Development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybean via direct selection with glyphosate

Glyphosate-tolerant soybean is the most widely planted genetically modified crop worldwide. However, soybean remains recalcitrant to routine transformation because of the low infection efficiency of Agrobacterium to soybean and lack of useful selectable markers. In this study, several Agrobacterium strains and cell densities were compared by transient expression of the GUS gene. The results showed that Agrobacterium strain Ag10 at cell densities of OD_(600) of 0.6–0.9 yielded the highest infection efficiency in Agrobacterium-mediated soybean cotyledonary node transformation system. Meanwhile, a simple and rapid method was developed for identification of glyphosate tolerance in putative T_0 transgenic plants, consisting of spotting plantlets with 1 μL Roundup~?. The whole cycle of genetic transformation could be shortened to about 3 mon by highly efficient selection with glyphosate during the transformation process and application of the spot assay in putative T_0 transgenic plantlets. The transformation frequency ranged from 2.9 to 5.6%. This study provides an improved protocol for development and identification of glyphosate-tolerant transgenic soybeans.     

Development of Transgenic Glyphosate-Resistant Rice with G6 Gene Encoding 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase

Glyphosate-resistant crops have been a huge economic success for genetic engineering. The creating of new glyphosate-resistant plants would increase the available choices for planting and lower the price of genetically modified crop seeds. A novel G6 gene from Pseudomonas putida that encoded 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) was previously isolated. The G6 gene was transfected into rice via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic rice obtained was confirmed by PCR, Southern, and Western blots. The lab experiment and field trials further confirmed that the transgenic rice can survive glyphosate spraying at a dose of 8 g L⁻¹. In contrast, conventional rice was killed at a weed control glyphosate spray dose of 1 g L⁻¹. Altogether, the present study showed that the G6 gene works well in rice in vivo for glyphosate-resistance.     

Sexual compatibility of transgenic soybean and different wild soybean populations

The introduction of genetically modified (GM) soybean into farming systems raises great concern that transgenes from GM soybean may flow to endemic wild soybean via pollen. This may increase the weediness of transgenic soybean by increasing the fitness of hybrids under certain conditions and threaten the genetic diversity of wild soybean populations. Although pollen-mediated gene flow between GM crops and wild relatives is dependent on many factors, the sexual compatibility (SC) determined by their genetic backgrounds is the conclusive factor. The considerable genetic variation among wild soybean populations may cause compatibility differences between different wild and cultivated soybeans. Thus, an evaluation of the SC between transgenic soybean and different wild soybeans is essential for assessing the environmental consequences of cultivated soybean–wild soybean transgene flow. The podding and seed sets were assessed after artificial hybridization using transgenic glyphosate-resistant soybean as the paternal parent and 18 wild soybean populations as the maternal parents. Then, the average number of filled seeds produced in 200 flowers (AFS) was calculated for each wild soybean under natural self-pollination as well as under artificial crossing with transgenic soybean. Finally, the index of cross-SC was calculated (ICSC) as the ratio of the AFS of wild soybean artificially crossed with transgenic soybean and the AFS of naturally self-pollinated wild soybean. The results demonstrated that after self-pollination and crossing with transgenic soybean, the average podding rates of 18 wild soybean populations ranged within 96.50–99.50% and 4.92–18.03%, and the average filled seed numbers per pod varied from 1.70 to 2.69 and 0.20 to 0.48, respectively. The results showed that approximately 89% of wild soybeans displayed either medium or higher than medium SC with transgenic soybean (ICSC>1.0%). This implied the high possibility of gene flow via pollen from transgenic soybean to wild soybean.     

