水声通信系统中分布式空时分组码的研究

协作传输可以获得无线信道内在的空间分集,有效改善通信系统的性能,增加通信系统的覆盖范围。对水声通信系统中两中继节点协作的译码转发方案进行了研究,提出了基于译码转发协议(DF)的分布式空时分组扩频编码(DSTBSC)方案,该方案可以克服多径衰落对分布式空时分组码(DSTBC)信号正交性的影响。给出了DSTBSC方案的系统模型,着重分析了在采用两中继译码转发时,中继节点的误码对水声通信系统性能的影响。在接收端不考虑信号冲突的情况进行仿真,结果表明,与直接传输方案相比,采用两中继节点、译码转发的DSTBSC方案,在两中继节点处均无误码和一个中继有误码时在相同的比特误码率(BER)条件下均可获得约4dB的分集增益,增加了传输距离。     

极化码在OFDM水声通信中的应用研究

极化码（Polar code）因其高可靠性、实用的线性编、译码复杂度和理论上唯一可达香农极限等特点,成为信道编码领域新的研究热点。其编、译码方法的研究扩展至多种信道类型和应用领域,但在水声信道中的理论证明和应用研究相对较少且滞后。针对具有显著多途、多普勒扩散和有限带宽等复杂特性的水声信道,文章提出了与之相匹配的极化码信道编码机制;并结合正交频分复用（Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM）技术搭建水声通信仿真系统,研究极化码在OFDM水声通信系统中的性能表现;同时研究极化码在不同的水声信道模型、信道参数、码长、码率下的性能。仿真结果表明,在信噪比为4 dB时,码率为1/2的极化码在水声时变信道中的误码率可达10^-4～10^-5,优于低密度校验（Low density Parity Check,LDPC）、Turbo码,约有0.5～1 dB的性能增益,该极化码信道编码机制与水声信道相匹配,可有效提高水声通信的可靠性。     

Spatial encoding using a code division technique for fast ultrasound imaging

This paper describes a method for spatial encoding in synthetic transmit aperture ultrasound imaging. This allows several ultrasonic sources to be active simultaneously. The method is based on transmitting pseudorandom sequences to spatially encode the transmitters. The data can be decoded after only one transmission using the knowledge of the transmitted code sequences as opposed to other spatial encoding techniques, such as Hadamard or Golay encoding. This makes the method less sensitive to motion, and data can be acquired using fewer transmissions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the underlying theory and to test the feasibility in a physical system. The method has been evaluated in simulations using Field II in which the point-spread functions were simulated for different depths for a 7 MHz linear array transducer. A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) simulation also was included in the study in which an improvement in SNR of approximately 1.5 dB was attained compared to the standard synthetic transmit aperture (STA) firing scheme. Considering the amount of energy transmitted, this value is low. A plausible explanation is given that is verified in simulation. The method also was tested in an experimental ultrasound scanner and compared to a synthetic transmit aperture ultrasound imaging scheme using a sinusoidal excitation. The performance of the proposed method was comparable to the reference with respect to axial and lateral resolution, but it displayed poorer contrast with sidelobe levels at approximately - 40 dB compared to the mainlobe.     

一种基于声起伏特性的水面干扰抑制方法

利用水面目标和环境噪声起伏较大,而水下目标的声信号起伏较小的特性,可以有效抑制水面干扰,提高水下目标的检测概率。对于单基元频谱分析采用非线性滤波器,进而针对阵列信号处理提出一种基于非线性滤波的连续时间方位历程水面干扰抑制方法。最后,对Swell96的实验数据进行了处理,单基元信号处理结果表明,振幅非线性滤波器和复声压非线性滤波器对于稳定线谱的信噪比(Signal to Noise Ratio,SNR)增益可达15 d B和30 d B;阵列信号处理结果显示所提出的方法能够有效抑制水面声源的航迹,提高水下声源的发现概率。     

