高应力卸荷条件下砂岩扩容特征及其剪胀角函数

为研究高应力水平条件下岩石卸荷扩容特性及其剪胀角变化规律,开展了若干不同初始围压水平的三轴峰前卸围压试验,同时进行了相应围压水平的常规三轴压缩试验。基于试验成果分析了卸荷应力路径对砂岩扩容的影响效应,总结了卸荷应力路径下剪胀角变化规律,进而提出了基于卸荷应力路径的剪胀角函数,并给出了其数值实现方法,最后通过对三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟,验证了所提出的剪涨角函数的可行性与合理性。研究表明：（1）加载路径时,不同围压水平下峰前扩容体积应变值相差不大,而卸荷应力路径时,随着围压水平的增加,峰前扩容体积应变从最小值3.15×10?3增加到最大值9.65×10?3,卸荷路径下的峰前扩容体积应变约为加载路径的1.1～4.0倍;（2）卸荷应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变基本为0或接近于0,而加载应力路径下偏应力峰值对应的体积应变均为负值;（3）卸荷应力路径条件下峰前扩容体积应变在总扩容体积应变中所占比例显著大于加载路径;（4）两种应力路径下,剪胀角随塑性剪切应变增加均经历了先增加后减小的过程,并且低围压工况下偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角均大于高围压工况;（5）与加载路径相比,卸荷路径下的剪胀角更快达到剪胀角最大值,并且其偏应力峰值对应的剪胀角和最大剪胀角更大;（6）基于砂岩三轴卸荷试验成果,采用线性拟合方法得出了以围压和峰后塑性剪切应变增量为自变量的剪胀角函数,基于该函数与应变软化本构模型的砂岩三轴峰前卸围压试验的数值模拟结果与试验结果吻合较好,表明该函数能较好地描述三轴峰前卸围压条件下砂岩的扩容特性。以上结论可为深部地下工程变形预测、稳定性分析与支护设计提供理论基础。     

锦屏二级水电站大理岩复杂加卸载应力路径力学特性研究

地下洞室开挖围岩经历典型径向卸载、环向加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站高地应力赋存环境,对施工排水洞大理岩开展常规单轴全应变、三轴压缩、卸围压、卸围压-加载轴压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到应力-应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和极限储能变化规律。试验研究结果表明, （1）锦屏二级水电站大理岩破坏时轴向应变一般较小,为硬脆性材料,卸荷应力路径下该脆性特征更为明显;（2）卸围压同时加载轴压试验峰值强度对应轴向应变、环向应变及体积应变值一般高于单纯的卸围压值,而对应峰值强度则一般低于卸围压值;（3）卸荷速率较大时,变形模量越大,大理岩峰值强度越低。加载速率越大,变形模量越小,峰值强度越高。初始围压越高,变形模量值越低,峰值强度越高;（4）无侧限作用时试件主要为张拉破坏,低侧限作用时为剪切破坏为主,局部存在张拉破坏,较高侧限时,剪切面为典型X或Y型;（5）岩石试件具有极限储能值,该值受多种因素的影响。一般情况下试件破坏对应围压越高,极限储能值越高,卸载速率越大,极限储能值越小。研究结果对于岩爆孕育发生机制解释以及工程实际问题的解决均有参考价值。     

两种卸荷路径下泥岩流变特性试验研究

分析岩石流变特性对边坡长期变形稳定性具有十分重要的意义。以贵州省某高速公路为背景,在施工现场取样,设计了恒轴压卸围压与等比例卸围压和轴压两种应力路径下的分级卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明,两种应力路径下泥岩岩样卸荷流变趋势大体一致,破坏应力下岩样的侧向变形迅速增长并超过了轴向变形,侧向扩容较显著;对比恒轴压卸荷,等比例卸荷历时较长,岩样轴向变形虽出现了回弹,但轴向变形量和侧向变形量所占全变形的比例较大,约为恒轴压卸荷的2倍,说明等比例卸载围压和卸轴压应力路径下岩样破坏可预见性更小,但其破坏影响更大。等比例卸荷实验参照实际边坡开挖坡度选取比例设计实验,对实际边坡工程长期稳定性分析极具参考价值。     