Optimization of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Immature Embryo Transformation System and Transformation of Glyphosate-Resistant Gene 2mG2-EPSPS in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Since maize is one of the most important cereal crops in the world, establishment of an efficient genetic transformation system is critical for its improvement. In the current study, several elite corn lines were tested for suitability of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation by using immature embryos as explants. Infection ability and efficiency of transformation of A. tumefaciens sp. strains EHA105 and LBA4404, different heat treatment times of immature embryos before infection, influence of L-cysteine addition in co-cultivation medium after transformation, and how different ways of selection and cultivation influence the efficiency of transformation were compared. Glyphosate-resistant gene 2mG2-EPSPS was transformed into several typical maize genotypes including 78599, Zong 31 and BA, under the optimum conditions. Results showed that the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens sp. strain EHA105 was more infectious than LBA4404. Inclusion of L-cysteine (100 mg L^?1) in co-cultivation medium, and heating of the immature embryos for 3 min prior to infection led to a significant increase in the transformation efficiency. Growth in resting medium for 4-10 d and delaying selection was beneficial to the survival of resistant calli. During induction of germination, adding a high concentration of 6-BA (5 mg L^?1) and a low concentration of 2,4-D (0.2 mg L^?1) to regeneration medium significantly enhanced germination percentage. Using the optimized transformation procedure, more than 800 transgenic plants were obtained from 78599, Zong 31 and BA. By spraying herbicide glyphosate on leaves of transgenic lines, we identified 66 primary glyphosate-resistant plants. The transformation efficiency was 8.2%. PCR and Southern-blot analyses confirmed the integration of the transgenes in the maize genome.     

抗草甘膦转基因大豆SHZD32-01田间节肢动物和杂草多样性研究

通过田间试验,采用直接观察法,比较抗草甘膦转基因大豆SHZD32-01和受体中豆32各处理田间节肢动物和杂草的数量及物种丰富度、多样性指数、优势集中性指数和均匀性指数等群落特征指数,评价抗除草剂转基因大豆田间节肢动物和杂草的多样性。节肢动物调查结果显示,SHZD32-01喷施草甘膦、SHZD32-01人工除草、中豆32人工除草3种处理田间烟粉虱、小绿叶蝉、苜蓿盲蝽和中华草蛉等主要节肢动物数量无统计学差异,节肢动物群落特征(物种丰富度、生物多样性指数、优势集中性指数和均匀性指数)差异不显著。杂草调查结果显示,人工除草管理下,SHZD32-01和中豆32田间杂草物种丰富度、生物多样性指数、优势集中性指数和均匀性指数差异不显著,反枝苋、藜、稗和鲤肠等杂草密度无统计学差异;与其他2个处理相比,喷施草甘膦45 d后,SHZD32-01田间杂草物种丰富度无显著变化,但多样性指数和均匀性指数显著下降,优势集中性指数显著上升,鲤肠等杂草密度显著减少(P0.05)。结果表明,SHZD32-01种植1年不影响田间节肢动物和杂草多样性,草甘膦喷施1次亦不影响大豆田间杂草的丰富度。     

草甘膦对大豆田土壤养分及其功能酶活性的影响

为探究草甘膦对大豆田土壤养分及其功能酶活性的影响,以转基因抗草甘膦大豆呼交06-698为材料,采用田间试验方法,研究了1.2、2.4、3.6 kg·hm^-2草甘膦对大豆田土壤氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）及其功能酶活性的影响。2年试验结果均表明,在草甘膦2.4 kg·hm^-2和3.6 kg·hm^-2用量下,大豆田土壤碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、脲酶、纤维素酶、磷酸酶和根瘤固氮酶活性显著降低,降低峰值分别为10.57%、11.30%、67.66%、40.62%、45.88%和74.49%,过氧化氢酶活性显著升高,2年间的升高峰值为131.93%,速效钾含量不受草甘膦影响。这种影响随草甘膦施用后时间延长而逐步恢复正常,长时间不会对土壤养分及其功能酶活性带来不利影响。通过主成分与综合评价方法分析,草甘膦用量为2.4和3.6 kg·hm^-2时,以土壤N、P、K养分及其功能酶活性为主成分的土壤质量均高于CK。研究结果可为农田生态系统可持续利用和转基因抗草甘膦大豆商业化种植提供理论依据。     

