杨十斑吉丁虫飞行能力的测定

为了探究杨十斑吉丁虫的基本飞行能力,本试验利用飞行磨吊飞结合野外测定,探究了性别、光照对杨十斑吉丁虫飞行能力的影响并对杨十斑吉丁虫野外单次飞行距离和活动场所进行了研究.吊飞结果显示：雌、雄虫的平均飞行距离之间存在显著差异,平均飞行时间、平均最大飞行速度之间差异不显著,杨十斑吉丁虫个体之间飞行能力差别较大,其中,雌虫的平均飞行距离为2．6172 km,平均最大飞行速度为2．0108 km/h,平均飞行时间为1．7674 h;雄虫的平均飞行距离为2．1385 km,平均最大飞行速度为1．7801 km/h,平均飞行时间约为1．8732 h.个体飞行能力最强为雌虫,其飞行最远距离为5．2 km,飞行最大速度为2．91 km/h,最长飞行时间约为2．9 h.野外研究结果显示：杨十斑吉丁虫主要在树木的树干部位进行活动,单次飞行距离最远可达18．3 m.结果表明：杨十斑吉丁虫有较强的飞行能力,且在光照条件下杨十斑吉丁虫的飞行能力要显著高于黑暗条件下.     

酱曲露尾甲飞行速度和持续时间的初步研究

本项研究应用飞行磨联接自动记录飞行的电子计算机,测定酱曲露尾甲的飞行速度和持续时间,其结果是:(1)所测定的甲虫多数只作短时间的反复飞行(1s—30min)。仅26％的雌虫和8％的雄虫飞行持续时间大于30min,最长可达6.3h.(2)雌虫飞行持续时间明显长于雄虫(P<0.05).(3)雌虫的飞行速度为1586±275m/h,雄虫的飞行速度为1195±347m/h.雌虫飞行速度比雄虫快(P<0.05).     

中华蜜蜂雄蜂飞行时间初探

通过对500只中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)雄蜂飞行的观察,发现21-30日龄的雄蜂在下午3点左右进行飞行且飞行时间最长.在不考虑雄蜂的日龄和其它因素时,飞行的持续时间平均为35.67±20.12min.雄蜂首次飞行的日龄与其飞行的持续时间有一定的相关(r=0.612).雄蜂两次飞行间在蜂箱内停留的时间与其日龄有关,随每日飞行次数的增加呈下降的趋势.每日第1-2次飞行在箱内停留的时间显著地长于其它次飞行所停留的时间.雄蜂飞行间在蜂箱内停留的平均时间为21.22+16.53mim.     

花曲柳窄吉丁潜在飞行能力初步研究

为了评估花曲柳窄吉丁的飞行潜能,利用昆虫飞行磨系统测定雌雄花曲柳窄吉丁成虫在不同光照时间、交配状态、取食状态和日龄条件下的飞行能力。结果表明:雌虫24 h内最远飞行距离5 500 m,雄虫最远飞行距离1 397 m,雌雄成虫 间飞行距离差异显著;雌虫在24 h光照时间下飞行距离比L/D(昼/夜)=16 h/8 h光照周期下更远;交配雌虫与未交配雌虫在飞行距离上有显著差异,交配后雌虫飞行距离更远,而交配对雄虫飞行能力无显著影响;经取食并休息的雌虫飞行距离显著大于不取食不休息的雌虫;不同日龄未取食的花曲柳窄吉丁雌虫飞行能力存在一定差异,1日龄飞行能力最弱,13日龄最强,从1~2日龄开始飞行距离增加,2~4日龄飞行距离随日龄增加而减少,而在4日龄后飞行距离又随着日龄的增加而增加。说明花曲柳窄吉丁具有较长距离飞行的潜能,这可为该虫的传播扩散和风险评估提供一定依据。      

亚洲玉米螟飞翔能力的初步研究

通过配有微机记录系统的飞行磨吊飞方法,测定了亚洲玉米螟(Osirinia furnacaris)的飞翔能力及温度、湿度,气流等不同生态条件对其飞翔力的影响。初步探讨了亚洲玉米螟的飞翔扩散活动及可能的迁飞活动。玉米螟1日龄和2日龄雌蛾可累计飞翔30小时,150公里以上。飞翔速度平均1.5米/秒,最高可达2.4米/秒。雄蛾飞翔力初期稍弱,但3日龄以后强于雌蛾。玉米螟的飞翔适温区为20—30℃,高温低湿不利其飞翔。玉米螟在风速不大于1.53—1.6米/秒时可逆风飞翔,在较大的风速下顺风飞翔时,其自身的飞翔速度随风速增加而渐降,风速9米/秒时停止振翅,随风飘流。     

