硒对油菜根际土壤微生物的影响

为明确硒对土壤根际微生物生态特征的影响,采用盆栽试验,基于高通量测序技术研究了不同浓度（0、0.5、1.0 mg·kg^-1）外源硒对油菜根际土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响。群落结构分析结果表明：油菜根际土壤细菌优势菌门主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等;真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）。多样性分析结果表明,硒未显著影响土壤细菌和真菌群落的多样性。主坐标分析表明,硒处理对细菌群落结构具有显著影响,而对真菌群落的影响不明显。显著差异物种线性判别分析（LDA）显示：Microtrichales显著富集于低浓度（0.5 mg·kg^-1）硒处理土壤中;产黄杆菌（Rhodanobacter）、Nitrolancea、热微菌科（Thermomicrobiaceae）和无色杆菌属（Achromobacter）则显著富集于高浓度（1.0 mg·kg^-1）硒处理土壤中。研究表明,施硒有助于油菜根际土壤富集有益根际微生物,从而促进植物生长,提高植物应对不良环境胁迫的能力。     

PCR-DGGE方法解析大豆根际不同距离的土壤细菌群落多样性特征

应用根箱法及PCR-DGGE技术对两个大豆基因型的苗期根际不同距离的细菌群落多样性进行研究。结果表明,在距根面0～2mm的范围内,细菌群落丰富度和Shannon指数相对较高,根际细菌的多样性优于非根际（〉10mm）,主成分分析和聚类分析证明根际与非根际土壤的细菌群落多样性特征存在差异。不同基因型间苗期根际细菌群落多样性未发现显著差异。     

蜀葵-胶质芽孢杆菌联合修复土壤镉污染

为探究胶质芽孢杆菌对蜀葵修复土壤Cd污染能力的影响,采用盆栽试验,以蜀葵为供试植物,研究了25 mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下施用3、6、9 g·kg^-1的胶质芽孢杆菌对蜀葵生物量、Cd积累量、根际土壤有效态Cd含量和根际土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:25mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下,施用6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌可显著提高蜀葵根、茎生物量(P<0.05),总生物量相比单一Cd处理提高了33.6%~73.2%;施用3、6、9 g·kg^-1的胶质芽孢杆菌,蜀葵整株Cd积累量是单一Cd处理的1.64、2.89、1.69倍,蜀葵根际土壤有效态Cd含量分别上升4.8%、13.1%和8.5%。25 mg·kg^-1Cd胁迫下施用胶质芽孢杆菌后,蜀葵根际土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随施用浓度增加而升高,且处理间差异显著(P<0.05);脱氢酶活性在施用3 g·kg^-1和6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌下活性显著增强(P<0.05);多酚氧化酶活性随施用胶质芽孢杆菌浓度上升而持续减弱且变化显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,25 mg·kg^-1Cd处理下施用6 g·kg^-1胶质芽孢杆菌可有效提高蜀葵修复土壤Cd污染的能力,蜀葵-胶质芽孢杆菌联合修复土壤Cd污染具有一定应用潜力。     