玉米胚性愈伤组织的遗传转化及耐草甘膦植株再生

以优良玉米自交系X2211的幼胚胚性愈伤组织为受体材料,采用农杆菌介导法将来自微生物荧光假单胞杆菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)G2菌株的抗除草剂基因2mG2-epsps转入玉米愈伤组织细胞,转化后的细胞经草甘膦筛选,获得抗性愈伤组织并再生植株282株,成活86株,经特异PCR检测表明其中26株植株转入了2mG2-epsps基因,喷施0.125%除草剂试验检测表明,转基因植株具有良好的耐除草剂特性,为抗除草剂玉米新品种选育提供了较好的亲本材料。     

转G10aroA棉花株系的获得及分子生物学鉴定

【目的】培育具有抗草甘膦除草剂的棉花材料具有极其重要的意义。利用农杆菌介导法在棉花中转入编码EPSPS酶的抗草甘膦除草剂基因G10aroA,通过体细胞愈伤诱导组织培养技术获得能够稳定遗传的转基因棉花株系材料。【方法】首先,利用不同草甘膦抗性筛选条件比较分析不同棉花受体材料的愈伤诱导效率;其次,以R15材料作为受体,利用含有G10aroA的农杆菌侵染下胚轴切段,在进行体细胞愈伤诱导的组织培养过程中通过草甘膦抗性筛选获得棉花再生植株,对获得的棉花再生植株进行纯合繁育。在此基础上,利用PCR扩增检测证实外源G10aroA在转基因植株中能够稳定遗传;利用RT-PCR分析其外源基因在转基因植株不同组织中的转录水平进行研究、并进一步利用Western-blot对转基因植株中外源蛋白的表达进行分析。【结果】在优化的草甘膦筛选条件下,以草甘膦浓度为2.5 mmol•L-1的抗性条件进行棉花愈伤诱导筛选并获得棉花再生植株;利用特异引物进行PCR检测结果表明,在检测的全部再生植株中,扩增得到1.8 kb预期大小目标条带的阳性株系32株,其中,收获的27个株系的外源目标基因能够在T0、T1转基因植株中稳定遗传;对G10aroA在转基因株系L12、L14的不同组织中的转录表达进行定量RT-PCR分析表明,外源G10aroA在转基因棉花植株的不同组织中表达具有差异,相对表达量高低依次为茎、苞叶、叶和花;另外,蛋白检测结果进一步表明,该外源基因能够在转基因株系L7、L12和L14中植株中正常表达为预期46 kD的EPSPS蛋白。【结论】通过农杆菌介导法转化外源抗草甘膦基因G10aroA,在草甘膦抗性条件下进行棉花体细胞诱导的组织培养,成功获得转外源G10aroA的棉花再生株系,并通过分子生物学方法研究证实外源G10aroA能够在T0、T1转基因株系中稳定遗传、转录以及表达。     

转TaDREB3a基因大豆材料抗旱性鉴定

研究通过分子生物学方法证明TaDREB3a基因已整合至大豆基因组中,对T1～T3连续3代大豆植株作筛选鉴定并分析遗传稳定性,初步评价室内和田间抗旱表现。通过除草剂筛选获得T1代135株抗性植株,经PCR检测其中96株扩增出基因目的条带,获得15个阳性TaDREB3a过表达大豆T1代株系;T2代转基因大豆株系经PEG模拟干旱处理和PCR鉴定获得阳性TaDREB3a过表达大豆T2代株系共10个;T3代转基因大豆株系经PCR鉴定、半定量PCR鉴定、Bar基因试纸条检测、Southern blot分析、Western blot分析,获得6个转基因阳性株系,证实TaDREB3a基因已整合于大豆基因组,可转录完整目的mRNA,其中4个株系检测到目的蛋白表达。盆栽干旱试验显示,TaDREB3a过表达可改善转基因大豆干旱条件下生长状况,转基因植株株高和荚数明显优于对照组植株;大田干旱试验结果显示,TaDREB3a过表达株系提高大豆抗旱性、改善干旱条件下地上形态,减少产量损失。     

