Pore Characteristics and Factors Controlling Lacustrine Shales from the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,Northeast China: A Study Combining SEM,Low-temperature Gas Adsorption and MICP Experiments

To investigate pore characteristics and the factors controlling lacustrine shales,geochemical,mineralogical and petrophysical experiments were performed on 23 shale samples from the Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin,China.A comparison of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) and low-temperature N2 adsorption pore-size distribution showed that MICP has a higher pore-size distribution (PSD) line in its overlapping pore diameter range,which may be elevated by the higher pressure of MICP.Therefore,in the overlapping range,low-temperature N2 adsorption data were preferred in pore characterization.Negative correlations were observed between pore volumes and TOC content,indicating organic matter pores are not well-developed in the studied samples.This may be related to their low grade of maturity and type I kerogens.There existed negative relationships between pore volumes and S1,which illustrated that liquid hydrocarbons occupied some pore space.Micropore volume had a better correlation with S1 than mesopore and macropore volumes,which suggests that liquid hydrocarbons preferentially occur in micropores.No obvious relationships between pore volumes and quartz or feldspar were observed,while pore volumes increased with the increasing clay mineral content.These relationships indicate that intraparticle pores in clay minerals represent the principal pore type.     

Characterizing the Micropores in Lacustrine Shales of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of Southern Songliao Basin, NE China

Micropores of shale are significant to the gas content and production potential of shale, which has been verified in the research of marine shale gas; while, few studies have been conducted on lacustrine shales. This study collected 42 samples from three wells in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the southern Songliao Basin, NE China, and investigated these samples by the focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope (FIB–SEM) and nitrogen adsorption analysis techniques. Four types of micropores were identified in the samples, i.e., intergranular pore, intracellular pore, organic matter pore and microfracture. The pore structure type is characterized by open slit pores and “ink type” pores which are mainly 1.5–5 nm in diameter with mesopores as the main pores. The mesopores account for 74.01% of the pore volume and 54.68% of the pore surface area. Compared with the lacustrine shales from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin and Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin, the intergranular clay mineral interlayer pores are considered to be the main reservoir space for shale gas storage in the study area, followed by intraparticle pores, organic matter pores and microfractures. Maturity and micropore are the key controlling factors which affect the shale gas content of the Qingshankou Formation in southern Songliao Basin.     

基于数字岩心技术的陆相页岩油微观结构特征及主控因素--以松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段泥页岩为例

数字岩心技术为大庆齐家-古龙地区青山口组一段的页岩油评价提供了可靠的基础数据,助力了松辽陆相盆地页岩油的勘探突破.针对泥页岩储层超低孔、超低渗的物性特征,综合利用微纳米CT、MAPS和QEMSCAN等数字岩心配套实验,对泥页岩储层岩石学特征、岩相类型、孔隙结构等进行了研究.将青山口组一段划分为5种岩相类型,分别为低有机质纹层状黏土质灰岩相、低有机质纹层状长英质灰岩相、中有机质纹层状长英质页岩相、中有机质夹层粉砂岩相、高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相.青山口组一段主要孔隙类型包括粒间孔、粒内孔和有机质孔.岩石相是青山口组一段孔隙、层理缝发育的主控因素.高有机质纹层状硅质页岩相储集空间主要由粒内孔和层理缝所构成,其孔隙-裂缝系统是青山口组一段页岩油甜点开发的重点层段.     

