深松铲的发展与研究现状

作为一项重要的保护性耕作技术,农机深松整地对于改善耕地质量、提高作物产量意义重大。深松铲作为深松机具的关键部件,其结构形状对土壤耕作阻力影响很大。因此,了解和掌握不同类型深松关键部件的主要类型和特点,探讨存在的主要问题,对我国深松技术的研究和推广具有重要意义。     

深松机防堵部件结构设计

保护性耕作技术是实现农业绿色、可持续发展的重要耕作模式之一,其中,深松技术是保护性耕作技术的四大核心技术之一,但是在保护性耕作技术实施过程中,由于秸秆覆盖土壤地表,深松作业时会造成深松铲缠草、堵塞等问题,影响深松机工作质量与工作效率,同时也是制约深松技术及相关机械推广与发展的重要技术瓶颈。在深松铲前方安装滚动式防堵部件是解决深松铲挂草、提高深松机械田间通过性的重要技术与方法,以滚动式切草圆盘刀为研究目标,对其最佳运动参数与结构参数进行优化设计,研究结果旨在为提升深松机械田间工作效率提供技术参考与理论分析。     

仿生深松铲结构设计与有限元分析

深松技术是旱地保护性耕作体系中的重要技术措施之一,高效节能是深松技术的发展方向。深松铲所受阻力是深松耕作的主要阻力来源。通过对金龟子和家鼠的足趾结构的研究,设计了一种新型的深松铲结构。结合四川的土壤条件,采用Drucker-Prager模型,利用有限元分析软件Abaqus对深松工艺数值仿真。在20℃常温和23°切削角的条件下,与JB/T 9788-1999深松铲比较,新型深松铲土壤应力分布和土壤扰动轮廓一致,深松铲所受土壤的反作用力减小,在相同前进速度和耕作深度的情况下,功率消耗降低了20.6%。     

保护性耕作条件下深松技术研究

根据保护性耕作的地表状况和对深松作业的要求,对比单柱凿铲式和可调翼铲式深松机的工作性能,并在玉米和小麦地进行了７年的田间试验。结果表明：可调翼铲式深松机在间隔深松底层土壤的同时,能够全面疏松表层土壤,而且不需使用大功率拖拉机。对于旱地小麦,利用可调翼铲式深松机深松后,可以增加播种前土壤含水量,改善播种质量,提高作物产量;对于旱地玉米,深松作业效果不明显。     

深松铲刃耐磨技术研究

深松是保护性耕作的一种典型模式,然而深松的关键部件——深松铲的土壤磨料磨损是导致其失效甚至报废的主要因素之一。本文对提高深松铲刃耐磨性的方法进行了探讨,并提出了利用仿生技术来提高深松铲刃耐磨性的新方法。结果表明,仿生设计方法能够使深松铲刃的耐磨性能提高20%~30%。     

楔形自润滑深松铲的结构设计与减阻试验

深松是实施保护性耕作的基础,在实行保护性耕作的初期更是必不可少的作业环节,能够打破犁底层、降低土壤容重、改善耕层结构。实现深松的主要工具是深松铲,其品质决定了深松效果。针对深松铲在工作过程中耕作阻力较大的问题,设计出一种楔形自润滑深松铲,借助SolidWorks软件进行结构设计及仿真分析,并在实验室进行减阻试验。试验结果表明:在相同试验条件下,楔形自润滑深松铲与传统深松铲对比,耕作阻力降低14.60%~21.17%,减阻率的平均值为18.28%,减阻效果明显。     

深松部件对深松作业质量影响的试验分析

深松是土壤保护性耕作和获取农作物高产必不可少的机械化作业项目.研究表明:深松机的深松部件的形状和结构参数对土壤深松质量以及作业效果有很大的影响.对凿型深松铲、箭形深松铲和双翼深松铲深松后的试验测试结果表明,在相同条件下,凿型深松铲在打破犁底层后改善土壤持水量、土壤温度、土壤坚实度和土壤微团聚体含量方面的综合作用效果良好.     

3种深松铲对深松作业效果影响研究

深松是实施保护性耕作、获取农作物高产必不可少的机械化作业项目。研究表明,深松机的深松部件——深松铲的形状和结构参数对土壤深松质量及作业效果有很大的影响。对比凿型深松铲、箭型深松铲和双翼深松铲深松后的效果,结果表明:在相同条件下,凿型深松铲在打破犁底层后改善土壤持水量、土壤温度和土壤坚实度方面的综合作用效果好。     

小麦深松免耕施肥播种机的研制

随着保护性耕作技术的推广应用,保护性耕作的优越性得到发挥,同时也带来了土壤板结、耕层变浅等问题。为此,在深松施肥播种机的前端,增加两排深松铲,采用四三布置结构,实现隔年交替深松作业,从而达到两年全幅深松的目的;并采用图解法对机组的牵引力进行了求解。试验表明,该机组能够避免秸秆堵塞深松铲,较好地发挥了深松的作用。     

机械化深松整地技术应用(续1)

机械深松整地及其对作物产量的影响 1.深松耕作法与机械深松整地技术 土壤耕作的各项作业往往根据气候、土壤、作物、作业手段等条件的不同,需要有多种土壤耕作措施配合完成.多种土壤耕作措施相互协调配合的土壤耕作体系,称为土壤耕作方法.从目前世界范围来看,主要有翻耕耕作法、深松耕作法、耙茬耕作法和保护性耕作法等.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义，并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状，提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.