转Epsps基因大豆RR47对常规除草剂耐性的室内测定

通过室内盆栽转Epsps基因大豆RR47、受体大豆SW47和对照大豆吉育84,分别对其进行常规除草剂乙草胺、精禾草克与咪草烟混用和目标除草剂草甘膦的不同水平处理。结果表明:①对常规除草剂转基因大豆RR47和受体大豆SW47之间耐性基本相同,而转基因大豆RR47和受体大豆SW47比对照大豆吉育84对常规除草剂的耐性弱。表明不同大豆品对常规除草剂的耐性存在差异,与抗草甘膦基因的转入无关。②对目标除草剂草甘膦转基因大豆RR47的耐性极高,具有垂直抗性。受体大豆SW47和对照大豆吉育84对目标除草剂草甘膦无耐性。表明转基因大豆RR47与非转基因大豆SW47和吉育84有本质的区别,可以通过转基因技术获得新的性状。     

Conidia of one Fusarium solani isolate from a soybean-production field enable to be virulent to soybean and make soybean seedlings wilted

Fusarium is usually thought to cause soybean root rot,which results in a large quantity of annual yield loss in soybean production,by its secretions including Fusarium toxins and cell wall degrading enzymes,but not by the conidia themselves that do not underlie any virulence so far.Here we report that the conidia of one Fusarium solani isolate are able to be virulent to soybean and make soybean seedlings wilted alone.We isolated them from the wilted plants in a soybean-production field and molecularly identified 17 Fusarium isolates through phylogenetic analysis.Of them,except for one isolate that showed diversity of virulence to different soybeans(virulent to one soybean whereas avirulent to another soybean),the others were all virulent to the two tested soybeans:both conidia cultures and secretions could make soybean seedlings wilted at 5 days post infection,and their virulence had dosage effects that only conidia cultures of at least 5×10~6 conidia mL~(-1) could show virulence to soybean;however,the sole conidia of the F.solani isolate #4 also exhibited virulence to soybean and could make soybean seedlings wilted.Finally,we developed the specific cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences(CAPS)markers to easily differentiate Fusarium isolates.The isolate #4 in this work will likely be used to investigate the new mechanism of virulence of Fusarium to soybean.     

肺炎克雷伯氏菌S001草甘膦靶标酶基因的克隆及其抗性验证

【目的】由于草甘膦在农业生产中的广泛使用,抗草甘膦转基因作物的研究一直是转基因作物研究的热点,其中草甘膦抗性功能新基因的挖掘是核心问题。自然界中微生物种类繁多,基因资源丰富,论文拟从广东地区农田土壤中筛选和鉴定出高抗草甘膦菌株,克隆其草甘膦靶标酶基因并进行抗性水平验证,以期获得高抗草甘膦新基因资源用于抗草甘膦转基因作物的研究。【方法】用含有浓度梯度草甘膦的选择培养基从备选土壤中筛选出具有高抗草甘膦特性的菌株;通过显微观察、革兰氏染色以及16S rDNA序列分析结果对菌株种类进行鉴定;利用RT-PCR技术克隆该菌株的草甘膦靶标酶基因aroAS001,并通过序列比对和系统发育树分析aroAS001序列的基本特征;利用重叠 PCR法对aroAS001变异位点进行定点突变获得aroAS001-mut序列后,将aroAS001和aroAS001-mut基因片段转入aroA基因缺陷型菌株DH5α/△aroA中进行基因功能互补和草甘膦抗性水平验证。【结果】分离出一株高抗草甘膦菌株,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定该菌株为肺炎克雷伯氏菌（Klebsiella pneumoniae）,命名为kpS001;克隆该菌株草甘膦靶标酶5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶（EPSPS）基因aroAS001,序列分析结果显示由该基因所编码的氨基酸序列具有典型的Class I EPSPS特征,但与已报道肺炎克雷伯氏菌的aroA相比其第227位碱基发生突变,致使对应的氨基酸发生变异。对该基因差异位点进行核酸定点突变获得aroAS001-mut基因片段后,将aroAS001和aroAS001-mut基因片段分别转入缺陷型大肠杆菌菌株DH5α/△aroA进行功能互补验证,与对照菌株相比,转入aroAS001和aroAS001-mut的重组菌株均能在含200 mmol?L-1以下浓度草甘膦的培养基中能够正常生长,表现出良好的抗性,之后随着草甘膦浓度增加其生长状态开始受到抑制,当草甘膦浓度达到350 mmol?L-1时,菌株生长基本完全被抑制。【结论】肺炎克雷伯氏菌kpS001菌株是一株高抗草甘膦菌株,由aroAS001编码的草甘膦靶标酶EPSPS属于Class I EPSP合成酶,aroAS001对草甘膦具有优良抗性,能在含350 mmol?L-1以下浓度草甘膦的培养基中生长,该基因可以作为备选基因资源用于抗草甘膦转基因作物的研究。     