松辽盆地NGN1井上白垩统青山口组一段有机质演化

以NGN1井全取芯井为标杆,通过岩芯观察、地球化学分析和显微组分镜下鉴定,揭示青山口组一段的有机质演化规律。NGN1钻井位于松辽盆地东南缘,青一段由底至顶分别为灰绿色泥质粉砂岩-深灰色泥岩、油页岩-灰色泥岩-灰绿色粉砂质泥岩沉积,揭示了由滨浅湖-半深湖-滨浅湖的沉积环境演化。TOC、S2、含油率以及HI呈现增大-高值-减小的趋势,而半焦含量和块状密度则呈相反的变化趋势。青一段泥岩中主要的有机质显微组分为层状藻、孢子体和骨屑等,有机质含量与单位面积显微组分、藻类相对含量均呈明显的正相关,并结合有机质判别图解,说明有机质类型主要为I型和II1型,来源以湖泊藻类为主。泥岩中的陆源有机质含量较少,说明湖泊生物控制着有机质的来源,浅湖由于水体较浅、水底含氧,保存条件较差,导致泥岩中的有机质丰度较低,半深湖-深湖水体较深,保存条件良好,促进有机质的富集,因此垂向上沉积环境演化是导致有机质变化的主要因素。     

松辽盆地东南隆起区上白垩统嫩江组泥页岩段地球化学特征与物源分析

嫩江组泥岩的地球化学分析结果表明:泥岩中含有一定量的铁镁质组分和较多的稳定组分。微量元素和稀土元素分析结果显示,嫩江组含油页岩段沉积时期存在多个物源。CIA和PIA值没有随着埋深的减少而增加,说明嫩江组泥岩受后期风化影响很小。CIA值为70.5~77.0,Th/U值为2.67~3.98,说明泥岩源区经历了中等强度风化作用。Zr/Sc—Th/Sc图解表明泥岩的化学成分受源岩成分控制。通过源岩和构造背景判别图以及前人资料可知,松辽盆地嫩江组母岩主要为海西期花岗岩,源岩的构造背景为大陆边缘造山带火山岛弧岩系。物源中输入较多的铁镁及含钙物质,促进油页岩的形成。     

松辽盆地晚白垩世青山口组缺氧事件层的地质地球化学特征

松辽盆地白垩系青山口组下部广泛分布一套富含有机碳的黑色泥岩、页岩沉积,是全盆地地层划分对比的一级标志。茂206井是中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探工程井,全井获取了青山口组497.02 m的岩心资料。茂206井青山口组具有相对高的有机碳、干酪根碳同位素正偏、重排甾烷含量低以及普遍存在伽马蜡烷生物标志化合物等有机地球化学特征,表征为白垩纪温室效应时间窗内古湖泊缺氧事件的产物。结合生物地层研究成果,认为青山口期缺氧事件层大体可与白垩纪古海洋Cenomanian-Turonian界线事件层进行对比,进一步证实了青山口组的地质时代属晚白垩世晚Cenomanian-Turonian期的观点。     

松辽盆地徐家围子地区下白垩统登娄库组储层物性研究

储层问题是制约深层天然气勘探获得突破的主要问题之一。深部优质储层孔隙成因和保存机理、次生孔隙发育带研究很薄弱,储集性质控制因素研究程度不够,难于进行有利储层分布的预测。研究以储层地质学和储层地球化学理论为指导,结合储层宏观研究和盆地沉积史及热史研究成果,对徐家围子断陷深层下白垩统登娄库组的砂岩储层中碎屑岩储层岩性、物性、孔隙类型及储集性的变化规律进行了介绍。     

松辽盆地北部上白垩统青山口组泥岩特征及页岩油有利区优选

以松辽盆地北部为研究区域,以上白垩统青山口组一、二段泥岩为研究对象,通过国内外页岩油研究资料收集整理分析、典型井岩心观察、样品测试数据分析等,对研究区青山口组一、二段泥岩的岩性、物性、电性、含油气性、烃源岩、脆性及地应力特征七方面页岩油评价参数进行了研究,结果表明,松辽盆地北部上白垩统青山口组一、二段具有页岩油发育的有利石油地质条件,其中古龙凹陷为页岩油的有利区,具有良好的勘探前景。     

Pore Connectivity of Deep Lacustrine Shale and its Effect on Gas-bearing Characteristics in the Songliao Basin:Implications from Continental Scientific Drilling

The lacustrine shale of deep Shahezi Formation in the Songliao basin has great gas potential,but its pore evolution,heterogeneity,and connectivity characteristics remain unclear.In this work,total organic carbon analysis,rock pyrolysis,X-ray diffraction field emission scanning electron microscopy,the particle and crack analysis system software,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment,fractal theory,high-pressure mercury injection experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment were us...     

