周围动脉急慢性闭塞疾病的综合介入治疗

目的:探讨血管内局部溶栓,血栓碎吸,经皮血管成形(percutaneous transcatheter angioplasty,PTA) 和内支架置入,联合治疗急慢性动脉闭塞性疾病的临床效果和应用价值.方法:周围动脉阻塞接受了介入治疗共259例.急性动脉血栓性闭塞58例,局部溶栓+血栓碎吸;动脉狭窄合并急性血栓闭塞61例,局部溶栓+PTA;慢性动脉狭窄阻塞140例,局部溶栓+PTA+内支架置入.结果:全组总的介入治疗成功率98.8%(256/259).局部溶栓+血栓碎吸成功率 100%(58/58),血管完全开通91.4%(53/58),部分开通8.6%(5/58).局部溶栓+PTA治疗成功率85.2%(52/61),9例辅以内支架置入治疗获得成功;PTA+内支架置入治疗成功率97.8%(137/140).并发症发生率7.7%(20/ 259),局部溶栓+血栓碎吸8.6%(5/58),局部溶栓+PTA14.8%(9/61),PTA+内支架置入4.2%(6/140).结论:经皮经腔综合介入治疗周围动脉急慢性闭塞疾病是安全有效的方法.恰当选用局部溶栓、血栓碎吸、PTA 和内支架置入技术并个体化有机地组合应用,可显著提高成功率和疗效并减少并发症发生.     

急性肢体动脉血栓的血管内介入治疗

目的：探讨急性肢体动脉血栓的血管内治疗方法、临床效果及治疗过程中的注意事项。方法：13例患者，男8例、女5例，年龄33—79岁，平均年龄56岁。经血管造影均显示动脉栓塞，病变涉及动脉16段，首先采用血管内尿激酶溶栓治疗，对不能达到临床效果者再进行经皮穿血管成形术（PTA）治疗。结果：溶栓治疗后，11段血管再通，5段血管溶栓失败；再通率为68．75％（11／16）。PTA治疗5段，有3段达到临床效果（造影复查显示残存余狭窄小于30％），治疗成功率为60％（36）。13例均未见明显副作用及并发症。结论：血管内局部溶栓及PTA是一种安全有效的方法，成功率高，并发症少，可作为急性肢体动脉血栓的首选治疗方法。     

四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成的急诊介入治疗

目的 评价四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成急诊介入治疗的临床意义。方法 26例四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成的患者实施了急诊OASIS导管流变溶栓、ATD浸软溶栓或尿激酶溶栓术，对狭窄段采取经皮球囊扩张(PTA)和支架成形术，其中锁骨下动脉3例，髂动脉5例，股动脉7例，胭动脉4例，胫前胫后动脉及足部动脉4例，人造血管2例，支架术后再狭窄1例。结果 PTA或支架置入术后狭窄段的血管腔复通率100％，溶栓术后血栓完全消失，患肢远端血运明显改善或恢复，临床症状消失。DSA或B超随访1～20个月，动脉均保持通畅。溶栓后消化道出血1例，无截肢病例。结论 采用急诊机械性和药物性溶栓术结合PTA和支架治疗四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成，可有效地解除动脉闭塞，避免截肢。     

支架成形联合置管溶栓治疗TASC(Ⅱ)D型主髂动脉闭塞性疾病

目的探讨TASC(Ⅱ)D型主髂动脉闭塞性疾病血管内成形术辅助置管溶栓治疗的可行性、安全性及疗效,并对髂-股/股深动脉血管内成形术的可行性作一探索。方法 8例主髂动脉闭塞患者病变均为TASC(Ⅱ)D型,其中3例主动脉-髂总动脉-髂外动脉闭塞,主动脉闭塞长度为2~6 cm,1例腹主动脉远端重度狭窄伴右侧髂总动脉、髂外动脉闭塞,另外4例为双侧或单侧髂总动脉及髂外动脉闭塞。其中4例伴有股浅动脉长段闭塞。所有患者均采用PTA+内支架治疗,5例于血管内成形术后行辅助置管溶栓治疗。结果8例患者主髂动脉闭塞段病变均成功开通;4例伴股浅动脉长段闭塞患者仅行主/髂-股/股深动脉内支架成形术,而股浅动脉病变未予处理。技术均获成功,症状均获缓解,踝臂指数术前为0.58,术后为0.76。1例于术后出现左侧小脑小面积梗死,未发生严重后遗症。平均随访时间14个月,无再狭窄发生。结论慢性广泛主髂动脉闭塞病变,血管腔内成形术是一项安全有效的治疗措施,可获得较满意的临床疗效及近中期通畅率;支架植入后留置导管溶栓可以有效防止血栓形成的发生;髂-股深动脉血管内成形术可以达到改善患肢症状的治疗目的。     

