肥料用聚苯乙烯包覆膜的制备及其性能研究

利用废旧聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料为主要材料,对尿素进行包膜来制备缓释化肥。筛选乙酸乙酯或甲苯为溶剂,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为增塑剂来降低聚苯乙烯的脆性,苯乙烯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(SBS)树脂为增强剂来提高聚苯乙烯膜的附着力。结果表明,包膜液的浓度为12%,增塑剂的用量为3%,增强剂用量为1%,包膜肥料的包膜量为10%。用氮素水中溶出率法和土壤淋溶法研究包膜尿素缓释效果,肥料初期溶出率均低于40%,在土壤中累计溶出率比普通尿素有大幅降低。说明聚苯乙烯经过改性后对尿素包膜,制得缓释肥的缓释性能良好。     

具有吸水保水功能的改性魔芋共聚物包膜缓释尿素的制备及其性能研究

以烯丙基硫脲改性魔芋葡甘聚糖为包膜剂制备包膜缓释尿素。对包膜缓释材料进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征,并分析其吸水性能;评价温度及土壤水含量对包膜缓释尿素氮素溶出率的影响,利用土柱淋溶法检测包膜缓释尿素的缓释效果,并分析缓释尿素对白菜的生长影响。结果表明,烯丙基硫脲接枝魔芋葡甘聚糖在接枝率为35%~45%时,吸水性能最好,吸水量高达794 g/g;随着温度和土壤水含量的升高,包膜缓释尿素氮素溶出率逐渐增加;氮素溶出具有典型的缓释肥溶出特征,表现出良好的缓释效果;白菜对缓释尿素中氮素的利用率提高。     

腰果酚醛树脂包膜尿素的制备及缓释性能

用腰果酚醛树脂作为包膜材料制备了一系列不同膜厚的包膜尿素。并采用水浸泡溶解法、淋溶法、土壤法评价所得包膜尿素的缓释特性。结果表明,利用腰果酚醛树脂包膜后的尿素具有明显的缓释性能,包覆量为26.3%的单层包膜尿素30 min后溶解率为50%,而包覆量为82.6%的双层包膜尿素113 h后溶出率为83.16%,双层包膜尿素的缓释性能明显好于单层包膜尿素。     

缓释磷铵包膜复混肥的研究

如何高效利用湿法磷酸生产工业级磷酸一铵副产的缓释磷铵是一个急需解决的课题。以缓释磷铵为包膜原料,三聚氰胺甲醛树脂为包膜黏结剂,包膜氮磷钾复混肥,得到缓释磷铵包膜的复混肥。研究了不同包膜黏结剂和包膜材料比例对肥料颗粒强度和养分初期释放率的影响,通过对肥料颗粒水中溶出前后进行电镜扫描,分析了其缓释机制。缓释磷铵包膜复混肥在25℃水中氮的初期溶出率为63%,磷的初期溶出率为71%,钾的初期溶出率为74%,具有很好的缓释性能,实现了缓释磷铵的高值化利用,具有很高的经济和环境效益。     

磷石膏在石蜡包膜尿素中的应用

用磷石膏作尿素的造粒剂和载体制备磷石膏造粒尿素,对其进行石蜡包膜,并添加质量分数5%的失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)改善石蜡在肥核表面的附着。结果显示,用磷石膏造粒尿素制备的两种石蜡包膜尿素在水中浸泡28 d的尿素累积释放率均小于35%,缓释效果达到缓释/控释肥料国家标准,在模拟土壤施用的土柱淋溶条件下,还呈现尿素匀速释放的良好特性,为磷石膏的有效利用和尿素缓释探索出一条新路。     

树脂型包膜尿素试验研究

采用MDI、PAPI和大豆多元醇为原料,制备包膜尿素肥料。探索并确定了该工艺路线的可行性,研究了树脂型包膜材料,并使用包膜剂对尿素进行了包膜,开展了包膜尿素释放率试验。结果表明,包膜尿素在前15 d尿素没有释放,到30 d的时候,尿素释放率为70%。该包膜材料具有明显的缓释作用,且包膜材料对尿素的物理性能和机械性能有一定的改善,提高了氮的利用率。此工艺能得到具有一定缓释性能的缓释尿素。     