High frequency coded imaging system with RF

Coded transmission is an approach to solve the inherent compromise between penetration and resolution required in ultrasound imaging. Our goal was to examine the applicability of the coded excitation to HF (20-35 MHz) ultrasound imaging. A novel real-time imaging system for research and evaluation of the coded transmission was developed. The digital programmable coder- digitizer module based on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip supports arbitrary waveform coded transmission and RF echo sampling up to 200 megasamples per second, as well as real-time streaming of digitized RF data via a high-speed USB interface to the PC. All RF and image data processing were implemented in the software. A novel balanced software architecture supports real-time processing and display at rates up to 30 frames/sec. The system was used to acquire quantitative data for sine burst and 16-bit Golay code excitation at 20 MHz fundamental frequency. SNR gain close to 14 dB was obtained. The example of the skin scan clearly shows the extended penetration and improved contrast when a 35-MHz Golay code is used. The system presented is a practical and low-cost implementation of a coded excitation technique in HF ultrasound imaging that can be used as a research tool as well as to be introduced into production.     

水声通信多通道最大似然联合均衡译码方法

水平阵是水声通信中常见的阵列接收形式,但垂直阵也有重要的应用场合。文章提出了一种适用于垂直阵的水声通信多通道最大似然联合均衡译码方法,相比现有仅在信道均衡中叠加各通道信号的多通道判决反馈均衡方法(Multichannel Decision Feedback Equalizer, M-DFE),该方法利用最大似然准则,在一体化联合均衡译码过程中融合空间多通道接收信息,将空间增益直接用于抵抗水声信道多途衰落和译码纠错,有效提升了水声通信的性能。仿真结果表明,在误码率同样达到 10^-3的条件下,该方法所需信噪比相比 M-DFE方法可下降 2 dB。海上实验结果显示,在多种信道条件下,该方法实现正确译码的通信速率是 M-DFE方法的 1.25倍以上。     

基于水平分置线性双阵列的超声全聚焦成像方法在粗晶材料检测中的应用

针对粗晶材料超声检测信噪比低的问题,提出了一种水平分置线性双阵列超声成像方法。将两个线阵超声换能器沿直线水平分置在待检区域表面两侧,用收发分离的信号采集模式,一侧激发,另一侧记录各通道数据,进行聚焦成像。相比单阵列和同位置双线阵检测,文中的方法有效地减少了背向散射信号对缺陷信号的干扰,提高了成像信噪比。在粗晶铜质试块上的成像实验结果表明,当缺陷距离阵列较近时,文中的方法优于单阵列和同位置双线阵方法,成像信噪比提高约5～10 dB;当缺陷距离阵列较远时,单阵列模式和同位置双线阵检测方法失效,但文中的方法依然可以识别缺陷。文中的研究为粗晶材料的超声检测提供了一种可行的方案。     

Hybrid multi/single layer array transducers for increased signal-to-noise ratio

In medical ultrasound imaging, two-dimensional (2-D) array transducers are necessary to implement dynamic focusing in two dimensions, phase correction in two dimensions and high speed volumetric imaging. However, the small size of a 2-D array element results in a small clamped capacitance and a large electrical impedance, which decreases the transducer signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We have previously shown that SNR is improved using transducers made from multi-layer PZT, due to their lower electrical impedance. In this work, we hypothesize that SNR is further increased using a hybrid array configuration: in the transmit mode, a 10 Omega electronic transmitter excites a 10 Omega multi-layer array element; in the receive mode, a single layer element drives a high impedance preamplifier located in the transducer handle. The preamplifier drives the coaxial cable connected to the ultrasound scanner. For comparison, the following control configuration was used: in the transmit mode, a 50 Omega source excites a single layer element, and in the receive mode, a single layer element drives a coaxial cable load. For a 5x102 hybrid array operating at 7.5 MHz, maximum transmit output power was obtained with 9 PZT layers according to the KLM transmission line model. In this case, the simulated pulse-echo SNR was improved by 23.7 dB for the hybrid configuration compared to the control. With such dramatic improvement in pulse-echo SNR, low voltage transmitters can be used. These can be fabricated on integrated circuits and incorporated into the transducer handle.     