西宁地区急慢性下肢长段动脉闭塞的介入治疗

目的：探讨西宁地区（海拔2261m）急慢性下肢长段动脉闭塞血管内溶栓治疗和PTA治疗的临床效果及应用价值。方法：26例急慢性下肢长段动脉闭塞患者应用团注或渐进性脉冲溶栓的方法，进行动脉内溶栓治疗，12例慢性长段动脉闭塞患者，留置导管后用微量动脉泵继续溶栓（5～7）天，并且进行了PTA治疗。14例急性长段动脉闭塞患者，继续给予扩血管、抗凝、静脉溶栓治疗。结果：本组26例急慢性下肢长段动脉闭塞症，除1例无效外，其余病例经溶栓和球囊成形治疗，均获得成功，成功率为96％（25／26）。结论：综合应用灌注溶栓、导管取栓、导管机械性扩张、球囊成形是治疗西宁地区急慢性长段动脉闭塞症，尤其是急性动脉闭塞症的最为安全、有效的方法。     

经皮经腔介入治疗技术在动脉狭窄性疾病中的应用

目的　探讨局部溶栓、经皮血管成形术 (percutaneoustranscatheteangioplasty ,PTA)和内支架置入术在治疗动脉狭窄或阻塞性疾病的作用。方法　 1987年 12月至 1997年 12月间 ,10 5例 115段动脉狭窄或阻塞接受了介入治疗。在 6 3段阻塞中 ,6 1段首选了局部溶栓 ;2段首选了PTA ;在 5 2段狭窄中 ,5 0段首选了PTA ;2段首选了内支架置入 ,这 2段为 2例病人 ,分别为胸腹主动脉交界处假性动脉瘤和腹主动脉夹层。结果　全组总的治疗成功率为 98 3% (113/ 115 ) ,PTA后内支架置入率为19 8% (16 / 81) ,并发症发生率为 1 7% (2 / 115 )。狭窄组和阻塞组的治疗成功率分别为 10 0 0 % (5 2 /5 2 )和 96 8% (6 1/ 6 3) ;PTA后内支架置入率分别为 14 0 % (7/ 5 0 )和 2 9 0 % (9/ 31) ;并发症发生率分别为 0 0 % (0 / 5 2 )和 3 2 % (2 / 6 3)。在阻塞组中 ,首选溶栓和未作溶栓的PTA后内支架置入率分别为2 4 1% (7/ 2 9)和 2 / 2 ;并发症发生率分别为 1 6 % (1/ 6 1)和 1/ 2。结论　经皮经腔技术治疗动脉狭窄性疾病是安全和有效的方法。合理应用局部溶栓、PTA和内支架置入术有助于提高疗效和减少并发症。     

内膜下血管成形术治疗下肢动脉慢性长段硬化性闭塞疾病

目的 探讨内膜下血管成形术(SIA)在治疗髂、股动脉慢性长段硬化性闭塞疾病方面的临床效果和应用价值.资料与方法 2003年5月至2008年8月,49例髂、股动脉慢性长段硬化性闭塞患者,采用SIA进行经皮腔内血管球囊扩张(PTA)+内支架置入.结果 全组治疗成功率93.88%(46/49),24例髂动脉闭塞SIA后,随访3～48个月,血流均保持通畅;22例股浅动脉闭塞SIA后,随访3～36个月,血流仍保持通畅为20例(90.91%),2例股浅动脉支架置入后12个月出现再阻塞,经局部溶栓,支架腔内血流均保持通畅.术前术后平均踝肱指数(ABI)分别为0.23(0.11～0.42)和0.87(0.67～1.06),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 SIA在髂、股动脉慢性长段硬化性闭塞的PTA+内支架置入治疗中,可显著提高成功率,减少并发症,是安全有效的方法.     