空心莲子草叶甲飞行能力的研究

应用飞行磨检测和记录空心莲子草叶甲的飞行速度和持续时间,结果显示所测定的空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygraphila多数只作短时间的反复飞行（1s至3min）,仅3％的雌虫和1％的雄虫飞行持续时间大于3min,最长可达1．51h。雌虫飞行持续时间显著长于雄虫。雄虫的飞行速度为27．72cm·s^-1,雌虫的飞行速度为23．07cm·s^-1,雄虫飞行速度显著快于雌虫。     

Emergence,Mating and Oviposition Behavior of the Chinese Population in Pink Bollworm,Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most serious lepidopteran pests of cotton in the world. This pest invaded China at the onset of the 20th century, possibly through repeated introductions from several different locations worldwide. In this paper, we describe different behavioral parameters of this Hubei P. gossypiella strain under laboratory and field conditions. Using an infra-red video recorder, we observed (nocturnal) emergence, flight and mating activities, and oviposition patterns. Moth emergence started from 13:00 and continued up till 23:00. Under laboratory and field conditions, 2-7-d-old moths initiated flight around sunset, peaked 50 min later and gradually declined until 04:00. Although mating started immediately after darkness (i.e., 20:00), mating behavior was most intense from 23:00 to 03:40. Oviposition also showed distinct time-related patterns, with approx. 70% eggs laid between 20:00 and 22:00. In the studies of the relationship between flight and oviposition, the duration of flight had an effect on oviposition. The 1-d-old moths flown for 6 and 12 h began oviposition earlier than the unflown ones, and the 6-h flight had no effect on the egg production. However, the longevity of the flown moths was shortened after flight. In addition, the peaks of oviposition for the flown moths were advanced 2–3 d. The age when the moths flied affected the oviposition of adult moths. The earlier the moths started to fly after emergence, the greater the fecundity they had. The average egg production of moths flown for 24 h was less than that of non-flown moths which were of the same age. Both flight and delay in mating could advance the oviposition peak. Our study provides detailed insights in nocturnal activities and the reproductive biology of local P. gossypiella populations, which could be employed to fine-tune current pest management programs in China.     

植保无人机航空喷施飞行质量的试验与评价

【目的】植保无人机的飞行质量是航空喷施作业效果的重要影响因素。探讨不同类型和不同控制方式的植保无人机航空喷施作业的飞行质量和作业效果,为航空喷施作业机型的选择和植保无人机技术的改进提供数据支持和指导。【方法】采用微轻型机载北斗导航定位系统,获取半自主飞行控制模式下单旋翼油动植保无人机(SoUAV)、单旋翼电动植保无人机(Se-UAV)和半自动四旋翼电动植保无人机(Saqe-UAV)以及全自主控制模式下四旋翼电动植保无人机(Faqe-UAV)的飞行轨迹和飞行参数,并对飞行质量(包括飞行参数均匀性、航线精度和航线长度均匀性)进行了分析和评价。【结果】四旋翼植保无人机飞行质量优于单旋翼植保无人机,且Faqe-UAV飞行质量优于Saqe-UAV;Faqe-UAV在整个作业区域内的飞行参数变化的均匀性最佳,飞行速度和飞行高度参数变化的均匀性分别为3.66%和4.67%;Faqe-UAV的平均飞行航线偏差最小,为0.172 m。飞行方向对Saqe-UAV飞行参数的影响显著,但对Faqe-UAV飞行参数的影响不显著;航线长度对Faqe-UAV飞行参数的影响显著,但对SaqeUAV飞行速度的影响不显著。【结论】在航空喷施作业过程中,全自主控制方式下四旋翼电动植保无人机飞行质量最佳,对药液喷施质量更有保障。     