磷高效野生大麦拔节期对植酸态有机磷的利用

【目的】探讨磷高效野生大麦对植酸态磷的吸收利用能力,分析植酸态磷处理对不同磷效率野生大麦生长、磷素吸收及根际土壤特征的影响,为阐明低磷胁迫下磷高效野生大麦对有机磷的利用机理提供理论依据。【方法】低磷土壤盆栽条件下,以前期筛选得到的野生大麦磷高效基因型IS-22-30、IS-22-25和磷低效基因型IS-07-07为供试材料,有机磷源为植酸钠,设3个施磷水平,即不施磷（CK）、施磷（P）15 mg·kg^-1土（Po15）、30 mg·kg^-1土（Po30）,研究拔节期有机磷处理对不同磷效率野生大麦生物量、磷素积累量、根系酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性、根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性及有机磷各组分含量的影响。【结果】（1）随有机磷水平提高,野生大麦生物量和磷素积累量均显著增加,而根冠比呈减小趋势。各处理下,磷高效基因型生物量、磷素积累量和根冠比均大于低效基因型。且随着有机磷水平的提高,磷高效基因型生物量和磷素积累量增幅较大。（2）随有机磷水平降低,野生大麦根系酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性均显著增加。各处理下,磷高效基因型根系酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性显著高于低效基因型,分别是低效基因型的1.15-1.24倍和1.18-1.34倍。（3）野生大麦根际土壤酸性磷酸酶与植酸酶的活性明显高于非根际,且随有机磷水平提高,土壤酶活性呈显著增加的趋势。各处理下,磷高效基因型根际土壤酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶活性显著高于低效基因型,是低效基因型的1.23-1.33倍和1.15-1.30倍。（4）随有机磷水平提高,野生大麦根际、非根际土壤各有机磷组分含量显著增加。磷高效基因型根际与非根际土壤活性有机磷和中活性有机磷含量显著低于磷低效基因型,而中稳性有机磷和高稳性有机磷含量无基因型差异。由于对有机磷的耗竭,根际土壤有机磷各组分含量低于非根际。磷高效基因型根际土壤活性较强的活性有机磷和中活性有机磷出现明显亏缺,其亏缺范围为0.64-1.12 mg·kg^-1和13.8-33.9 mg·kg^-1。【结论】磷高效野生大麦基因型通过根系或根际微域微生物分泌更多的酸性磷酸酶和植酸酶,提高根际土壤中活性有机磷和中活性有机磷生物有效性,从而具有较强的有机磷吸收利用能力,更能适应有效态磷缺乏的土壤环境。     

锑污染土壤中添加蚯蚓对油菜生长及土壤特性的影响

为探究蚯蚓对锑污染土壤中油菜的生长及根际土壤特性的影响,通过盆栽培养试验,研究了赤子爱胜蚓添加后锑污染下油菜幼苗生物量、富集系数的变化,并从根际土壤养分、酶活性和细菌群落结构3个方面初探了锑污染状况下蚯蚓对油菜富集锑的影响机制。结果表明：锑污染土壤中,赤子爱胜蚓可以提高油菜的生物量以及锑的富集,南油杂1号锑的富集含量达到358.30mg·kg^-1;锑显著抑制了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性(P<0.05),蚯蚓显著提高了锑胁迫下两个油菜品种根际土壤的过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性(P<0.05),最大激活率分别为13%～31%、15%～48%和24%～44%;冗余分析表明全磷、全氮、碱解氮是影响土壤酶活性变化的重要因子;添加蚯蚓未改变油菜根际土壤中优势菌门的组成,主要增加了Bacteroidetes、Cyanobacteria和Chloroflexi的丰富度,其中Bacteroidetes与过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,蚯蚓-油菜联合能降低农田土壤中锑的含量,起到一定的生态修复效果,南油杂1号的修复潜能大于沣油958。     

Effects of salinity on the soil microbial community and soil fertility

Saline area is an important reserve resource of arable land, however, the effects of soil microorganisms on the soil fertility in saline coastal ecosystems remain poorly understood. The salinity effects on soil microorganisms, nutrient availabilities and their relationships were studied in soils along a salinity gradient. A total of 80 soil samples were collected from 16 sites at four salinity levels(non-saline soil, salt content1 g kg–1; low salinity soil, salt content=1–2 g kg–1; middle salinity soil, salt content=2–4 g kg–1; high salinity soil, salt content4 g kg–1). The results showed that the salinity increased soil pH and exchangeable Na percent, but decreased soil organic matter, soil exchangeable K, and soil microbial biomass. Both the abundance and community composition of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly different between the non-saline and the saline soils. The predominant genera of soil bacteria(Planctomyces and Archangium, positive for carbon fixation) and fungi(Hydropisphaera, efficient in lignin degradation) changed with the increasing soil salinity and the decreasing soil organic matter. In summary, soil salinity changed the abundances of soil bacterial, fungal, and arbuscular mycorrhizal communities and, subsequently, affected their function in saline coastal ecosystems.     