髂动脉闭塞介入治疗的临床观察

目的探讨髂动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术要点。方法本组41例髂动脉闭塞的患者通过行闭塞段开通、经导管局部溶栓、血管腔内成形术（PTA）和内支架置入等多种介入方法综合治疗来观察效果。结果 41例患者介入治疗成功率达100%,治愈36例,好转5例,共9例血管闭塞者进行了溶栓治疗。术后随访2～24个月,平均18个月,除2例分别在术后11个月和8个月发生支架内再闭塞行二次介入治疗外,其余患者症状均无加重或复发。结论血管腔内介入治疗可作为治疗髂动脉闭塞可选择的手术替代方案,尤其是对于有高手术风险的患者,具有微创、简单、有效的优点。     

近期脑栓塞患者下肢动脉栓塞的溶栓治疗

目的探讨近期脑栓塞患者急性下肢动脉栓塞经导管直接溶栓的安全性与有效性。方法8例心房纤维颤动(房颤)患者,突发脑栓塞近期内再发急性下肢动脉栓塞,其中左髂总动脉2例,股动脉4例(左侧3例,右侧1例),右侧腘动脉2例。采用团注联合持续溶栓方法行导管灌注rt-PA溶栓治疗,其中3例行血管球囊扩张术,1例行血管内支架置入术。结果平均持续灌注时间3.6 h,rt-PA用量23.6 mg(20～28 mg)。血管完全再通率100%,临床完全缓解率7/8,仅1例患者因胫前、胫后动脉远端闭塞残留静息痛。并发症包括穿刺部位血肿(6/8),血管鞘周围渗血(2/8),血尿(1/8)。头颅CT检查无颅内出血。随访3～6个月,无下肢动脉栓塞复发或血栓形成,1例患者死于再发脑栓塞。结论对于房颤合并近期脑栓塞患者,用rt-PA经导管直接溶栓治疗急性下肢动脉栓塞安全,有效。     

肾移植术后动脉并发症的介入治疗

目的总结肾移植术后动脉性并发症介入治疗的经验及价值评估。方法回顾分析肾移植患者中进行血管造影检查者52例，介入治疗方法包括动脉内血管成形术治疗动脉狭窄，动脉内用尿激酶溶栓治疗急性血栓栓塞和假性动脉瘤的栓塞治疗。结果12例移植肾动脉基本正常，21例显示动脉吻合13狭窄，2例吻合13处动脉瘤形成(其中1例合并吻合13狭窄)，14例为移植肾动脉内血栓形成，3例为移植肾内动脉稀少。单纯移植。肾动脉狭窄中，16例行经动脉内血管成形术(单纯球囊扩张12例，血管内支架4例)治疗，其中14例肾功能逐渐恢复正常，2例术后肾功能恢复不良，移植肾切除。13例动脉血栓患者接受溶栓治疗(1例溶栓后放置支架)，其中3例溶栓失败，1例血管通畅后肾功能未见明显恢复，余9例。肾功能恢复正常。1例假性动脉瘤合并吻合口狭窄接受吻合口球囊扩张及支架治疗，动脉瘤栓塞治疗，造影复查动脉瘤消失，临床症状改善。结论血管内介入治疗为肾移植术后并发症提供进一步治疗，可及早挽救移植肾。     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intracranial arteriosclerotic lesions

We report 17 cases of intracranial arterial stenosis treated by percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), including 9 on the intracranial internal carotid (ICA), 4 on the middle cerebral (MCA), and 4 on vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) system. All patients had ischaemic brain symptoms and stenoses of more than 60 % (calculated angiographically). We treated four patients by PTA for residual stenoses after thrombolysis for acute occlusion. We used PTA balloon catheters 2.0–3.5 mm in diameter for all procedures. As a rule, the balloon was inflated for 1 min at 6 atm. All arteries were successfully dilated (stenosis less than 50 %) except for one treated by PTA for residual MCA stenosis after thrombolysis. The patient died of a massive infarct due to MCA reocclusion caused by arterial dissection. Stenosis recurred in 4 of 16 patients. Repeat PTA was successfully carried out in these cases. However, stenosis recurred in one of these patients 3 months after PTA, but the patient is being followed because he is asymptomatic. PTA of intracranial arteries is effective, but its indications should be based strictly on potential risks, such as acute occlusion derived from arterial dissection. Received: 8 September 1997 Accepted: 6 January 1998     

Distal popliteal and tibioperoneal transluminal angioplasty: long-term follow-up.

