烷基聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯用于精炼助剂的研究

以烷基聚氧乙烯醚磷酸酯类阴离子表面活性剂为主，研究其与烷基磺酸盐。烷基芳基磺酸盐及烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚类非离子表面活性剂的协同效应对精炼效果的影响。同时加入聚硅氧烷和嵌段聚醚，研究其对产品起泡消泡性的效应，复配和制备了精炼剂ZL。实验表明，该产品具有良好的润湿渗透性和化学稳定性，在碱溶液中的渗透力及乳化力强，钙皂分散力较好，低泡，精炼半制品毛效高，白度好；本产品已在生产中广泛使用。     

聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类表面活性剂的合成与性能

聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类表面活性剂是在磺酸盐型表面活性剂的疏水基与亲水基之间嵌入含有聚氧乙烯链段的新型表面活性剂。根据国内外相关文献报道,对聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类表面活性剂的合成工艺与性能研究进行了综述,并探讨了这类表面活性剂在原油开采中的应用前景。指出该类表面活性剂进一步研究的重点:开发和设计聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类表面活性剂的绿色合成工艺路线,以便工业化生产;加强疏水基团类型和EO链节数目对该类表面活性剂性能的影响研究,寻求综合性能较合适的疏水基团和EO链节数目组合;研究聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类表面活性剂与其他表面活性剂的复配,拓展其在三次采油及其他领域中的应用。     

含链烯基或烷基羧基磺酸盐的非离子型液体洗涤剂

含链烯基或烷基羧基磺酸盐的非离子型液体洗涤剂本文提供的是一种以非离子表面活性剂为主的液体洗涤剂。它具有稳定、均匀、可生物降解和低泡等性能，其主要组成为：（ａ）２０％～３０％非离子表面活性剂，如脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚表面活性剂和烷基酚聚氧乙烯酸表面活性剂，其...     

期刊文献

<正>支链化聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐溶液的界面张力性质张路,刘岩,王策,胡嵩霜,张磊,赵濉,严峰摘要:利用旋转滴界面张力仪研究了不同烷基链长的支链脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐异十六烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐(iC16EO5S)、异十八烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐(i-C18EO5S)和异二十烷基聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐(i-C20EO5S)溶液与正癸烷之间的动态界面张力,考察了表面活性剂质量分数、盐质量分数、二价     

环保原料在油污净中的应用研究

研究了环保型丙二醇醚溶剂和聚氧乙烯醚类非离子表面活性剂与磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂复配油污净的应用性能,并与传统的非环保型的乙二醇醚和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚复配的油污净的性能进行比较。结果表明,经过溶剂和表面活性剂的复配,环保型的溶剂和表面活性剂可以取代传统的非环保部分,产品性能明显提高。     

磺酸盐类表面活性剂的合成和应用现状

本文综述了磺酸盐类表面活性剂的合成路线及其研究现状,并对脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐表面活性剂、芳基或脂肪醇醚磺酸盐表面活性剂的合成进行了重点介绍。我国应大力开发原料易得、活性高的脂肪醇醚磺酸盐、脂肪酸酯磺酸盐表面活性剂,注重具有新颖结构、独特性能的AOT型和Gemini型表面活性剂的研究以适应更广泛的需求。     

新型表面活性剂在洗衣液中的应用

洗衣液市场的快速增长促进了其技术的不断进步与产品创新。从洗衣液技术发展趋势的角度讨论了脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐(MES)、仲烷基磺酸盐(SAS)、异构醇聚氧乙烯醚、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯醚以及脂肪酸甲酯乙氧基化物等新型表面活性剂在洗衣液中的应用和发展前景。     

驱油用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐研究进展

介绍了卤化脂肪醇醚法、烯烃加成法、硫酸酯盐转化法和羟乙基磺酸钠法合成脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐的路线、工艺特点及优缺点,剖析了其泡沫性能的影响因素,耐温、耐盐耐钙性能的研究现状。脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐类阴-非离子表面活性剂适用于高温、高矿化度油藏条件的开采,具有常规表面活性剂的多种优良性能,在油田开采中具有广阔的发展空间。     