Effect of long-term continuous cropping of strawberry on soil bacterial community structure and diversity

Long-term monoculture leads to continuous cropping (CC) problems, which complicate agricultural production, both locally and abroad. This study contrasted the different bacterial community compositions, physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of strawberry soil subjected to CC, CC rhizosphere (CCR), non-CC (NCC) and non-CC rhizosphere (NCCR) treatments. The soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were significantly reduced after long-term CC. In addition, five variation trends were observed for the 11 major bacterial genera in the soil. Sphingomonas was the only stable group among all treatments. The proportions of Novosphingobium, Rhodoplanes, Povalibacter, Cellvibrio and Stenotrophobacter decreased after CC. The relative abundances of Pelagibius, Thioprofundum and Allokutzneria increased only in the CC treatment. Nitrospira were more abundant in rhizosphere soil than in non-rhizosphere soil. The relative abundance of Bacillus increased after CC. Redundancy analysis revealed that Bacillus, Pelagibius and Allokutzneria had significant negative correlations with the soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities. Therefore, these genera may be the key bacteria influenced by the physicochemical properties and enzyme activities altered by replanting. These results indicate that long-term CC of strawberry leads to less favourable rhizosphere soil conditions, which can be understood as a stress-induced response of the bacterial community diversity. Further research is needed to determine how the quality of soil is reduced by the shift in the diversity of the soil bacterial community.     

单壁碳纳米管对紫花苜蓿根际土壤中PAHs降解及微生物群落的影响

为探究单壁碳纳米管（SWCNTs）对紫花苜蓿根际土壤中多环芳烃（PAHs）降解及微生物群落的影响,以高浓度PAHs污染土壤为供试土壤种植紫花苜蓿,并添加不同含量的SWCNTs,通过室内盆栽试验,分析了根际土壤中PAHs的降解效应及微生物群落响应。结果表明：添加0.5 g·kg^-1和5 g·kg^-1 SWCNTs使土壤中PAHs的去除率分别显著降低了3.43%和6.98%（P<0.05）,SWCNTs对PAHs降解的抑制作用主要来源于5环和6环高分子量PAHs。添加SWCNTs对紫花苜蓿生长并未产生毒害作用,当SWCNTs的添加量为5 g·kg^-1时,紫花苜蓿根长、地上部鲜质量和根鲜质量与对照（不添加SWCNTs）相比分别显著增加了21.44%、49.13%和100.00%（P<0.05）。qPCR和高通量测序结果表明,添加SWCNTs对土壤细菌生物量、丰富度和多样性无显著影响,但显著改变了土壤细菌群落组成。较高添加量的SWCNTs（5 g·kg^-1）显著降低了污染土壤中PAHs潜在降解菌属Phenylobacterium、Reyranella、Brevundimonas和Pseudorhodoferax的相对丰度。研究表明,添加SWCNTs抑制了根际土壤中PAHs的去除,尤其是5环和6环PAHs,同时改变了土壤中微生物群落,并且抑制了与PAHs降解相关的微生物。     

Response of soil Olsen-P to P budget under different long-term fertilization treatments in a fluvo-aquic soil

The concentration of soil Olsen-P is rapidly increasing in many parts of China, where P budget(P input minus P output) is the main factor influencing soil Olsen-P. Understanding the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget is useful in estimating soil Olsen-P content and conducting P management strategies. To address this, a long-term experiment(1991–2011) was performed on a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, China, where seven fertilization treatments were used to study the response of soil Olsen-P to P budget. The results showed that the relationship between the decrease in soil Olsen-P and P deficit could be simulated by a simple linear model. In treatments without P fertilization(CK, N, and NK), soil Olsen-P decreased by 2.4, 1.9, and 1.4 mg kg~(–1) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P deficit, respectively. Under conditions of P addition, the relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be divided into two stages. When P surplus was lower than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P fluctuated over the course of the experimental period with chemical fertilizers(NP and NPK), and increased by 5.0 and 2.0 mg kg~(–1), respectively, when treated with chemical fertilizers combined with manure(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM) for every 100 kg ha~(–1) of P surplus. When P surplus was higher than the range of 729–884 kg ha~(–1), soil Olsen-P increased by 49.0 and 37.0 mg kg~(–1) in NPKM and 1.5 NPKM treatments, respectively, for every 100 kg ha~(–1) P surplus. The relationship between the increase in soil Olsen-P and P surplus could be simulated by two-segment linear models. The cumulative P budget at the turning point was defined as the "storage threshold" of a fluvo-aquic soil in Beijing, and the storage thresholds under NPKM and 1.5 NPKM were 729 and 884 kg ha~(–1)P for more adsorption sites. According to the critical soil P values(CPVs) and the relationship between soil Olsen-P and P budget, the quantity of P fertilizers for winter wheat could be increased and that of summer maize could be decreased based on the results of treatments in chemical fertilization. Additionally, when chemical fertilizers are combined with manures(NPKM and 1.5 NPKM), it could take approximately 9–11 years for soil Olsen-P to decrease to the critical soil P values of crops grown in the absence of P fertilizer.     