Establishment of TaqMan Real-time Quantitative PCR Assay for Foreign Gene Copy Numbers in Transgenic Soybean

TaqMan quantitative PCR technique was used to detect the copies of exogenous CaMV35S flanks sequence in transgenic soybean. With soybean lectin as the endogenous reference gene, and gene complex DNA in...     

抗除草剂转基因大豆的生态安全评价进展

中国是大豆(Glycine max)的起源中心,大豆是中国的重要作物。转基因大豆向环境释放后可能带来的生态风险问题越来越受到人们的重视。中国自然状态下分布着丰富的野大豆(G.soja)遗传资源,转基因抗除草剂大豆能够在自然条件下与野大豆发生基因交流。转基因抗除草剂大豆释放后,由于大量单一使用草甘膦,田间杂草已经进化出了抗药性。大量使用的除草剂以及转基因大豆根际分泌物会对土壤微生物、非靶标生物产生影响,并影响到植物的固氮能力。本文在综述研究进展的基础上,提出了转基因大豆生物安全研究与管理的建议,为我国将来转基因大豆的产业化提供参考。     

转TaNHX2大豆的耐盐性分析

【目的】在盐胁迫条件下,通过对转TaNHX2(小麦Na⁺/H⁺转运蛋白编码基因)大豆的盐害表型、光合作用强度以及产量相关农艺性状的考察,评估其生产应用潜力,以期获得具有一定应用价值的耐盐大豆新种质。【方法】以实验室前期获得并初步鉴定具有一定耐盐性的转TaNHX2大豆T₄代株系为材料,在主茎第二片复叶完全展开时（V₃期）进行草丁膦抗性、PCR和RT-PCR检测。选取阳性植株,在主茎第三片复叶完全展开时（V₄期）进行NaCl胁迫处理,处理期间观察记录盐害表型;待植株长至初荚期（R₃期）测定其光合作用参数;最后,分单株收获已生长至完熟期（R₈期）的大豆植株,考察其株高、节数、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重。其中,昌平春播试验点设置0、150和200 mmol·L^-1 3个NaCl浓度,北圃场夏播试验点设置0和200 mmol·L^-1 2个NaCl浓度,盐害表型观察以及光合作用参数测定只在北圃场试验点进行。【结果】分子鉴定表明外源TaNHX2在转基因后代中成功转录表达,遗传稳定。在无盐胁迫条件下,转基因与受体植株长势相当,叶片大小相似,光合作用强度相近。而在200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液胁迫处理下,转基因与受体植株均出现矮化、叶片变小、光合作用强度降低的现象,但与受体植株相比,转基因大豆株系C12、C21和C19的矮化程度较低,叶片较大,光合作用相关参数数值较大,其中株系C12和C21与受体的净光合速率（Pn）差异具有显著性。另外,无盐胁迫条件下,转基因株系与受体品种自贡冬豆各产量相关农艺性状数值相近,而在昌平试验点设置的150和200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl溶液胁迫下,转基因株系各农艺性状数值均高于受体对照,其中150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,C12、C21和C19的单株粒重,C19的单株荚数与受体差异显著。200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫处理时,株系C12、C21和C19的单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重,C12和C19的株高均与受体对照品种存在显著性差异。在北圃场试验点设置的200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫处理下,转基因株系C12、C21和C19的株高、C19的单株粒数和单株粒重与受体对照品种具有显著性差异。【结论】在盐胁迫条件下,与受体对照品种相比,转TaNHX2大豆株系C12、C21和C19盐害程度较低,能维持较强的光合作用和一定的产量,其中株系C19在2个试验点的产量表现均较佳,具有较大的育种应用价值。      