The long-term efficacy of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for treatment of occlusive lesions involving arteries below the knee was evaluated in 168 consecutive patients. The procedure was preceded by intraarterial thrombolysis in 33 patients with failing femorodistal grafts. Indications were disabling claudication in 40 cases (24%), acute ischemia in 18 (11%), rest pain in 49 (29%), and tissue necrosis in 61 (36%). Angioplasty of tandem femoral and/or iliac lesions was performed in 58 cases (34.5%). Major complications were observed in 19 patients (11.3%) and minor complications in 12 others. Five patients died within 30 days (3%). Mean follow-up was 26.1 months (range, 4-72 months). Major amputation was required in 26 cases (15%). The cumulative clinical success at 3 years was 83% for a single stenosis, 76% for multilevel lesions, 44% following lytic therapy, 36% for segmental occlusions, and 14% for anastomotic stenoses. Infrapopliteal PTA is useful in selected patients. Factors associated with poor long-term patency include a single patent tibial artery (P = .039), acute ischemia (P = .03), anastomotic stenosis (P = .01), and, possibly, complete occlusion prior to treatment (P = .091).     

Stent implantation for acute iliac artery occlusions: initial experience

PURPOSE: Treatment options for acute occlusion of the iliac arteries include surgical thrombectomy, surgical bypass, and endovascular interventions such as thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy with or without adjunctive angioplasty or stent implantation. Acute lesions are not usually treated by stent implantation for fear of distal embolism. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review a single-center experience of primary iliac stent implantation for acute ischemia secondary to acute thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between April 2004 and August 2005, seven patients (five men and two women; mean age, 69.9 y; range, 53-93 y) underwent iliac stent implantation for the acute onset (within 12 days before presentation) of ipsilateral ischemic symptoms. Diagnostic angiography revealed occlusion of the common and external iliac arteries (n = 3) or external iliac artery (n = 4). Patients with rest pain (n = 6) were treated with unfractionated heparin. RESULTS: All acute occlusions were traversed by the guide wire with relative ease. Recanalization with stent implantation was successful in all cases without distal embolization. Five patients showed noticeable clinical improvement. Two elderly patients with isolated patent profunda segments with no demonstrable distal runoff vessels did not have long-term clinical improvement despite successful iliac recanalization. CONCLUSIONS: This small case series suggests that primary stent implantation for acute iliac occlusions with a patent common femoral artery under intravenous heparin protection may be a reasonable endovascular alternative to thrombolysis for patients who cannot tolerate the time delay to achieve thrombolysis or who have contraindications to thrombolysis. The safety of this technique may be comparable to that of primary stent implantation for chronic occlusions, but larger series would be necessary to confirm this.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty following endarterectomy

Recurrent occlusive disease was found by noninvasive methods and confirmed arteriographically in 7 patients who had undergone endarterectomy for stenosis of one [5] or both iliac arteries [1] or the subclavian artery [1]. Three patients with iliac artery stenosis had percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) 1 to 5 years after endarterectomy. One patient with stenosis of the external iliac artery had PTA 4 years after endarterectomy, and dilatation was repeated 7 months later because of recurrence. One patient had 2 endarterectomies and 2 PTAs within 8 years for stenosis of the right common iliac artery. One patient had recanalization of the left common iliac artery 6 years after endarterectomy with low-dose streptokinase followed by PTA. Another patient underwent endarterectomy of the left subclavian artery 3 months after PTA and required further dilatation at 5 and 10 months because of recurrence. The authors conclude that endarterectomy does not preclude PTA (or vice versa) in patients with recurrent arterial occlusive disease.     

Evaluation of thrombolysis and angioplasty in a porcine iliac artery thrombosis model: application of endovascular stent-graft-induced thrombosis

PURPOSE: To develop a novel endovascular thrombosis model in the porcine iliac artery for the evaluation of thrombolysis and angioplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A stent-inversion-graft (SIG) model combining either a 3-mm or 5-mm tapered expandable polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) graft attached within a self-expandable, 10-mm nitinol stent was placed in the left common iliac artery via an ipsilateral common femoral artery approach in 24 pigs. When the iliac artery was thrombosed, urokinase (250,000 IU) plus heparin (1,000 units) were pulse sprayed via a contralateral femoral approach (n = 12). Saline pulse-spray was used as a control group (n = 12). Balloon angioplasty was performed to eliminate the stenotic tapered graft within the stent after successful thrombolysis. The efficacy of the thrombolysis was assessed with use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and arteriogram. RESULTS: Both the 3-mm tapered and 5-mm tapered SIG models caused iliac artery occlusion in 22 +/- 5 and 41 +/- 9 minutes, respectively, after the deployment. Luminal patency was re-established successfully in all occluded arteries after urokinase infusion. Angioplasty was successful in eliminating the tapered stenosis and restoring the normal diameter in all iliac arteries treated with urokinase. Complete thrombolysis was achieved in both models treated with urokinase. CONCLUSION: This novel endovascular approach of inducing arterial thrombosis is simple to perform and reliably produces arterial thrombosis. The intraluminal stenosis is also amenable to angioplasty. This model is useful for the evaluation of antithrombotic treatment modality and adjunctive endovascular interventions.     