Adult nutrition affects reproduction and flight performance of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Floral resources, such as carbohydrate-rich nectar or pollen, can bolster fitness and raise reproductive output of adult lepidopterans. Here, we used laboratory experiments to assess how those plant-derived foods impact adult fecundity, reproductive physiology and flight performance of an invasive strain of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(FAW; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. More specifically, supplementary feeding on bee pollen and honey enhanced FAW flight duration, testis size, ovarian development, longevity and adult fecundity. FAW adults attained the longest pre-oviposition(10.8 days) and oviposition period(6.8 days) and longevity(19.2 days) on 5% acacia honey. Upon access to 2.5% acacia honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen, S. frugiperda attained the highest mating rate(79.7%), fecundity(644.9 eggs/female) and egg hatching rate(82.3%). Feeding on honey further delayed decay of male testes, while ovarian development was enhanced when female moths were allowed access to 2.5% honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen. Upon feeding on 5% honey solution, S. frugiperda engaged in flight over the longest duration(9.5 h), distance(29.9 km) and speed(3.1 km h~(–1)). Honey had a comparatively greater effect on the above parameters than pollen. Our findings help decipher FAW invasion patterns and population dynamics, facilitate the development of nutritional attractants, and contribute to integrated pest management of this newly-invasive pest in eastern Asia.     

不同水稻品种对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育、存活、生殖及飞行能力的影响

系统研究了稻纵卷叶螟在6种不同水稻品种(常规粳稻武育粳3号,杂交粳稻宁粳1号,常规籼稻TN1,杂交籼稻汕优63,超级杂交籼稻两优培九,超级杂交籼粳稻甬优9号)上取食后的发育历期、存活率、卵巢发育进度、繁殖力和飞行能力。结果表明,武育粳3号和宁粳1号能显著延长稻纵卷叶螟未成熟期的发育历期,降低其存活率,延缓卵巢发育进度,降低成虫繁殖率,并提高成虫的飞行能力;不同水稻品种间的影响存在显著差异,其影响从大到小排列为杂交粳稻>常规粳稻>常规籼稻>杂交籼稻>超级杂交稻。这说明,幼虫期营养对稻纵卷叶螟的生长发育、存活、生殖和飞行能力具有显著影响。     

农用小型无人机转弯掉头模式及全区域覆盖下作业路径规划与优化

【目的】具备自主飞行、航线规划与优化、精准控制与变量作业能力是农用小型无人机(Agricultural smallunmanned aerial vehicle, ASUAV)的发展方向。本研究为ASUAV在全区域覆盖下自主飞行作业前的航线拐点坐标解算、飞行航向、起降点位置以及转弯掉头模式等提供优化选择。【方法】利用基于自主恒速飞行和最小转弯半径约束的无人机转弯掉头策略,分析并设计了任意凸多边形作业区域下无人机的路径规划方法,提出了基于幅宽微变的航线归整法路径规划方案,并对结构化农田区域实现全区域覆盖条件下的路径进行了规划与优化选择。【结果】基于最优转弯掉头模式下的ASUAV全区域覆盖路径规划方法适用于任意凸多边形结构的农田区域,GUI程序在解算地头边界航线拐点坐标的同时能优化选择出效率最高的飞行作业航线。在试验田随机规划出一个面积约为2.7 hm2的不规则凸六边形田块,仿真发现当无人机沿着平行于最长边飞行作业时,其空行行程最短,约为540 m,工作效率也最高,接近90%。【结论】经过优化选择后的ASUAV掉头转弯模式、起降点位置、飞行航向以及解算后航线拐点坐标等可以实现全区域覆盖,研究结果为ASUAV自主飞行作业提供了参考。     

Laboratory-based flight performance of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

In late 2018, the fall armyworm(FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda Smith(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) made its arrival in China and its populations have since proliferated across most of eastern Asia. While S. frugiperda exhibits a considerable dispersal capacity and engages in long-distance migration, there's only scant information on the species' flight capability. Here, we empirically assessed S. frugiperda flight activity under varying climatic conditions using a flight mill. More specifically, under laboratory conditions, FAW exhibited superior flight performance at 20–25°C and 60–90% relative humidity(RH). When quantifying flight performance over five consecutive nights(i.e., 10 h/night), all flight parameters initially increased and then gradually dropped and FAW adults attained a total flight distance, duration and velocity equal to 63.73 km(48.42–94.12 km)(median, quartile range), 24.12 h(20.87–27.73 h) and 2.73 km h~(–1)(2.13–3.33 km h~(–1)), respectively. Our work constitutes a first comprehensive assessment of S. frugiperda flight performance and provides baseline information for future efforts to forecast spatiotemporal changes in its geographical distribution, movement patterns and invasion trajectories. Such can ultimately permit a timely and targeted deployment of area-wide pest management measures against this newly-invasive pest in China and across eastern Asia.     