利用废弃聚苯乙烯制备缓释抗凝冰剂

以废弃聚苯乙烯为原材料制备抗凝剂,既降低了冬季路面的养护成本,又扩大了废弃聚苯乙烯的应用范围,减少环境污染。废弃聚苯乙烯作为原材料,使用3种混合溶剂,并掺加改性剂、增塑剂、增强剂等添加剂制备了具有缓释效果的抗凝冰剂。在实验条件下,混合溶剂中乙酸乙酯、二氯甲烷与甲苯比例为3:2:1,包膜溶液的浓度为0. 5 g/m L,改性剂松香掺量为12%,增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二丁酯掺量为9%,增强剂SBS树脂掺量为2%时,选用粒径为4. 75～9. 5 mm的大粒盐进行2层包膜,并且第一层包裹载体、第二层未包裹载体制备出的抗凝冰剂具有良好的缓释性能,其高温稳定性、低温抗裂性及水稳定性等路用性能均满足规范要求,且融冰雪性能良好。     

脲醛树脂包膜尿素的制备研究

介绍了脲醛树脂包膜尿素的制备方法,研究了脲醛树脂及植物油用量对脲醛树脂包膜尿素氮初期溶出率的影响。结果表明,包膜量越多,包膜尿素氮的溶出率越低,但使用脲醛树脂直接包膜尿素的方法并不理想;先使用植物油在尿素颗粒的表面包一层油膜,再使用脲醛树脂包膜,可大幅度降低包膜尿素氮的溶出率,在使用1.0%的植物油后,树脂包膜量为15%时,氮的初期溶出率即可低于40%,大大降低包膜材料的使用量。     

水性丙烯酸酯乳液包膜尿素研究

水性聚合物乳液包膜肥料技术在提高肥料利用率、有效控制农业污染方面发挥重要作用。采用预乳化半连续滴加的种子乳液聚合工艺合成水性丙烯酸酯乳液、高压喷枪喷涂包裹尿素制得包膜尿素;讨论了不同聚合硬软单体质量比、油水质量比、引发剂用量、乳化剂用量对乳液性质及包膜效果的影响,当聚合硬软单体质量比为48.0∶52.0、油水质量比为100∶120、w(引发剂)为0.5%、w(乳化剂)为2.4%时,包膜尿素缓释性较好。     

用聚合物乳液为包膜剂制备缓释尿素

介绍了采用聚合物乳液作为包膜剂制备包膜缓释尿素,具有工艺简洁和包膜过程绿色的特点,能够根本解决现有包膜过程中毒性有机溶剂的污染和回收问题。实验考察了聚合物乳液包膜剂平板成膜时的渗透系数,表明聚合物乳液是良好的缓释包膜剂。实验采用转鼓流化床工艺制备包膜尿素,测定了包膜尿素在水中的释放特性。通过扫描电镜检测包膜尿素和膜层的形貌特征。结果表明,采用聚合物乳液直接对尿素颗粒包膜时,在颗粒表面形成的高湿性环境容易导致尿素表面溶解,水分蒸发后形成针状尿素结晶,复合在聚合物膜层中,包膜尿素进入水中时,针状尿素快速溶出,造成膜层多孔性渗漏,降低了包膜尿素的缓释性能。在聚合物乳液包膜前,先在尿素颗粒表面包覆一层硫磺阻隔层或石蜡疏水层,能有效抑制尿素在包膜时的溶出过程。     

以松香和桐油为成膜物质的包膜尿素的释放特性和表面形貌

以松香和桐油为成膜物质制备了一系列包膜尿素,用浸泡溶解法和无土柱淋溶法表征了所得包膜尿素的释放特性,用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面形貌,讨论了涂覆成分、涂覆层数、密封层对包膜尿素释放特性的影响。采用双层涂覆和单层外密封工艺制备的包膜尿素其一天溶解释放率为12.7％,释放周期大于11天,累积释放率为80％。     

松香包膜尿素的释放特性研究

以松香为成膜物质,制备了一系列的包膜尿素,利用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面形貌,用浸泡溶解法表征了所得包膜尿素的释放特性,讨论了包覆量与操作条件对包膜尿素释放特性的影响。结果表明,松香是一种优良的尿素包膜材料,包覆量在5%以上时,松香包膜尿素具有显著缓释性能,包覆量越大,缓释效果越好。     

Membrane-encapsulated controlled-release urea fertilizers based on acrylamide copolymers