Percutaneous transluminal dilatation of the iliac artery: long-term results

One hundred fifty-four patients with stenosis of the iliac artery underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). These patients were followed for 1-7 years. The long-term results of the PTAs were analyzed by computer, and life tables were generated for dilatations of the iliac arteries with unimpaired flow and for those with an obstruction in the outflow tract. The accumulative 7-year patency rate was 90%, which agrees with other reports. This study demonstrates that the long-term results of PTA of iliac arterial stenoses are competitive with reconstructive vascular surgery. PTA should be the treatment of choice in patients with iliac arterial stenoses.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of tibial arteries for limb salvage

Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) was performed in 17 tibial arteries with an average cross-sectional area stenosis of 92% (range 75–99%) in 13 patients (14 limbs) for limb salvage. In 4 of 14 lower extremities, PTA of femoropopliteal arteries was also performed. Technical success with 50% or less residual stenosis was achieved in all 17 tibial vessels. At approximately 2 months after PTA, clinical improvement had occurred in 10 of 14 limbs; no patient was made worse. Most recent follow-up (mean 19 months, range 8–34 months) revealed continued satisfactory clinical success with no further vascular intervention in 9 of these 10 limbs (one patient died). Short segmental stenoses, residual stenoses less than 40% following PTA, and absence of diabetes or gangrene appear to be predictors of favorable clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that PTA of focal tibial stenosis is an effective and safe treatment modality in properly selected patients and that wider use of PTA may be justified.     

Initial experience with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the management of Takayasu's arteritis

We have performed percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for 15 arterial stenoses in 11 patients with Takayasu's arteritis. The lesions included tight, proximally located renal artery stenosis (12 stenoses; nine patients), localized abdominal aortic stenosis (two patients) and occluded left common iliac artery (one patient). Clinically successful dilatation was achieved in seven patients (10 stenoses) with renal artery stenosis, in both the patients with abdominal aortic stenosis and in the only patient with an occluded left common iliac artery. No complications related to the procedure were encountered. The follow-up period (n = 7) ranged between 1 and 16 months, mean follow-up period after renal angioplasty was 5 months and after abdominal aortic angioplasty was 12.5 months. Initial success has been maintained in both the patients with abdominal aortic stenoses and in four out of five patients with renal artery stenosis. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty offers an attractive alternative for the management of stenosing lesions in Takayasu's arteritis with good short term results.     

主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术探讨及疗效观察

目的探讨主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术要点。方法本组34例主-髂-股动脉闭塞的患者中，腹主动脉下段、双侧髂动脉完全闭塞8例，同时肾动脉受累3例；单侧髂动脉闭塞23例，其中病变累及股总动脉4例；单纯单侧股浅动脉长段闭塞3例。分别行闭塞段开通、经导管局部溶栓、血管腔内成形术(PTA)和内支架置人等多种介入方法综合治疗。结果除3例髂动脉闭塞未能开通外，8条腹主动脉，36条髂动脉，4条股总动脉和3条股浅动脉均得以开通，开通率为94％。共置入裸支架46枚，覆膜支架3枚。其中包括腹主动脉支架6枚，髂动脉支架34枚，股总动脉支架2枚、股浅动脉支架4枚和肾动脉支架3枚。在治疗成功的31例中，9例临床症状和体征得到缓解，21例明显改善，1例因长期慢性肾功能衰竭于术后第2天死亡；其中4例合并有并发症。术后平均随访21．5个月(2～53个月)，除2例分别在术后2个月和14个月发生支架内再闭塞行二次介入治疗外，其余患者症状均无加重或复发。结论综合应用多种介入方法治疗主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变是一项安全有效的治疗手段，可获得满意的临床效果。