冻融循环对秘鲁鱿鱼蛋白及肌肉品质的影响

研究反复冻融对秘鲁鱿鱼肌原纤维蛋白及肌肉品质的影响,为水产品保鲜提供理论依据。将鱿鱼肌肉分别进行0、1、3、5、7次冻融处理,测定蛋白羰基、总巯基、表面疏水性、蛋白的聚集情况及蛋白浊度、乳化活性、乳化稳定性等,并结合感官评价对肌肉品质如解冻损失、蒸煮损失、色泽、嫩度、质构特性及肌肉脂肪氧化程度等进行分析。结果发现经过冻融处理后,蛋白羰基含量和表面疏水性增加,总巯基含量下降,蛋白出现一定程度的聚集,肌原纤维蛋白的浊度增加,乳化活性和乳化稳定性降低。随着冻融次数的增加,鱿鱼肌肉脂肪氧化程度、解冻损失、蒸煮损失、b*等显著增加(p0.05),而L*、a*、W、嫩度、弹性和硬度等下降,同时感官评价结果和仪器分析结果保持一致。因此,反复冻融促进蛋白和脂肪发生氧化,导致鱿鱼肌肉品质下降。     

解冻方式对冷冻秋刀鱼品质影响

目的为了探究适宜冷冻秋刀鱼的解冻方法,比较流水解冻、静水解冻、室温空气解冻和低温空气解冻对秋刀鱼鱼肉品质的影响。方法采用智能温度芯片系统对秋刀鱼解冻过程温度变化进行测定,以感官评分、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、硬度值、TVB-N值、肌原纤维蛋白含量、活性巯基含量、TBARS值为指标评定秋刀鱼解冻后的品质,并对肌肉组织结构进行观察。结果4种解冻方式将冻结秋刀鱼完全解冻耗时依次为低温空气解冻>室温空气解冻>静水解冻>流水解冻;低温空气解冻对应的解冻损失率和蒸煮损失率最低,而静水解冻和室温空气解冻之间解冻损失率和蒸煮损失率均无显著差异(P>0.05);低温空气解冻的硬度值显著高于其他解冻方式(P<0.05);4种解冻方式对应的TVB-N值和肌原纤维蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05),而低温空气解冻对应的活性巯基含量最低;流水解冻和静水解冻对应的TBARS值较高,低温空气解冻可有效延缓脂肪氧化;从肌肉组织结构看,秋刀鱼经低温空气解冻后肌肉纤维紧密、空隙小,而室温空气解冻造成秋刀鱼肌纤维变得松散并出现了轻微断裂现象。结论 从品质保持效果和经济效能考虑,低温空气解冻适宜作为实际生产中秋刀鱼的解冻方式。     

不同冻融次数下牦牛肉蛋白质氧化与保水性的关系

探讨不同冻融次数下牦牛肉中的蛋白质氧化对其保水性的影响。选取3?岁左右的甘南牦牛背最长肌,经过7?次冻融循环,分别测定样品的pH值、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、加压失水率、羰基含量、巯基含量以及蛋白质溶解度。结果表明,随着冻融次数的增加,pH值显著降低（P＜0.05）,解冻损失率、加压失水率和蒸煮损失率反映的保水性也显著降低（P＜0.05）,羰基、巯基含量反映的蛋白质氧化程度显著增加（P＜0.05）,蛋白质溶解度中全蛋白、肌原纤维蛋白以及肌浆蛋白均呈现显著下降（P＜0.05）。pH值、保水性和蛋白质氧化之间相关性显著（P＜0.05）,在7?次冻融过程中,pH值下降速率趋势与保水性下降速率趋势一致,并且后期保水性下降速率减缓的同时蛋白质氧化速率上升。表明多次冻融循环会引起牦牛肉蛋白质氧化程度显著升高,造成保水性显著下降,贮运体系中通过有效地控制蛋白质氧化可以更好地提高牦牛肉品质。     