Ultrasound Transducer and System for Real-Time Simultaneous Therapy and Diagnosis for Noninvasive Surgery of Prostate Tissue

For noninvasive treatment of prostate tissue using high-intensity focused ultrasound this paper proposes a design of an integrated multifunctional confocal phased array (IMCPA) and a strategy to perform both imaging and therapy simultaneously with this array. IMCPA is composed of triplerow phased arrays: a 6-MHz array in the center row for imaging and two 4-MHz arrays in the outer rows for therapy. Different types of piezoelectric materials and stack configurations may be employed to maximize their respective functionalities, i.e., therapy and imaging. Fabrication complexity of IMCPA may be reduced by assembling already constructed arrays. In IMCPA, reflected therapeutic signals may corrupt the quality of imaging signals received by the center-row array. This problem can be overcome by implementing a coded excitation approach and/or a notch filter when B-mode images are formed during therapy. The 13-bit Barker code, which is a binary code with unique autocorrelation properties, is preferred for implementing coded excitation, although other codes may also be used. From both Field II simulation and experimental results, we verified whether these remedial approaches would make it feasible to simultaneously carry out imaging and therapy by IMCPA. The results showed that the 13-bit Barker code with 3 cycles per bit provided acceptable performances. The measured -6 dB and -20 dB range mainlobe widths were 0.52 mm and 0.91 mm, respectively, and a range sidelobe level was measured to be -48 dB regardless of whether a notch filter was used. The 13-bit Barker code with 2 cycles per bit yielded -6 dB and -20 dB range mainlobe widths of 0.39 mm and 0.67 mm. Its range sidelobe level was found to be -40 dB after notch filtering. These results indicate the feasibility of the proposed transducer design and system for real-time imaging during therapy.     

Coded excitation system for improving the penetration of real-time phased-array imaging systems

Based on an analysis of the inherent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in medical ultrasound imaging, SNR improvements of 15-20 dB are theoretically possible for real-time phased-array imagers using coded excitation. A very simple coded excitation for phased arrays based on the principles of ;pseudochirp' excitation and equalization filtering is described. This system is capable of SNR improvements of about 15 dB with range sidelobe levels acceptable for many medical imaging applications. Such improvements permit increased operating frequencies, and hence enhanced spatial resolution, for real-time array imagers. Both simulations and measurements are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the method.     

Bandwidth efficient concatenated coding schemes

Concatenated coded modulation is a powerful method for constructing coding schemes with large coding gain and low decoding complexity. For the concatenated scheme, the outer code has redundancy and the overall transmission rate is reduced. The problem of bandwidth expansion can be overcome by two procedures. First, the code rate of inner codes is increased with a special coding design. Second, a two-level concatenated scheme is constructed to compensate the rate loss. This way, the low-complexity concatenated coded modulation schemes can be designed without bandwidth expansion as compared with the uncoded scheme.     

Ultrasonic imaging using a 5-MHz multilayer/single-layer hybrid array for increased signal-to-noise ratio