烷基芳基磺酸盐抑泡方法的探讨

实验证实平平加一烷基芳基磺酸盐比目前常用的肥皂－烷基芳基磺酸盐以及其它的非离子表面活性剂具有更为理想的抑泡效果。     

烷基醇/酚聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐的性能与应用前景

综述了烷基醇/酚聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐的表面性能、应用性能和热稳定性以及相应的影响因素;重点介绍了表面活性剂分子结构、无机盐和温度等因素对其表面性能与应用性能的影响以及pH、温度、盐水组成对其稳定性的影响;同时探讨了这类表面活性剂在原油开采中的应用前景和研究方向,认为此类表面活性剂在高温高矿化度的油藏开采中有广阔的应用前景,在分子结构、界面张力、复配性能等方面有非常重要的研究价值。     

On impacts of solid properties and operating conditions on the performance of gas-solid fluidization systems

The characteristics of gas-solids two-phase flow and fluidization in terms of the flow structures and the apparent behavior of particles and fluid-particle interactions are closely linked to physical properties of the particles, operating conditions and bed configurations. To assist the development of useful strategies for the design of fluidized-bed reactors, this paper discusses both positive and negative impacts of particle sizes, bubbles, clusters, and column walls on the fluidized-bed reactor performance.     

Phosphorus management in continuous wheat and wheat-legume rotations

The sustainability of cropping systems is closely related to the judicious use of fertilizers. Little research has been conducted on the management of P in rotations in Morocco. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of direct, cumulative, and residual P on wheat (Triticum aestivum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) yields under field conditions in two cropping systems: continuous wheat (W-W) and chickpea-wheat (CP-W). Experiments were conducted in 1994–96 at two locations in the arid and semiarid regions of Morocco. Phosphorus was applied the first year at rates of 0, 9, 18, and 27 kg P ha^–1 on both wheat and chickpea. The second year, plots were split into treatments with P and without P fertilizer. The changes in NaHCO₃-P in soil showed that after two years of cropping, P rates of 9 and 18 kg P ha^–1 were needed to increase and maintain soil test P level in the range where a third successive crop could be grown without fertilization at locations 1 and 2, respectively. Also, soils with the same initial NaHCO₃-P soil test levels required different amounts of fertilizer P to produce maximum yields. Inclusion of chickpea in the rotation resulted in a greater response to residual P by wheat at location 2. Differences in wheat grain yield between rotations were not significant. The maximum increase in yields above the nil-P treatment due to the highest amount applied in the the previous year was 1.3 t ha^–1, obtained for continuous wheat at location 2. Though the residual P effect was evident in this study, it did not produce maximum yields. Yields (GY, DM) could be predicted by the inclusion of both P applied in previous year (PR) and P applied in the current year (CP) by the following model: GY or DM = a + b*Ln(RP+1) + c*Ln(CP+1). Based on the range of P rates used in this study, a single P application for a 2-year rotation is not a suitable practice in these soils. The application of 18 kg P ha^–1 each year is recommended for continuous wheat, and 9 kg P ha^–1 the first year plus 18 kg P ha^–1 the second year is recommended for chickpea-wheat rotations. We suggest that either using single large applications of P or performing repeated applications should take into account the range of targeted application rates.     

Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review

Photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for wastewater treatment. In this review the chemical effects of various variables on the rate of degradation of different pollutants are discussed in detail. The effects of adsorption, temperature, intensity of light, pH, and the presence of anions, cations, etc have been specifically covered. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made and some general conclusions have been drawn concerning the above mentioned effects. The need for more work on specific points has been brought out. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Y_1Ba_2Cu_3O_(7—δ)超导体磁化率曲线研究

研究了不同工艺条件下的Y_1Ba_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)陶瓷超导体的磁化率曲线k(T),发现在Tc以下χ(T)曲线存在两个不同的跳变区:第一跳变区为超导晶粒的Meissner效应;第二跳变区来自晶粒和晶界形成超导连接后的抗磁屏蔽效应。超导相含量可以由第一跳变区的信息量进行估算。     

有机化学中电子效应应用的教学思考

本文介绍了电子效应概念及在有机化学教学中应用电子效应,解释取代基对酸碱性、中间体稳定性、反应方向和反应活性的影响。     

The bulk photovoltaic effect in photorefractive K1-xLixTa1-yNbyO3 crystals

Experimental evidence of the bulk photovoltaic effect in photorefractive K_1-xLi_xTa_1-xNb_yO₃ (KLTN) crystals is shown. The dependence of the bulk photovoltaic effect on the pbotorefractive impurities type is presented. The current voltage characteristic is presented for different temperatures. It was found that, in Fe-doped KLTN crystals at low temperature, the bulk photovoltaic effect is the dominant transport mechanism contributing to the photorefractive process.     