Effect of a near-zero magnetic field on development and flight of oriental armyworm(Mythimna separata)

The geomagnetic field affects all living organisms on the Earth. In this study we investigated the developmental and behavioral effects of rearing Mythimna separata in a near-zero magnetic field(500 n T) compared to the local geomagnetic field(approximately 50 μT). The near-zero magnetic field produced by a Helmholtz coil system significantly lengthened larval and pupal development durations, increased male longevity, and reduced pupal weight, female reproduction, and the relative expression level of the vitellogenin(Vg) gene in newly emerged females. Moreover, the near-zero magnetic field had a considerable negative effect on the mating ratio of M. separata adults. In addition, the moths in the near-zero magnetic field displayed less flight activity late in the night than those in the Earth's normal geomagnetic field, indicating that the flight rhythm of M. separata may be affected by the near-zero magnetic field. Reduction in magnetic field intensity may have negative effects on the development and flight of oriental armyworm, with consequent additional effects on its migration.     

中国华南地区稻纵卷叶螟迁飞的一次雷达观测

【目的】研究稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée）在华南地区的迁飞行为参数,为其早期预警及有效防控提供依据。【方法】利用毫米波扫描昆虫雷达及相关辅助设备对中国华南地区稻纵卷叶螟的空中飞行参数进行研究,并运用HYSPLIT平台对监测到的迁出种群进行迁飞轨迹分析。【结果】在中国华南地区,稻纵卷叶螟在日落后起飞,20：00左右达到起飞高峰,起飞可持续1 h左右;稻纵卷叶螟迁飞高度主要在1 000 m以下,具有聚集成层现象,可形成2-3层,100-300、400-500 m成层密度较大。成层现象与局部风速极值有关,与风向关系不大,但最大密度并不总是出现在最大风速处。轨迹分析显示,此次从兴安迁出的稻纵卷叶螟蛾经过3次再迁飞,可到达广西河池地区继续繁殖危害,而到达贵州遵义、黔南地区的虫群由于缺乏食物来源无法生存。【结论】稻纵卷叶螟在华南地区的迁飞行为参数与华东地区有所不同。     

大蜡螟飞翔力的室内测定

在静风、平均气温 1 7.0 -1 8.1℃的室内条件下 ,对大蜡螟成虫悬吊飞行进行测试 ,结果表明 :1日龄未交配雌蛾单次连续飞行最远距离可达 (4 4 3 8.65± 2 85 2 .5 6) m,连续飞行最长时间可达 (93 .6± 63 .3 ) min;1日龄未交配雄蛾连续飞行最远距离可达 (3 1 0 1 .47± 1 2 1 9.84) m,连续飞行的最长时间可达 (65 .0± 3 8.95 ) min;5 -1 1日龄未交配雄蛾的连续飞行最远距离为 (4 1 3 .66± 2 0 3 .0 9) m,连续飞行最长时间为 (1 0 .47± 3 .3 9) min,比 1日龄未交配蛾的显著短     

Flight activity promotes reproductive processes in the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has invaded many countries in Africa and Asia since 2016, posing a major threat to world food security. Long-distance migration and strong reproductive ability form the biological basis of its rapid population expansion, but the relationship between the flight and reproduction of FAW has not been studied in depth. Here, an empirical assessment of this relationship in an invasive FAW population in China found that 1–3-day-old adults which had undergone 10-h tethered flights had a significantly shorter pre-oviposition period and greater oviposition synchronization, but did not show any differences in fecundity, oviposition period, mating percentage or other reproductive variables. Further studies on moths after 1.25–15-h tethered flights indicated that the reproductive process of adults could be fully triggered by flight activity longer than 2.5 h. Dissection of the reproductive organs also showed that tethered flight promoted ovarian and testicular development of FAW. These results show that appropriate moth flight activity significantly speeds up the reproductive process of FAW, which increases our knowledge on its migratory biology in relation to regional outbreaks.     

笼养密度对肉仔鸡行为的影响及其与胸囊肿发生率的关系

研究笼养密度分别为17只/m2(高密度)、14只/m2(中密度)和11只/m2(低密度)条件下,4~6周龄肉仔鸡的行为特点,以及笼养密度与胸囊肿发生率的关系。结果表明:笼养肉仔鸡各行为持续时间比例中趴卧最高,达77.08%。6周龄肉仔鸡行为与4和5周龄的相比,其行为受密度的影响最大:高密度下趴卧持续时间长、频次低(P<0.05);低密度下行走、饮水、采食、梳羽、舒展、晃动等活动型的行为频次高、持续时间长(P<0.05);高密度下胸囊肿发病率显著高于低密度(P<0.05),且发病率与晃动、梳羽行为持续时间比例及趴卧频次均具有显著的负相关关系(r=-0.997,P=0.048;r=-0.999,P=0.028;r=-0.996,P=0.034)。高笼养密度条件下,肉仔鸡趴卧行为持续时间长,晃动、梳羽等活动型行为持续时间缩短,频次降低,其胸囊肿发生率增大。     