Conventional diagnostic ultrasound scanners are bulky and require significant amounts of electrical power during operation. Reducing the size, weight, and consumption of electrical power is made easier through the use of highly integrated compact transmit and receive electronics that may be incorporated in the transducer handle. This necessitates the use of low voltage transmitters and low power receive preamplifiers. Conventional scanners typically use approximately 100-V pulses during transmit; therefore, decreasing the transmit voltage to 15 V decreases the transmit sensitivity. Conventional receive electronics that are located at the scanner degrade the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because the array element cannot efficiently drive the coaxial cable. Transmit sensitivity and received SNR can be radically improved using a multilayer/single-layer hybrid array making integration of electronics into the transducer handle more feasible. In this paper, we discuss the design, fabrication, and testing of a 5-MHz hybrid linear array. The hybrid array included 16 multilayer transmit elements (10 Omega impedance) and 24 single-layer receive elements at a half wavelength element pitch. Low voltage transmitters with an output resistance of 7 Omega and high impedance JFET preamplifiers using 15 V for biasing were located adjacent to the hybrid array in the transducer handle. The transmit sensitivity and received SNR of the hybrid array were compared with a conventional array using 50-Omega transmitters and receive preamplifiers at the scanner. The transmit sensitivity improved by 12.8 dB, and the received SNR improved by 7.8 dB, yielding an overall improvement of 20.6 dB, which compared well with predictions from the KLM model. Images of phantoms and in vivo images of the kidney obtained with the Siemens Model 1200 phased array system showed the increased SNR using the hybrid array. Estimates of penetration in tissue mimicking phantoms (alpha=0.5 dB/(cm MHz)) improved by 7 cm compared with the control.     

扩频信号的声光谱相关检测

传统检测扩频信号的声光技术,是将扩频信号建模为随机平稳过程,而扩频信号是被伪随机码调制的周期信号,应建模为循环平稳随机过程。基于声光技术与循环谱相关技术,提出了扩频信号的声光谱相关检测方法。建立了基于声光时间积分的声光谱相关检测模型,分析了当干扰瞄准扩频接收机时,扩频信号在循环频率α=1/Tc的循环谱,给出了循环谱峰的检测公式TcRs1/。仿真实验结果表明,与传统的声光技术检测扩频信号的功率谱相比,在光电检测阵列上检测的循环谱峰,谱峰旁瓣几乎为零,并可多获得约3dB的增益,表明声光谱相关检测方法具有更优异的检测和抗干扰性能。     

Coded excitation for synthetic aperture ultrasound imaging

Peak acoustic power limits the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of real-time ultrasound images. For most conventional scan formats, however, the average power is well below heating limits. This means the SNR can be significantly increased using coded excitation. A coded system transmits a broadband, temporally elongated excitation pulse with a finite time-bandwidth product. The received signal must be decoded to produce an imaging pulse with improved SNR resulting from the higher average power in the elongated excitation. Decoding can produce significant range side lobes, however, greatly reducing image quality. All practical coding designs, therefore, represent a trade-off between SNR gain and range side lobes. A specific coding scheme appropriate for synthetic aperture imaging is presented. A 14.5 dB SNR improvement with acceptable range side lobes is demonstrated on a forward-looking imaging system appropriate for intravascular applications.     

非正则复向量的扩展MVDR算法研究

研究了非正则复向量的特性对MVDR算法的影响。将阵元接收数据经过FFT运算后,在任一频率下的列向量都是非正则复向量。根据非正则复向量伪自相关阵的特性．提出了扩展自相关矩阵和扩展驾驶向量,推导出了扩展MVDR（ExMVDR）算法：仿真试验表明ExMVDR算法比MVDR能够更好的压制旁瓣,主瓣的信噪比能够提高2dB左右。     

Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Signal Processing Method for Detection of Lamination Defects in Molded Composites

In order to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of air-coupled ultrasonic signal in the detection of lamination defects in molded composite, the pulse compression and wavelet filtering hybrid signal processing method is proposed. The selection principle of parameters of the hybrid signal processing method is studied. The actual detection results of molded composite show that the hybrid method is very effective in improving the SNR of air-coupled ultrasonic signal when selecting reasonable parameters (The experiment results demonstrate that the optimal parameters are 13-bit Barker code sequences signal with three-cycle per sub-pulse, db9 wavelet, six decomposition levels, and soft threshold function.). An improvement in SNR up to 18.81 dB is attained compared with the original received signal. The quantitative accuracy of defects in C-scan image based on the hybrid method is also very high, and defects as small as \(\emptyset \)5 mm can be easily identified.     