石灰性农田土壤-水稻系统根际与非根际土氮转化速率差异

为探讨石灰性农田土壤-水稻系统根际与非根际土的氮素转化特征差异,本研究以石灰性紫色土发育而成的水稻土为研究对象,通过采集水稻分蘖期和成熟期的根际与非根际土壤,开展¹⁵N成对标记室内好氧培养试验,并计算土壤各初级氮转化速率。结果表明：水稻分蘖期根际土初级矿化速率（4.45 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）和硝化速率（9.16 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）均显著低于非根际土（P<0.05）;水稻成熟期根际土初级矿化速率（6.75 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）和硝化速率（16.86 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）与非根际土无显著差异,但显著高于分蘖期根际土的初级矿化和硝化速率（P<0.05）。水稻分蘖期NH₄⁺-N固定速率显著高于成熟期,其中,分蘖期根际土NH₄⁺-N固定速率为19.75 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,与成熟期根际土相比增加了42.21%;此外,两个生育期的水稻根际土NO₃^--N固定速率均显著高于非根际土。水稻分蘖期根际土无机氮总固定速率显著大于有机氮矿化速率,有利于氮素的留存和周转,相应地,初级硝化速率显著降低,减少了土壤NO₃^--N损失。研究表明,水稻不同生育期对石灰性水稻土主要氮转化速率的影响具有差异,且这种差异可能受水稻生育期内土壤水分、根系分泌物及无机氮含量变化的调控。     

氯虫苯甲酰胺在大豆和土壤中的残留及降解行为

建立了毛豆、植株和土壤中的氯虫苯甲酰胺的残留分析方法,并采用田间试验方法研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺在大豆植株和土壤中的消解动态及其在毛豆和土壤中的残留规律。样品用乙腈水溶液匀浆提取,经氨基固相萃取小柱净化,液相色谱-串联质谱测定,结果表明:氯虫苯甲酰胺在毛豆、大豆植株和土壤中的平均回收率为99.8%~107.6%,变异系数在1.7%~7.2%之间;最低检测浓度为0.05 mg·kg~(-1),最小检出量为2.5×10~(-10)g。田间残留试验表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺在大豆植株和土壤中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,半衰期分别为4.3~10.1 d和3.1~10.2 d;以195.7 g·hm~(-2)和293.6 g·hm~(-2)剂量,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药3d,氯虫苯甲酰胺在毛豆和土壤中的最高残留量分别为0.923、0.757 mg·kg~(-1),低于日本和澳大利亚规定氯虫苯甲酰胺在毛豆中最大残留限量1 mg·kg~(-1)。综上建议200 g·L~(-1)氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂用于大豆防治豆荚螟时,最多施用3次,用量为195.7~293.6 g·hm~(-2)(36~54 g ai·hm~(-2)),安全间隔期为3 d。     