松辽盆地白垩纪青山口阶的同位素地层标志及其与海相Cenomanian阶的对比

本研究利用大庆油田在松辽盆地中部的岩心样品进行了青山口组有机碳稳定同位素的测试,通过化学地层和生物地层研究提出了青山口阶的顶底标志。在青山口组底部同位素值最低,为- 32 .2‰,与介形虫Cypridea elliptica的消失界面吻合。同位素值随后迅速上升,形成底界之上的第一个峰值,为- 2 8.1‰。随后的4个峰值自下而上分别是- 2 8‰、- 2 7.8‰、- 2 7.3‰和- 2 6 .6‰,相间的低峰值一般处于- 30‰～- 2 9‰左右。最为重要的是,有机碳稳定同位素值在青山口组顶部出现一个明显的异常,由- 2 9.5‰急剧升为- 2 3.1‰,随后又迅速降为- 30 .12‰,形成一个明显的正向峰值。这一正向偏移的位置与介形类Cypridea panda和Triangulicyprisfusiformis的消失界面基本吻合,并与全球Cenom anian- Turonian界线稳定同位素事件表现一致。据此,将这一稳定同位素正向偏移确定为青山口阶顶界的化学标志。通过这一标志可以将青山口阶的顶界与海相Cenom anian阶顶界进行对比。研究结果表明,化学地层标志是陆相与海相地层的对比的渠道。青山口阶的有机碳稳定同位素值具有全球一致的意义,与我国西藏南部海相地层,乃至全球重要地区Cenomanian- Turonian阶稳定同位素界线均具有可比性。     

松辽盆地上白垩统陆相遗迹化石及其沉积环境

松辽盆地上白垩统中含有丰富的遗迹化石,通过对该盆地20余口取心井岩心的详细观察,发现了6大类动物遗迹化石15属20种。根据这些遗迹化石的分布规律,在松辽盆地上白垩统中划分出5种遗迹化石组合：（1）Scoyenia遗迹组合,主要成分有Scoyenia gracilis、Skolithos和Planolites,偶见停息迹化石,反映的是遭受周期性暴露的极浅水环境;（2）Skolithos遗迹组合,主要以Skolithos和Cylindricum十分发育为特征,分异度小,丰度高,反映的是高能动水环境。（3）Arenicolites遗迹组合,主要以Arenicolites和Polykladichnus大量发育为特征,还见有Skolithos、Planolites、Thalassinoides和逃逸迹等化石,分异度较高,反映了水流能量较低的浅水环境;（4）Planolites遗迹组合,以密集分布的Planolites十分发育为特征,分异度小,丰度高,见有少量指示缺氧环境的Chondrites化石,反映了水体较平静的还原环境;（5）Fuersichnus遗迹组合,主要由Fuersichnus、Glockeria、Gordia、Megagrapton和Planolites等遗迹分子构成,反映了相对平静的深水环境。     

松辽盆地白垩系青山口组核形石的发现及其环境意义

在松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组中首次发现核形石灰岩,见于细砂岩、粉砂岩和泥质岩层系中。核形石有三种类型：环状、石笋状和姜状核形石。多数核形石由核心和多环纹层组成,少数具不明显核心或呈单层环状。该套核形石形成于湖泊三角洲前缘分流河口砂坝侧翼的水下分流间湾环境。地形坡度和三角洲前缘的生长,致使核形石普遍发生准同生变形。由于核形石出现于青山口组二、三段,处于温湿向干热气候转变时期,因此核形石可能作为重要的古气候变迁标志。     