About 40–70% of the applied urea fertilizer is lost to the environment, causing serious pollution. Controlled-release technology is useful in increasing the efficiency of fertilizer urea as well as in checking environment pollution. Four laboratory-level controlled-release urea fertilizers were formulated based on polymers which are soil conditioners and then evaluated for their slow-release property. Urea was coated with the copolymer of acrylamide and divinylbenzene/N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide /tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate or pentaerythritol triacrylate and sealant materials (wax and polystyrene). Urea coated with co-polymer of acrylamide-tetraethyleneglycol diacrylate was found to be having a better slow-release property among the systems prepared. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determining permeability of coatings of polymer-coated urea

Permeability of polymer coatings on urea varies greatly with the type of polymer. A conventional test of measuring the effectiveness of coating involves a 7d static dissolution rate of coated urea into concentrated urea solution, but the results are only qualitative. Our approach was, instead, to make quantitative measurements of permeability, and so make more accurate predictions of release rate of urea across a membrane. A simple device, consisting of a container attached to vertical pipes at the bottom, was constructed to determine permeability of coats on urea granules. A turbulent flow of water ran over a 2 cm pack of coated-urea granules so urea did not accumulate at the outer surface of the coated granules. Separate determinations with two thicknesses of coats (8.8 and 14.7µm) were conducted with water at 12 or 31°C. Permeability and activation energy of permeability were calculated. A comparison was also made between release rate of urea calculated from permeability and that determined by 7d dissolution rate method at 23°C. Nearly 100 h were required for 100% release with the thick coating, but only 20% urea was released after 168 h with the 7d dissolution rate method.     

大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥在冬小麦上的施用效果

在河南驻马店砂姜黑土区及延津潮土区对大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥（CRU）在冬小麦上的施用效果进行了研究.结果表明：相同氮素用量时,大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥比普通尿素（BU）增产,即在100％用量、75％用量及50％用量相比时,驻马店试验增产率为5.7％、10.26％、13.5％,延津试验增产率为3.3％、11.7％、10.4％,增产效果显著.大颗粒包膜尿素控释肥的比表面积较小,可以大量节省包膜材料,减少土壤污染.     

Preparation and properties of waterborne polyurethane‐urea/sodium alginate blends for high water vapor permeable coating materials

To improve the water vapor permeability of coating materials, aqueous sodium alginate (SA) solution was blended with waterborne polyurethane‐urea (WBPU) dispersions synthesized by prepolymer mixing process. The content of SA for stable WBPU/SA dispersions was found to be below 30 wt %. As the SA content increased, the number and density of total micropores (tunnel‐like micropores/isolated micropores) formed after dissolution of SA in water increased, and the water vapor permeability of coated Nylon fabric also increased remarkably. These results clearly demonstrate that utilizing WBPU/water soluble polymer SA blends as coating materials and then dissolving SA in water surely facilitate obtaining prominent breathable fabrics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

可生物降解PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料的制备与性能研究

以可生物降解PBAT为包膜材料,通过循环流化床工艺制备一系列PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料,并对制备工艺进行了优化;通过扫描电镜观察包膜肥料表面形态特征,分析缺陷形成原因;通过水中静置法测试PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料的缓释性能,测定缓释曲线,样品的初期释放率为20%~50%,第28天的累积释放率为70%~90%。     

Effects of plasticizer on shear modification of polystyrene

The elastic and viscous properties of polymer melts may be affected by the shear history of the polymer. The extrudate swell of a polymer melt is primarily a manifestation of the elasticity of the polymer melt. In this study, a single screw extruder was used to impose different shear histories on a polystyrene polymer which was processed with and without added plasticizer. The extrudate swell and apparent viscosity of these melts were measured with a capillary rheometer. These characteristics of unplasticized polystyrene are almost not affected by the various preshearing processes. However, the extrudate swell and viscosity of polystyrene containing plasticizer are affected by plasticizer level, shear history and thermal history. After most of the plasticizer in the presheared plasticized polystyrene was extracted, the extrudate swell was still lower than that of the parent sheared polystyrene with the same shear history and the same plasticizer content. These results were obtained without significant changes in molecular weight. Shear modification by conventional process equipment may become impractical if the shear field intensity or dwell time of the material in the apparatus is limited. In such cases, shear refinability by standard process equipment may be observed if the coupling density in the polymer is reduced by some additional means, such as blending with a plasticizer.