循环流体浸渍速冻工艺对鲻鱼贮藏品质的影响

为探究循环流体浸渍速冻工艺对鲻鱼冻结过程及后期贮藏品质的影响,本文对比了经过-25℃循环流体浸渍速冻和-18℃风冷式冷柜直冻两种预处理后再置于-18℃冷柜中贮藏的鲻鱼样品,观察其冻结曲线及在0 d、3 d、6 d、9 d、14 d和30 d的保水性(解冻汁液流失率和蒸煮损失率),新鲜度(总挥发性盐基氮、TVB-N、感官评定和质构特性),油脂氧化(硫代巴比妥酸值,TBARS)与肌原纤维蛋白氧化(羰基含量、总巯基值和二聚酪氨酸含量)四项品质指标。实验表明:速冻组样品的各项指标均优于直冻组,理化品质下降程度低于直冻组。第30 d时,速冻组样品的解冻汁液流失率、蒸煮损失率分别为10.36%和10.16%(p0.05);TVB-N值为11.40×10~(-2)mg/g,依然在新鲜范围内;油脂氧化与肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度远小于直冻组(p0.05),TBARS值为0.14 mg MDA/kg,羰基值为6.52 nmol/mg蛋白,总巯基值为58.11 nmol/mg蛋白,二聚酪氨酸含量为8911.50±15.58 A.U.。     

D-异抗坏血酸钠抑制腊肠脂肪和蛋白质氧化

以猪肉为原料,向其中添加0.05%,0.1%浓度的D-异抗坏血酸钠,进行腊肠制作,测定不同加工时间(0、5、10、15、20、30、48、72 h)下腊肠的脂肪氧化指标[过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid,TBARS)值]以及蛋白质氧化指标(肌原纤维蛋白羰基值、巯基值),并分析其相关性。结果表明:D-异抗坏血酸钠能减缓脂质氧化和蛋白质氧化的速度。不同D-异抗坏血酸钠添加量下,蛋白质氧化指标和TBARS值具有很大的相关性;而不同加工时间下,相关性较小,15 h时,肌原纤维蛋白羰基值、巯基值与过氧化值呈显著正相关(P<0.05),0 h时,巯基值与TBARS呈极显著正相关(P<0.05),72 h时,肌原纤维蛋白羰基值与TBARS呈极显著正相关(P<0.05)。     

冷冻-解冻循环对鲤鱼肉物理化学特性的影响

研究不同冷冻-解冻循环次数(0、1、3、5次)对鲤鱼脊背肉pH值、失水率、蒸煮损失、剪切力、肌肉颜色、硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)、羰基含量和电泳图谱的影响,从而确定冻融次数对鱼肉物理化学特性的影响。结果表明：随着冷冻-解冻循环次数的增加,鱼肉pH值呈现出先上升后下降的趋势;失水率和蒸煮损失不断增加,到第5次循环时分别增加了8.77%和20.28%,且差异显著(P＜0.05);剪切力经1次冷冻-解冻循环后降低56.3%,随后缓慢下降;TBARS值、羰基含量L* 和b*值不断增加,而a*值逐渐降低;鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白所有条带都不同程度的变淡,甚至消失,蛋白降解而变性。且脂肪氧化和颜色变化及蛋白氧化有一定的相关性。因此,反复冷冻-解冻使蛋白质变性,严重影响了鲤鱼鱼肉品质特性。     

表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯对鸡胸肉蛋白质理化特性和脂肪氧化的影响

添加0、40、200、1000 mg/kg表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(Epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)腌制置于Fenton氧化体系中的鸡胸肉糜,通过分析鸡胸肉糜的硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS值)、酸价、色差、感官以及提取后肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、巯基含量、荧光色谱,探究不同EGCG浓度对鸡胸肉蛋白质理化特性及脂肪氧化的影响。结果表明,肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度和疏水性随EGCG浓度的增加而逐渐下降;与0 mg/kg组相比,添加EGCG后,巯基含量显著降低(P<0.05);随着EGCG浓度的上升,荧光强度逐渐增加;与0 mg/kg组相比,添加EGCG后,TBARS值显著降低(P<0.05);添加40 mg/kg EGCG时鸡胸肉的各项感官指标、可接受性和色泽整体相对较好。表明添加40 mg/kg EGCG能抑制鸡胸肉蛋白质和脂肪氧化,提高肉品质。     