基于裂纹体应变的深埋大理岩加、卸荷破坏机制研究

为了弄清深埋硬岩的加、卸荷破坏机制,系统开展了深埋大理岩的常规三轴试验、保持 不变的卸围压试验和变 的卸围压试验等。以裂纹体应变为主要分析变量,结合体应变、等效塑性应变等参量深入分析上述不同应力路径下硬岩的破坏过程。运用裂纹体应变-轴向应变曲线、等效塑性应变-轴向应变曲线和轴向应力-应变曲线来解释岩石破坏过程所产生的现象与规律。结果表明：在裂纹闭合阶段岩样裂纹闭合的变化程度（裂纹体应变改变的大小）可以反映岩石的初始损伤程度;裂纹闭合阶段对岩石弹性模量的计算有重要的影响,需要根据合适的阶段划分,消除裂纹闭合阶段对弹性模量计算的影响,进而得到较为准确的弹性模量;在卸围压点处岩石的可闭合程度突然增加,裂纹体应变-轴向应变曲线发生突变;岩石卸荷破坏过程中裂纹扩展存在滞后性。研究成果有助于进一步理解深埋硬岩的加、卸荷破坏过程和机制,为深埋隧洞的灾害防治提供理论依据。     

砂质泥岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性试验研究

流变对工程岩体的长期变形稳定具有十分重要的影响,但目前关于卸荷流变的试验研究中通常只考虑恒轴压卸围压的应力路径,与隧洞开挖过程中围岩的应力调整过程存在一定的差距。以砂质泥岩为试验研究对象,设计进行了加轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压条件下的分级卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：恒轴压卸围压和加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变变形趋势总体一致,但相同初始围压条件下,加轴压卸围压试样破坏的围压相对较高,偏应力相对较大,但长期强度与破坏应力的比值相对较小;在围压卸载至岩样临近破坏时,加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变应变增长速率明显较快,试样破坏的更加突然;恒轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态相对简单,一般只存在一条完整的剪切破坏面,而加轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态要复杂得多,除了控制性的剪切破坏面之外,还伴随有一定数量的次生剪裂纹和张拉裂纹,而且初始围压越大,试样的次生裂纹越多。因此,在隧洞围岩长期变形稳定分析过程中,单纯的恒轴压卸围压流变试验不能满足工程实际需求,应该尽量丰富岩石力学试验的应力路径,以便较好地模拟工程岩体应力的实际变化过程,研究成果为隧洞围岩的长期变形稳定性研究提供了较好的研究思路。     

不同初始卸荷水平对深埋砂岩力学特性影响规律试验研究

深部岩石开挖等工况诱发的不同初始卸荷水平对其力学特征影响明显,基于对砂岩进行常规三轴压缩试验和不同初始卸荷水平的三轴卸荷试验,研究了高应力加、卸荷条件下砂岩的强度、变形及扩容特征。研究发现:在同一初始围压条件下,初始卸荷水平越高,围压降低的越小,岩样达到破坏所经历的卸围压过程越短。随着初始围压的增大,不同卸荷水平下的统一围压降参数η基本是增加的,表明在高应力状态岩样需要更大的围压卸荷量才会破坏。随初始卸荷水平的提高,凝聚力c呈指数关系增长,内摩擦角φ呈多项式关系减小。卸围压的两个阶段,侧向应变增量Δε_3都比轴向应变增量Δε_1大,表现为明显的侧向扩容。初始卸荷水平越低,其最大剪胀角越大,扩容效应越明显。扩容指标I_d与围压呈幂函数型关系,与初始卸荷水平呈二次函数关系。基于对试验数据的拟合,对不同初始卸荷水平作用的砂岩的摩尔-库仑准则表达式进行了修正。     