纳米碳酸钙四大纳米效应应用表现

介绍了纳米碳酸钙四大纳米效应：量子尺寸效应、小尺寸效应、表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应，及其在应用过程中表现出与普通轻质碳酸钙所不同的、反常的物理化学特性。对进一步拓展纳米碳酸钙的应用领域、不断优化其生产工艺参数、突出其纳米特性、提升产品品质等都具有一定的指导意义。     

Clouding Behavior of C13EOx (x = 10–19) Micelles in a Wide Range of Salinity and Hardness: Concomitant Effects of Salinity and Degree of Ethoxylation

The effect of salinity and degree of ethoxylation on the cloud point, T_cp, in C₁₃EO_x (x = 10–19) micelles was investigated in distilled water and in the salinity range S = 1.96–196 g L⁻¹. At a fixed x value, the rate dT_cp/dS was given by dT_cp/dS = α _b + β _bS with α _b < 0 and β _b > 0. This trend suggests that dT_cp/dS is the result of two opposing effects, an entirely (negative) surfactant-dependent effect (α _b) and a combined (positive) surfactant-solvent (β _bS)-dependent effect. In addition, the rate dT_cp/dS was found to become increasingly less negative with increasing salinity (dT_cp/dS) < 0), suggesting an overwhelming contribution of the α _b effect as compared to the β _bS effect. On the other hand, at fixed S, the rate was given by dT_cp/dx = α _x + β _xx with α _x > 0 and β _x < 0. This trend also suggests the existence of two opposing effects, a strictly (positive) solvent-dependent effect (α _x) and a concomitant solvent (β _x)-surfactant (x)-dependent effect. Contrary to dT_cp/dS, the rate dT_cp/dx was found to become increasingly less positive with increasing x values (dT_cp/dx > 0), suggesting that α _x is the dominant factor in the surfactants’ susceptibility to be salted in. Both constants α_b and α _x were attributed to a dual temperature-salinity effect on the structure of water molecules not involved in surfactant's hydration. On the other hand, β _b and β _x were associated with the change in the structure of water due to the dehydration of surfactants’ oxyethylene moieties with increasing temperature.     

Thickness effect on fracture energy of cementitious materials

This paper studies the thickness effect on the fracture energy of cementitious materials based on a local fracture energy concept. Similar to the specimen back boundary, the presence of two free surfaces in the thickness direction also influences the local fracture energy dissipation, leading to the boundary or thickness effect. A bilinear local fracture energy model originally developed to characterise the ligament or back boundary effect on the fracture energy is further developed to consider variations of the local fracture energy in the thickness direction. The proposed model is used to analyse available experimental data from the literature. The predictions from the model are in a good agreement with the experiments.     

Influence of fracture process zone height on fracture energy of concrete

The implication of modelling concrete fracture with a fictitious crack of zero fracture process zone (FPZ) height is addressed because FPZ height, in reality, is not zero and is bound to vary during crack growth. The ligament effect on fracture energy G_F is explained by the nonuniform distribution of a local fracture energy g_f showing the influence of specimen boundary and variation of FPZ height. The nonuniform g_f distribution is then used to determine the size-independent G_F. The recent boundary-effect model based on a bilinear g_f function is confirmed by the essential work of fracture (EWF) model for the yielding of deeply notched polymer and metal specimens. The EWF model provides a theoretical basis for the bilinear g_f distribution. The principal rationale of the boundary-effect model, the influence of FPZ height on fracture energy, is supported by experimental observations of thickness effect on fracture toughness of thin polymeric adhesives between metals.