弃耕行为对亚热带农田土壤有机质时空变化作用机理研究

为明晰弃耕行为对耕地质量关键性指标——土壤有机质时空变化的作用机理，以粤东粮食主产区海丰、陆丰和陆河3个县（市）农田为研究对象，2015─2018年连续4年对205个典型亚热带农田样点进行跟踪监测，综合野外调查采样、农户调查走访及室内检测分析，采用统计分析与地理探测器相结合的方法，构建了研究区典型弃耕行为模式，分析了不同地理情境下弃耕行为对农田土壤有机质含量变化的作用机理。结果表明：研究区农田弃耕行为主要表现为季节弃耕、调整弃耕、年轮弃耕、长期弃耕4种模式，在总体监测样点中具有弃耕行为的农田样点173个，占总数的84.39%，其中年轮弃耕和长期弃耕综合占比达59.03%。各种弃耕行为模式农田土壤有机质均呈增长趋势，而长期耕作则导致整体下降，监测样点4年间土壤有机质平均增加量表现为：季节弃耕（1.55 g·kg^-1） > 调整弃耕（1.43 g·kg^-1） > 年轮弃耕（0.27 g·kg^-1） > 长期弃耕（0.24 g·kg^-1） > 长期耕作（-0.42 g·kg^-1）。在不同地理情景下，随着海拔高度增加，弃耕农田的土壤有机质整体下降；田间含水量过大或较少，会导致弃耕行为对农田土壤有机质影响显著；相对于滨海沙土，容重较大的赤红壤和红壤农田土壤有机质对弃耕行为的响应更强，应重点防范台地、水浇地及容重较大的土壤类型农田因弃耕行为导致的耕地质量下降。研究表明，农田弃耕行为在我国部分地区表现异常严重，且弃耕类型在不同地理情景下对土壤有机质含量影响不同，亟需通过制定相关政策制度将无序弃耕规范为有序休耕。     

覆膜处理对藠头根际土壤细菌群落的影响

为探究覆膜措施对津市藠头产量及根际土壤细菌群落多样性、结构、生态功能、物种之间网络互作的影响,本研究采集了未覆膜、覆普通地膜、覆蓝色地膜3个处理下的藠头根际土壤,利用高通量测序技术和生物信息学的相关方法进行研究。结果表明：覆膜措施提高了藠头产量,其中未覆膜处理产量为29 766.7 kg·hm^-2,普通地膜处理产量为31 466.7 kg·hm^-2,增产5.7%,蓝色地膜处理产量为39 966.7 kg·hm^-2,增产34.3%。覆膜处理显著改变了细菌群落结构,并显著降低了细菌群落多样性。此外,藠头根际土壤细菌群落对不同地膜处理的响应不同,在门和属水平上均存在一定差异。网络分析结果表明,未覆膜处理具有124个模块,普通地膜和蓝色地膜处理的根际细菌分子生态网络分别具有77个和80个模块。覆膜措施使藠头根际细菌分子生态网络的模块数降低,这可能会导致细菌群落生态功能多样性降低。覆膜措施还导致根际细菌关键物种改变。基于功能预测,相较于未覆膜处理,覆盖蓝色地膜显著提高了尿素分解功能(P<0.05),而普通地膜处理相对于蓝色地...     

镉污染耕地大豆安全生产模式的探究

为探索大豆在我国南方镉（Cd）污染耕地上安全可行的种植模式,本研究通过低积累品种筛选,结合钝化剂施用,在镉污染安全利用区[土壤总镉含量为（0.49±0.04）mg·kg^-1,pH为6.31]开展田间试验。结果表明：各品种大豆籽粒镉含量均未超过国家限量标准,其中浙农6号、浙鲜9号、浙鲜12号和浙鲜19号具有镉低积累性状。将上述4个品种在镉污染严格管控区[土壤总镉含量为（1.69±0.25）mg·kg^-1,pH为4.65]开展不同钝化剂施用量对大豆镉积累能力影响试验,发现1 500 kg·hm^-2钝化剂施用下,4个品种大豆籽粒镉含量下降30.4%~79.0%,其中浙鲜9号、浙鲜12号籽粒镉含量降至0.13 mg·kg^-1,符合国家食品安全限量标准（0.2mg·kg^-1）。3 000 kg·hm^-2钝化剂施用量下大豆籽粒镉积累能力与1 500 kg·hm^-2无显著差异。1 500 kg·hm^-2钝化剂处理分别使浙农6号、浙鲜9号和浙鲜12号的产量提高了14.7%、16.7%、16.1%。研究表明,施用1 500 kg·hm^-2钝化剂可使浙鲜9号与浙鲜12号大豆籽粒中镉含量降低至国家食品安全限量标准内。     