不同糖类物质对多异瓢虫捕食与飞行行为及能力的影响

【目的】评价不同糖类物质对多异瓢虫捕食能力和飞行能力的影响,为发挥多异瓢虫的控害效能提供理论依据。【方法】在补充不同糖类营养后,室内测定多异瓢虫成虫在不同棉蚜密度条件下的捕食量,通过室内飞行磨系统测定不同处理下多异瓢虫的各项飞行参数。【结果】补充不同糖类营养后多异瓢虫成虫对棉蚜4龄若虫的捕食功能反应属于Holling-Ⅱ型。补充糖类营养后,随猎物密度逐渐增加,多异瓢虫对猎物的捕食能力增加,搜寻能力逐渐下降,与清水处理相比,葡萄糖、蔗糖处理下多异瓢虫捕食能力和搜寻能力均有提高,雌成虫日最大捕食量分别可达675.68、757.58头,雄成虫日最大捕食量可达374.53、609.76头;补充葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖、棉子糖后多异瓢虫累计飞行时间及累计飞行距离均显著延长,雌成虫累计飞行时间分别为7.78、6.17、7.58、6.80和6.63 h,累计飞行距离分别为9.51、7.70、8.46、6.94、7.12 km,雄成虫累计飞行时间分别为4.69、4.99、5.17、5.09和5.20 h,累计飞行距离分别为4.53、5.41、5.28、4.72和5.52 km;多异瓢虫雌虫在补充葡萄...     

Tradeoff between triglyceride consumption and ovariole development in Plutella xylostella (L.) released in mixed-host environments

After exposure to mixed environments with multiple hosts, the frequency of flight take-offs for Plutella xylostella (L.) is known to increase with a concomitant decrease in female fecundity. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the physiological mechanism underlying the increased flight activity and decreased fecundity of P. xylostella in mixed-host environments. We measured ovariole length, and triglyceride and vitellogenin (Vg) content in P. xylostella females after they were released into different host environments consisting of either a single host (Brassica campestris, Brassica oleracea or Brassica juncea) or a mixture of all three hosts. Our results indicated that ovariole length varied significantly between female adults from different host environments. Females from the B. campestris environment had the longest ovarioles, whereas those from the mixed environment had the shortest ones. A negative correlation was found between ovariole length and the flight take-off frequency of P. xylostella adults. Additionally, there were significant differences in the triglyceride content of P. xylostella females from different host environments. Our data revealed that more triglyceride was consumed by P. xylostella female adults from B. oleracea and the mixed environments than those from environments containing only B. campestris or B. juncea. In contrast, the relative Vg content in P. xylostella females from the mixed environment was lower than that in females from the B. campestris-, B. juncea- or B. oleracea-only environments. In conclusion, the mixed environment caused increased consumption of available energy resources (triglyceride) at the cost of retarding ovarian development and decreasing the amount of Vg produced.     

植保无人机对水稻病虫害防治条件与防效的研究

为了探索植保无人机对水稻病虫害防治条件和防治效果,研究了植保无人机飞行高度、飞行速度、飞防助剂等条件对农药雾滴特性的影响,同时研究了两种不同施药方式对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、螟虫防效的影响。结果表明,在植保无人机飞行高度距离水稻冠层2 m、飞行速度3 m·s^-1时,雾滴沉降密度（22.3个·cm^-2）最大,雾滴在水稻冠层不同部位的沉降密度存在差异：上部＞中部＞下部;添加飞防助剂药液湿润面积增加764%,雾滴中直径、覆盖率由未添加助剂前 256.3 μm、5.56%增加至327.5 μm、9.82%,雾滴密度由未添加助剂前20.3个·cm^-2降低至16.4个·cm^-2。在水稻孕穗期,相同药剂配方条件下,植保无人机喷施化学药剂和生物药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果分别为86.20%、83.20%,显著优于传统人工电动喷雾器喷洒防治效果;而对稻曲病的防治效果分别为86.51%、84.01%,对螟虫的防治效果分别为89.32%、81.47%,两种喷药方式的防治效果无显著差异。研究结果表明,植保无人机在最适飞行高度、飞行速度和添加飞防助剂等条件下,对水稻病虫害防治效果显著,具有大面积推广应用价值。