大豆种质资源对草甘膦的敏感性研究

为了研究不同大豆种质材料对草甘膦的敏感性,于大豆2～3片复叶期,对1365份大豆试材喷施草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂1230g／hm2,按照大豆药害程度、存活率和结荚率的不同将药害等级划分为1-10级（级别越高,药害越重,敏感程度越高）。结果表明：喷施草甘膦后所有参试材料均出现不同程度的药害症状,表现为叶片发黄甚至干枯,植株矮化;药害等级从10级到2级,其中,366份表现敏感（9—10级）,340份表现比较敏感（8级）,268份表现中度敏感（6～7级）,241份有一定的耐性（4～5级）,92份耐性较好（3级）,58份耐性良好（2级）。不同类型大豆种质材料对草甘膦的敏感性存在差异,其中,所有野生大豆均表现敏感,夏播试材中耐性种质所占比例高于其他类型材料。     

兼抗虫、除草剂、干旱转基因玉米的获得和鉴定

【目的】培育抗玉米螟、抗草甘膦、抗旱的转基因复合性状玉米种质。【方法】通过农杆菌介导的玉米茎尖遗传转化法,把重组到同一植物表达载体的cry1AcM、epsps、GAT和ZmPIS转入玉米骨干自交系9801和齐319（Q319）,获得转基因植株。通过逐代除草剂筛选、分子检测和抗虫性鉴定,从大量转基因株系中优选出6个优良玉米株系。在此基础上,以非转基因自交系9801、Q319为对照,在严格控制条件下对6个转基因株系进行抗虫、抗除草剂和抗旱性检测。由于不同生长时期植株对玉米螟危害的敏感程度有差异,在抗虫性检测试验中,对不同生长阶段的转基因玉米的抗虫性,分别进行了田间和室内玉米螟接种试验,并以灌浆期玉米的籽粒和苞叶饲喂玉米螟幼虫检测其杀虫性。在草甘膦抗性鉴定试验中,对6叶期田间玉米植株喷洒大田除草用量的草甘膦溶液评估其应用价值;采用3倍应用剂量的草甘膦溶液喷施3叶期玉米植株测试其草甘膦耐受力。在抗旱性鉴定试验中,对10叶期玉米植株进行干旱胁迫处理,观测转基因植株的表型变化并测定光合作用和叶绿素荧光等参数。【结果】选择出6个遗传稳定的兼抗亚洲玉米螟、抗草甘膦和抗旱性提高的转基因玉米株系,其中株系L1-L3来自自交系9801,Q1-Q3来自自交系Q319。通过RT-PCR检测4个转基因的转录强度,证明它们在转基因植株中有效表达;利用Western blot方法检测cry1Ac蛋白的表达水平,确定其在玉米植株中稳定表达。植株抗虫性鉴定结果显示这6个株系在玉米营养生长期和灌浆期的抗虫能力均显著高于未转基因自交系。在草甘膦抗性测试中,转基因植株表现出明显高于未转基因自交系的草甘膦抗性。在干旱控水期间,转基因植株能维持较强的光合能力和光系统Ⅱ活性,对干旱胁迫的抗性显著高于对照植株。【结论】将cry1AcM、epsps、GAT、ZmPIS一同转入玉米,赋予了植株抗玉米螟、抗除草剂草甘膦特性,提高了植株的抗旱性,达到生产中应用标准。培育出具有优良复合性状的转基因玉米新材料。     