解冻方式对三疣梭子蟹感官特征和理化指标的影响

目的比较流水解冻、静水解冻、室温空气解冻和低温空气解冻4种解冻方式对三疣梭子蟹品质的影响。方法以感官评分、质构、气味组成、解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、肌原纤维蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)值等为指标评定三疣梭子蟹解冻后的感官特征和理化性质。结果 4种解冻方式将冷冻梭子蟹完全解冻耗时依次为:低温空气解冻室温空气解冻静水解冻流水解冻;在感官品质方面,流水解冻的样品最佳,低温空气解冻会对样品气味和外观产生不利影响;在解冻损失率方面,流水方式的解冻损失率最高,低温空气解冻方式最低;在肌肉蛋白结构稳定性方面,4种解冻方式对应的肌原纤维蛋白含量无明显差异(P0.05),而流水解冻和低温空气解冻对应的蒸煮损失率相对较低;在脂质稳定性方面,室温空气解冻对应的TBARS值显著高于其他3种方式(P0.05)。结论从品质保持效果和经济效能考虑,静水解冻适宜作为三疣梭子蟹的解冻方式。     

冻融循环对带鱼蛋白性质及肌肉品质的影响

研究反复冻融对带鱼肌肉蛋白及肌肉品质的影响,为水产品保鲜及利用提供理论依据。以新鲜东海带鱼为研究对象,分别进行0,1,3,5,7,9次冻融处理,测定蛋白羰基、巯基、蛋白溶解性、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、2-硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS),进行凝胶电泳分析,并对肌肉品质如持水性、色泽、质构特性等进行研究。反复冻融9次后,蛋白羰基含量由1.47 nmol/mg增至2.90 nmol/mg,巯基含量由20.58 nmol/mg降至17.03 nmol/mg,蛋白溶解性下降为原来的72.92%,电泳图谱显示肌球蛋白出现一定程度的聚集。同时,随着冻融次数的增加,TVB-N和TBARS显著增加(P0.05)。此外,带鱼解冻损失增加,产品得率下降(P0.05),肌肉的白度、硬度、弹性等发生不同程度的降低。反复冻融促进带鱼蛋白和脂肪发生氧化,新鲜度下降,造成肌肉品质下降。     

人参浸提液处理对烧鸡食用品质的影响

为研制高品质的营养保健人参烧鸡产品,探究人参对烧鸡脂肪和蛋白氧化的抑制作用及食用品质的影响规律,以烧鸡为研究对象,探讨不同种类和不同添加量的人参对烧鸡的剪切力、pH值、出品率、色泽、质构、蛋白质羰基含量、蛋白质巯基含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物质（thiobarbituric acid reaction substances,TBARS）值和感官评分等品质特性的影响。结果表明：红参浸提液的总皂苷含量最高,其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基清除能力及2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力最强;林下参浸提液中多酚和黄酮含量最高;随着人参添加量的增加,烧鸡的硬度与咀嚼性增强,L*、a*、b*值和巯基含量明显增加,TBARS值与羰基含量显著降低（P＜0.05）;人参添加量相同时,红参浸提液对烧鸡羰基及巯基含量的影响最大（P＜0.05）,白参浸提液处理烧鸡的TBARS值最高;烧鸡的感官评分随着人参添加量的增加先显著增大后显著降低（P＜0.05）,在添加量为1.0%时感官综合评分最高。因此,适当地加入人参浸提液可以改善烧鸡的色泽,提高烧鸡的食用品质,抑制脂肪与蛋白氧化,其中红参浸提液的作用效果最佳。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF PATTIES USING OKARA POWDER