Bacterial diversity and community composition changes in paddy soils that have different parent materials and fertility levels

Parent materials and the fertility levels of paddy soils are highly variable in subtropical China. Bacterial diversity and community composition play pivotal roles in soil ecosystem processes and functions. However, the effects of parent material and fertility on bacterial diversity and community composition in paddy soils are unclear. The key soil factors driving the changes in bacterial diversity, community composition, and the specific bacterial species in soils that are derived from different parent materials and have differing fertility levels are unknown. Soil samples were collected from paddy fields in two areas with different parent materials(quaternary red clay or tertiary sandstone) and two levels of fertility(high or low). The variations in bacterial diversity indices and communities were evaluated by 454 pyrosequencing which targeted the V4–V5 region of the 16 S r RNA gene. The effects of parent material and fertility on bacterial diversity and community composition were clarified by a two-way ANOVA and a two-way PERMANOVA. A principal coordinate analysis(PCo A), a redundancy analysis(RDA), and multivariate regression trees(MRT) were used to assess changes in the studied variables and identify the factors affecting bacterial community composition. Co-occurrence network analysis was performed to find correlations between bacterial genera and specific soil properties, and a statistical analysis of metagenomic profiles(STAMP) was used to determine bacterial genus abundance differences between the soil samples. The contributions made by parent material and soil fertility to changes in the bacterial diversity indices were comparable, but soil fertility accounted for a larger part of the shift in bacterial community composition than the parent material. Soil properties, especially soil texture, were strongly associated with bacterial diversity. The RDA showed that soil organic carbon(SOC) was the primary factor influencing bacterial community composition. A key threshold for SOC(25.5 g kg~(–1)) separated low fertility soils from high fertility soils. The network analysis implied that bacterial interactions tended towards cooperation and that copiotrophic bacteria became dominant when the soil environment improved. The STAMP revealed that copiotrophic bacteria, such as Massilia and Rhodanobacter, were more abundant in the high fertility soils, while oligotrophic bacteria, such as Anaerolinea, were dominant in low fertility soils. The results showed that soil texture played a role in bacterial diversity, but nutrients, especially SOC, shaped bacterial community composition in paddy soils with different parent materials and fertility levels.     

设施农田土壤重金属污染评价及分区阈值研究

设施农田高强度的耕作模式使土壤重金属累积日益加重，因地制宜地确定其土壤重金属目标值与筛选值对设施农田可持续生产意义重大。本文以石家庄、衡水与唐山为研究区，基于土壤重金属污染风险和生态风险评价，用熵权法得出综合风险等级并确定重金属污染分区阈值。结果表明土壤Cd、Cu、Zn污染最严重，高风险区占比达40.57%。研究区设施农田土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn全量与有效态的目标值分别为0.12、40.17、19.23、116.03 mg·kg^-1与0.02、4.19、0.59、8.80 mg·kg^-1；筛选值分别为0.40、90.27、38.33、170.68 mg·kg^-1与0.11、11.77、1.55、14.24 mg·kg^-1。基于综合评价结果反推分区阈值的方法简单便捷，重金属全量与有效态的目标值及筛选值的确定为研究区设施农田重金属污染的预防提供了多方位的指导。     

作物轮作对谷田土壤理化性质及谷子根际土壤细菌群落的影响

采用谷子连作(Si-Si-Si)、马铃薯-玉米-谷子轮作(St-Zm-Si)、玉米-大豆-谷子轮作(Zm-Gm-Si)和大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作(Gm-St-Si)四种种植模式进行定位试验,研究轮作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、谷子产量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,与连作相比,Gm-St-Si轮作模式下土壤的pH值升高,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性提高,谷子产量显著增加;利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对谷子根际土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,发现三个轮作处理的OTU数目和多样性指数均高于连作,轮作与连作的细菌群落结构与组成存在明显差异,其中Gm-St-Si处理含有丰富的疣微菌门、酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门,高丰度菌包括Planctomyces、Gemmata、Flavisolibacter、Luteolibacter等。综上表明,大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作能改善谷田生态环境,提高土壤肥力,促进土壤微生物多样性,使谷子产量增加。     