不同应力路径下岩石三轴卸荷力学特性与强度准则研究

基于3种不同应力路径下花岗岩三轴卸荷试验,研究了岩石的应力-应变全过程曲线和变形特征及其强度准则。试验结果表明,卸围压过程中,侧向应变与围压先呈线性后呈非线性关系,且其增长速率约为轴向应变增长速率的3～5倍,表现出明显的侧向扩容,其扩容程度与卸载路径有关;从不同围压与体积应变曲线所围面积可以看出,卸荷前围压越大,卸荷释放的能量越大;变形模量随围压卸载而逐渐减小,且随初始围压增大,总体上呈负指数分布趋势,且同一种卸荷应力路径时,变形模量的减小量随初始围压增大有所增大,泊松比随围压降低而不断增大,两者之间呈现明显的非线性关系;岩石破坏特征以剪切破坏为主;采用幂函数型摩尔强度准则很好反应了岩石的强度特征。研究结果对地下金属矿深部开采具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

不同应力路径下岩石三轴卸荷力学特性与强度准则研究EI北大核心CSCD

基于3种不同应力路径下花岗岩三轴卸荷试验,研究了岩石的应力-应变全过程曲线和变形特征及其强度准则。试验结果表明,卸围压过程中,侧向应变与围压先呈线性后呈非线性关系,且其增长速率约为轴向应变增长速率的3-5倍,表现出明显的侧向扩容,其扩容程度与卸载路径有关;从不同围压与体积应变曲线所围面积可以看出,卸荷前围压越大,卸荷释放的能量越大;变形模量随围压卸载而逐渐减小,且随初始围压增大,总体上呈负指数分布趋势,且同一种卸荷应力路径时,变形模量的减小量随初始围压增大有所增大,泊松比随围压降低而不断增大,两者之间呈现明显的非线性关系;岩石破坏特征以剪切破坏为主;采用幂函数型摩尔强度准则很好反应了岩石的强度特征。研究结果对地下金属矿深部开采具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

高地应力区砂岩在卸荷条件下的变形参数劣化试验研究

以锦屏某高边坡砂岩所赋存的高地应力环境为基础,开展峰前卸围压力学特性试验,研究了应力-应变全过程曲线、变形特征及参数劣化效应。试验结果表明,相对于加载试验,岩样卸荷破坏表现出明显的脆性特征,相同初始围压下卸荷破坏所需偏应力较加载试验少;卸荷过程横向应变和体积应变急剧增大,卸荷方向表现出明显的扩容特征;当初始围压小于某一值（30 MPa）,岩样破坏所需卸荷量随初始围压增大而增大,当初始围压达到一定值（40 MPa时）,脆性特征更加明显,很少的卸荷量即可引起岩样破坏。以表征岩石卸荷程度的卸荷量H为参变量,分别对高、低围压下卸荷过程中变形参数（变形模量和泊松比）随卸荷量变化关系进行拟合,得到高、低地应力区卸荷过程中变形劣化参数的关系式。试验结果和计算方法对高应力区边坡开挖的稳定性评价具有一定指导意义。     

典型基坑开挖卸荷路径下软土三轴流变特性研究

模拟基坑开挖下的卸荷路径,进行了不同卸荷条件下包括围压、卸荷路径和排水的卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：软土在竖向卸荷试验中的回弹变形可分为瞬时回弹变形和滞后回弹变形;在应力控制式三轴试验中,围压和轴压同时卸荷时的初始变形速率较大;仅卸轴压时回弹滞后效应明显,而围压、轴压同时卸荷时由于土体产生剪切变形引起负孔压,使土体回弹滞后效应不明显;在相同卸荷路径下,排水剪切时由于土体吸水膨胀使得流变特性更明显些,且产生的负孔压最终会消散。根据试验成果,建立Merchant流变模型参数与卸荷条件的线性函数关系,并将函数关系代入Merchant模型,最终得到能考虑围压及卸荷路径影响的软土卸荷流变经验模型。研究结果为软土流变变形模型研究及卸荷后基坑变形研究提供了参考。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an