GsMAPK4, a positive regulator of soybean tolerance to salinity stress

Salt stress is one of the major factors affecting plant growth and yield in soybean under saline soil condition. Despite many studies on salinity tolerance of soybean during the past few decades, the detailed signaling pathways and the signaling molecules for salinity tolerance regulation have not been clarified. In this study, a proteomic technology based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to identify proteins responsible for salinity tolerance in soybean plant. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB) were used to verify the results of 2-DE/MS. Based on the results of 2-DE and MS, we selected glucosyltransferase (GsGT4), 4-coumarate, coenzyme A ligase (Gs4CL1), mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (GsMAPK4), dehydration responsive element binding protein (GsDREB1), and soybean cold-regulated gene (GsSRC1) in the salinity tolerant soybean variety, and GsMAPK4 for subsequent research. We transformed soybean plants with mitogen-activated-protein kinase 4 (GsMAPK4) and screened the resulting transgenics soybean plants using PCR and WB, which confirmed the expression of GsMAPK4 in transgenic soybean. GsMAPK4-overexpressed transgenic plants showed significantly increased tolerance to salt stress, suggesting that GsMAPK4 played a pivotal role in salinity tolerance. Our research will provide new insights for better understanding the salinity tolerance regulation at molecular level.     

应用RNA干扰技术创造低脂肪氧化酶活性大豆新种质

 【目的】通过RNA干扰技术抑制大豆籽粒中脂肪氧化酶基因表达,改良大豆品质,创造优良大豆新种质,探索大豆品质育种新途径。【方法】采用RT-PCR技术克隆大豆籽粒脂肪氧化酶基因（Lx1、Lx2、Lx3）核心保守序列357 bp片段,通过重组PCR构建大豆脂肪氧化酶基因RNA干扰表达载体,利用花粉管通道法转化大豆品种吉农18。【结果】获得了12个转基因株系,其中10个株系发生明显变化,SDS-PAGE电泳和脂肪氧化酶活性测定表明转基因植株籽粒中脂肪氧化酶活性明显降低,平均减低64.2%;经近红外谷物分析仪测定,转基因植株脂肪含量平均提高0.8%～1.5%,总蛋白含量降低1.2%～3.0%;RT-PCR结果表明转基因株系中脂肪氧化酶mRNA积累受到明显抑制。转基因植株2代及3代检测结果表明,转基因植株脂肪氧化酶活性均明显降低,脂肪含量均有所提高。【结论】应用RNA干扰技术可有效的抑制大豆籽粒中脂肪氧化酶基因表达,降低脂肪氧化酶活性,提高大豆油份含量,改良大豆品质,创造优良大豆种质。     

Using vegetation index and modified derivative for early detection of soybean plant injury from glyphosate

Glyphosate is a non-selective, systemic herbicide highly toxic to sensitive plant species. Its use has seen a significant increase due to the increased adoption of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops since the mid-1990s. Glyphosate application for weed control in glyphosate-resistant crops can drift onto an off-target area, causing unwanted injury to non-glyphosate resistant plants. Thus, early detection of crop injury from off-target drift of herbicide is critical in crop production. In non-glyphosate-resistant plants, glyphosate causes a reduction in chlorophyll content and metabolic disturbances. These subtle changes may be detectable by plant reflectance, which suggests the possibility of using optical remote sensing for early detection of drift damage to plants. In order to determine the feasibility of using optical remote sensing, a greenhouse study was initiated to measure the canopy reflectance of soybean plants using a portable hyperspectral image sensor. Non-glyphosate resistant soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants were treated with glyphosate using a pneumatic track sprayer in a spray chamber. The three treatment groups were control (0 kg ae/ha), low dosage (0.086 kg ae/ha), and high dosage (0.86 kg ae/ha), each with four 2-plant pots. Hyperspectral images were taken at 4, 24, 48, and 72 h after application. The extracted canopy reflectance data was analyzed with vegetation indices. The results indicated that a number of vegetation indices could identify crop injury at 24 h after application, at which time visual inspection could not distinguish between glyphosate injured and non-treated plants. To improve the results a modified method of spectral derivative analysis was proposed and applied to find that the method produced better results than the vegetation indices. Four selected first derivatives at wavelength 519, 670, 685, and 697 nm could potentially differentiate crop injury at 4 h after treatment. The overall false positive rate was lower than the vegetation indices. Furthermore, the derivatives demonstrated the ability to separate treatment groups with different dosages. The study showed that hyperspectral imaging of plant canopy reflectance could be a useful tool for early detection of soybean crop injury from glyphosate, and that the modified spectral derivative analysis had a better performance than vegetation indices.