施用凹凸棒石对Cd污染农田土壤养分的影响

为研究凹凸棒石黏土矿物对Cd污染农田土壤的影响,以及对植物吸收Cd的阻控作用,通过大田试验,以凹凸棒石作为化学修复剂,以Cd污染土壤为研究对象,研究了凹凸棒石修复Cd污染土壤的效果以及对作物吸收Cd的影响。结果表明:适量添加凹凸棒石对土壤速效养分无显著影响,但过量施用时(1.25 kg·m~(-2)),导致土壤碱解氮、有效磷含量分别降低6.76 mg·kg~(-1)和7.34mg·kg~(-1);添加凹凸棒石会显著提高土壤pH和CEC含量,凹凸棒石添加1.25 kg·m~(-2)时,土壤pH最高可增加0.51个单位、CEC升高6.29 cmol·kg~(-1);添加凹凸棒石会显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量,随其添加量的增加有效态Cd含量最高可降低27.66%(添加量1.25kg·m~(-2));添加凹凸棒石能显著降低作物籽粒中Cd含量,添加量为1.25 kg·m-2时,油菜籽粒中Cd含量可降低35.19%,小麦籽粒中Cd含量可降低37.29%。由于凹凸棒石的过量施用会导致土壤肥力下降,因此,在耕种农田上利用凹凸棒石进行Cd污染的化学修复,一定要控制施用量和施用频次,在修复的同时尽量不要使土壤肥力水平降低。     

潮棕壤速效磷产量临界值和淋溶临界值的计算

确定合理磷肥用量对取得高产、提高经济收益和保护环境都有重要意义,而明确土壤速效磷产量临界值与淋溶临界值是界定施肥量适宜与否的必要前提。本文基于下辽河平原长期定位试验,使用直线-平台、双直线和米氏模型计算土壤速效磷产量临界值,通过土柱淋溶试验确定土壤速效磷淋溶临界值。结果表明：该地区玉米和大豆的速效磷产量临界值分别为12.0 mg·kg^-1和10.8 mg·kg^-1;三个模型中以米氏模型计算的值最高,以直线-平台模型计算的值最低;通过6次淋溶试验,计算的土壤速效磷淋溶临界值在74.6 mg·kg^-1到82.0 mg·kg^-1之间,均值为80.2 mg·kg^-1。在农业生产中应将土壤速效磷控制在12.0～80.2 mg·kg^-1之间,可据此指导施肥,达到保证作物生长所需养分,并减少施肥对环境影响的目标。     

活性铁铝矿物对农田土壤有机碳固定的研究

为了解活性铁铝矿物对农田土壤有机碳固定的贡献，量化了重庆西部地区不同土壤类型与耕作制度下61个典型农田土壤的表层（0~30 cm）、中层（30~60 cm）、底层（60~100 cm） 3层的活性铁铝矿物所固定的有机碳量（OC_Fe-Al）。结果表明：OC_Fe-Al表现为表层（均值2.02 g·kg^-1） > 中层（均值1.37 g·kg^-1） > 底层（均值1.19 g·kg^-1）；OC_Fe-Al占土壤总有机碳的范围为12.8%~83.6%。3层土壤的活性铁铝矿物平均固碳量，在不同土壤类型中，石灰岩土最高（1.83 g·kg^-1），紫色土最低（1.40 g·kg^-1）；在不同耕作制度中，水旱轮作用地最高（1.65 g·kg^-1），旱作用地最低（1.50 g·kg^-1）；在不同地形中，陡坡地最低（0.97 g·kg^-1），平地（1.53 g·kg^-1）与缓坡地（1.54 g·kg^-1）较高；OC_Fe-Al与土壤Fe、Al及TOC含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01），与土壤pH呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。总体而言，活性铁铝矿物固碳是土壤固碳的重要机制且对底层土壤碳库的贡献率更大；而土壤类型、耕作制度、土壤pH等均会影响活性铁铝矿物对土壤有机碳的固定。