松辽盆地南部青山口组湖相风暴沉积

用岩心观察、粒度分析、薄片鉴定等方法,研究了松辽盆地南部青山口组湖相风暴沉积。结果表明,本区风暴沉积具有:a.丘状交错层理、冲刷面、渠模、截切构造、泄水构造及生物扰动成因等沉积构造;b.以跳跃总体为主、悬浮总体不发育的粒度特征;c.典型的“似鲍玛序列”。风暴沉积物源来自于西部斜坡区的(扇)三角洲及滨浅湖滩坝沉积,按其沉积特征及与物源的关系,又可进一步分为原地风暴岩和异地风暴岩。     

吉林省松辽盆地白垩系下统青山口组油页岩沉积特征

吉林省松辽盆地白垩系下统青山口组一段是油页岩的含矿层位,形成时为松辽盆地的坳陷期,油页岩是盆地两次最大湖泛期的产物,盆地内油页岩属于典型的深湖相成因。     

松辽盆地断陷期白垩纪营城组的时代归属

本文结合生物地层,同位素年代学,古地磁及地层序列的最新研究成果,探讨了松辽盆地断陷期营城组的时代归属。营城组孢粉组合多繁盛于白垩纪早—中期的Hauterivian期—Albian期;营城组同位素年龄分布表现出两个峰值135 ~ 120Ma和115 ~ 110Ma,结合采样层位及地层序列特征认为135~130Ma代表营城组下段中基性火山岩的年龄,130 ~ 120Ma代表营城组一段酸性火山岩的年龄,115~110Ma代表营城组三段基性火山岩及顶部酸性火山岩的年龄;古地磁研究表明在Hauterivian期底界偏上的135Ma发生过磁性的倒转以及松辽盆地的快速北移。这些特征表明营城组的时代为Hauterivian期—Albian早期,同位素年龄为135 ~ 110Ma。     

Ostracod Biostratigraphy of the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin

An ostracod biostratigraphic study was performed on 425 samples from the composite geological section constructed by using cores taken from five selected wells drilled in the Late Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao basin.A total of 19 ostracod zones are established in the formation,of which 3 are newly established and 3 are revised.The 19 ostracod zones are described in detail.This study provides a basis for the detailed stratigraphic division and correlation of the Qingshankou Formation and the Gaotaizi oil reservoir in the oilfield in the Songliao basin.     

松辽盆地白垩系青山口阶缺氧事件层的有机地球化学特征

松辽盆地白垩系青山口阶下部广泛分布一套富含有机碳的黑色泥岩、页岩沉积,它具有干酪根碳同位素正偏、重排甾烷含量低,普遍存在伽马蜡烷生物标志化合物等有机地球化学特征,代表了白垩纪温室效应时间窗内古湖泊贫氧环境条件下的沉积产物。结合生物地层研究成果,认为青山口阶下部曾发生过古湖泊缺氧事件,其层位大体可与白垩纪古海洋Cenomanian-Turonian界线事件层进行对比,由此提出了松辽盆地青山口阶下部的时代归属于晚白垩世Cenomanian晚期—Turonian早期的新观点。     

松辽盆地白垩系砂岩储集层特征

白垩系砂岩储层是松辽盆地主要的油气层，砂岩成分以石英，长石和岩屑为主，为长石砂岩，岩屑长石砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩，储层孔隙包括粒间孔，粒内溶孔，铸模孔，胶结物内溶孔，裂缝等，储层孔隙演化经历了早、中、晚等成岩阶段，在中成岩阶段,晚成岩阶段早期和晚期有3次次生孔隙发育，其对储层性质有明显的改善。本区砂岩储集层可分为4个类型，且具有不同的分布规律。     

Enrichment Patterns and New Discovery of Deep Lacustrine Shale Oil in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

正Objective The Songliao Basin is located in northeastern China. The Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation(Fm.)(K2 qn), Yaojia Fm.(K2 y), and Nenjiang Fm.(K2 n) were deposited in its depression. The sediments are mainly continental clastic rocks. The first member of the Qingshankou Fm.(K2 qn1) in the southern Songliao Basin mainly comprises semi-deep to deep lacustrine shale of large thickness, generally 30,100 m, with wide distribution; the thickness of the shale has an average thickness of 70 m.