远程水声扩频通信时变多普勒估计与码片同步联合处理算法

在低信噪比的远程浅海水声移动通信中,传统多普勒估计算法难以有效跟踪时变多普勒因子,针对该问题提出了一种基于时频联合搜索的新的时变多普勒跟踪算法。利用正交支路扩频码的扩频增益和互相关特性,结合迭代处理技术,搜索扩频码符号在不同码片相位下的多普勒频谱峰值,选择具有最大峰值的频谱对应的多普勒因子和码片相位,对信号进行多普勒补偿和码片同步。蒙特卡洛仿真表明,该算法能够在信噪比为-18 dB的情况下有效地对10 m.s~(-1)以内产生的时变多普勒进行逐符号跟踪补偿。算法经过海试测试,在远程浅海移动通信中成功完成了多普勒跟踪估计,通信误码率达到10~(-3)。     

基于人工蜂群遗传算法的稀疏全聚集成像方法研究

稀疏阵列设计是一种可提高相控阵成像实时性的有效途径。遗传算法能较好解决线性阵列稀疏这种典型的约束优化问题。但此算法的局部搜寻能力较弱,且在后期搜寻效率较差。为此,论文通过构建人工蜂群-遗传算法的阵列稀疏方法,把蜂群寻找最优解的过程引入到传统遗传算法中,增加全局最优解的搜索能力。结果显示,人工蜂群-遗传算法优化后得到的稀疏阵列比遗传算法优化后得到的稀疏阵列具有更高的旁瓣抑制力,阵列的峰值旁瓣水平达到-11.40 dB。而在阈值为-6 dB时,两种算法优化得到的稀疏阵列主瓣宽度都等同于全阵列2.8°的主瓣宽度。最后,论文通过相控阵检测系统在钢轨试样上采集超声信号,利用人工蜂群-遗传算法设计得到的稀疏矩阵进行全聚焦成像。实验结果显示,当阵元数为32的线性阵列在稀疏率达到75%时,稀疏阵列的阵列性能指标分辨率、信噪比与满阵相差不大,但成像效率却提高了53.04%。     

基于ACPT技术的纳米振动测量激光干涉仪

为实现高精度、高稳定的微小振动测量,设计了一种改进型迈克尔逊干涉仪,对其所采用的光学结构和解调算法进行了分析.信号解调方案基于载波调制和交流相位跟踪（ACPT）技术,相对应的光路采用双压电陶瓷（PZT）和准平面猫眼动镜以构成参考臂和测量臂,设计以改善信噪比、抑制低频干扰、增强系统稳定性、提高测量分辨力为目标.建立了纳米振动发生装置,搭建了振动信号测量系统,研究了激光干涉仪对振动信号的输出特性.实验结果表明,测量动态范围达到120 dB,信噪比高于40 dB,系统分辨力达到0.25 nm.该干涉仪可有效抑制诸如温度、湿度、压强、低频振动等带来的相位噪声的干扰,满足高精度、稳定、可靠的要求.     

Performance of differential pulse-position modulation (DPPM) with concatenated coding over optical wireless communications [optical wireless communications]

The concatenation of marker and Reed-Solomon codes in order to correct insertion/ deletion errors in differential pulse-position modulation (DPPM) over optical wireless communications is presented. The concatenated code decoding algorithms with hard-decision and soft-decision detection are presented. The performance of the hard-decision coded DPPM system is evaluated over both nondispersive and dispersive channels via analysis and simulation. It is shown that the coding gain provided by the concatenated code is approximately 4 dB when the code rate is about 0.7 and the channel is nondispersive. Over a dispersive channel, the coded system performs better than the uncoded system when the ratio of delay spread to bit duration is not high. A soft-decision detector is employed to combat intersymbol interference. The soft- decision decoding algorithm, which has low complexity and can be practically implemented, is described. The performance over nondispersive and dispersive channels is evaluated by analysis and simulation. It is shown that the soft-decision system requires approximately 2 dB less transmit power than the hard-decision system for additive white Gaussian noise and low-dispersive channels. Soft decoding also provides a performance improvement in high-dispersive channels.