分段描述,而用正态分布函数拟合气泡脉动压力曲线的效果不理想;铝纤维炸药水下爆炸比气泡能与总能量的比值为52%~58%,说明向基体炸药RDX中添加铝纤维对总能量有影响;总能量与爆热的比值为75%~85%,小于理论近似值(100%),说明铝纤维炸药爆炸时铝纤维反应不完全且破碎铝纤维消耗了一定的能量。     

一种水中爆炸气泡脉动实验研究方法

 在2 m×2 m×2 m的实验水箱中开展小当量PETN炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动实验时,利用弹性波从声阻抗高的物质传入声阻抗低的物质时的“减震缓冲”原理,采用在水箱壁贴低声阻抗材料的方法,有效降低了水箱壁反射冲击波对气泡脉动过程的影响,获得了清晰的气泡脉动过程图像、气泡水射流形成过程图像和气泡脉动压力曲线。将水箱实验结果与8 kg TNT当量爆炸水池实验结果对比,得到的最大相对误差仅为5.1%,验证了水箱实验方法的准确性,为炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动现象研究提供了一种简便有效的实验方法。     

球形炸药的水下爆炸场仿真

水下爆炸过程是一个非常复杂的过程，大体上分为3个阶段：炸药的爆轰、冲击波的传播、气泡脉动。爆炸所产生的冲击波、气泡和脉动水流，都能使目标受到一定程度的破坏。在多数情况下，冲击波的破坏起着决定性的作用，脉动水流和气泡（爆轰产物）一般引起附加的破坏作用。     

刚性柱附近浅水爆炸荷载特性研究

刚性柱附近浅水爆炸时冲击波传播、气泡射流受多种因素影响。考虑水面、水底、刚性柱与水下爆炸冲击波及气泡的耦合作用,基于LS-DYNA有限元软件,建立浅水爆炸全耦合模型,通过经验公式验证有限元模型的正确性。研究表明:采用炸药直径1/3～1/2中心渐变网格能够较好地保证数值模拟精度。在冲击波传播阶段,刚性柱迎爆区冲击波峰值上升并产生切断现象,冲击波下降段被"截断",而背爆区冲击波峰值衰减约50%,同时正压作用时间增加;在气泡脉动阶段,气泡在收缩阶段产生指向刚性柱的气泡射流,当刚性柱与炸药之间的距离约为一个气泡半径时,刚性柱附近的脉冲荷载增幅最大,脉冲荷载最大测点水深较爆心上移。     

爆炸信号中气泡脉动去除方法及其应用

水下爆炸声源激发的声信号包括冲击波和气泡脉动,气泡脉动严重干扰冲击波的传播特性。当气泡脉动的幅度小于冲击波的幅度时,通过对此类混合爆炸信号进行复倒谱分析,提出了基于卷积型的爆炸信号模型的同态解卷积气泡脉动去除方法,其中,针对同态滤波系统中通常采用的“梳状”滤波器会在倒谱的尖峰处产生不连续点的问题,采用了对尖峰附近的采样点进行多项式函数拟合,并根据拟合函数对尖峰采样点插值的改进型滤波方法。数值仿真和实验信号的处理及分析表明,应用该方法可以明显消除爆炸信号自相关曲线中由气泡脉动造成的对称次尖峰,并在信号的时频分布图中再现冲击波的简正波特性。这为进一步利用爆炸声源研究海洋信道的声传递函数和反演海洋环境参数提供了技术途径。      

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.