Four different levels of okara powder (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) were used to obtain beef patties that were compared with controls with 10 and 20% fat. Okara addition affected some quality parameters of beef patties. Although the protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents of raw beef patties increased by the addition of okara, moisture content decreased. The same trends (except protein content) were observed after cooking. The addition of okara reduced the cholesterol content by about 2–28% for raw beef patties and 6–23% for cooked beef patties. However, addition of okara increased the energy values for raw and cooked beef patties with respect to control with 10% fat. The WHC, cook loss and shrinkage of beef patties improved by the addition of okara. The addition of okara increased the pH, L* and b* values of raw beef patties, but did not affect a* value. The effect of okara on the sensory properties was statistically significant and the overall acceptability scores of samples decreased after more than 7.5% okara powder addition . According to these results, addition of okara powder up to 7.5% can be recommended as an extender in beef patties production to improving certain quality parameters.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Okara is an abundant by-product of the soy and tofu industries and contains valuable components, including proteins, lipids, fibers and isoflavonoids. The addition of okara powder to beef patties reduces the cholesterol content and improves WHC, cook loss, shrinkage and sensory quality of the products. Okara powder can be added up to 7.5% for the production of patties.     

Residual triose phosphate isomerase activity and color measurements to determine adequate cooking of ground beef patties

The objectives were to (i) compare the use of triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) activity and internal color scores for determination of cooking adequacy of beef patties and (ii) determine the effect of frozen storage and fat content on residual TPI activity in ground beef. Ground beef patties (24.4% fat) were cooked to five temperatures ranging from 60.0 to 82.2 degrees C. TPI activity decreased as beef patty cooking temperature was increased from 60.0 to 71.1 degrees C; however, no difference (P > 0.05) in activity (6.3 U/kg meat) was observed in patties cooked to 71.1 degrees C and above. Degree of doneness color scores, a* values and b* values, of ground beef patties decreased as internal temperature was increased from 60.0 to 71.1 degrees C; however, temperature had no effect on L* values. TPI activity in raw ground beef after five freeze-thaw cycles did not differ from the control. Three freeze-thaw cycles of raw ground beef resulted in a 57.2% decrease in TPI activity after cooking. TPI activity of cooked beef increased during 2 months of frozen storage, but TPI activity in ground beef stored for 3 months or longer did not differ from the unfrozen control. While past research has shown color to be a poor indicator of adequate thermal processing, our results suggest that undercooked ground beef patties could be distinguished from those that had been adequately cooked following U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines using residual TPI activity as a marker.     

槲皮素和NaCl添加量对牦牛肉饼蛋白质和脂质氧化的影响

为研究槲皮素（Quercetin,Q）和不同NaCl添加量（0%、2%、4%、6%,m/m）对牦牛肉饼在贮藏过程中蛋白质和脂质氧化的影响,测定了牦牛肉饼在冷藏15 d期间的pH值、色差、羰基含量、表面疏水性、色氨酸荧光强度、二聚酪氨酸含量、过氧化值（Peroxide Value,POV）和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS）值。结果表明,随着NaCl添加量增加,pH值增加（P<0.05）,L*、a*和b*值先增加后降低（P<0.05）;添加槲皮素后咸肉饼的pH值（P<0.05）、a*和b*值增加（P<0.05）、L*值降低（P<0.05）。添加NaCl使肉饼的羰基、表面疏水性、二聚酪氨酸、POV值和TBARS值增加（P<0.05）,色氨酸荧光强度减小（P<0.05）;但槲皮素处理使咸肉饼的色氨酸荧光强度、二聚酪氨酸、POV值及TBARS值降低,使4% NaCl（质量分数）肉饼的羰基含量降低了27.80%;表面疏水性在0~2% NaCl（质量分数）添加量下进一步增加（P<0.05）,而在4%~6% NaCl添加量下降低（P<0.05）。该研究表明,NaCl能促进牦牛肉饼蛋白质和脂质氧化,但加入槲皮素可有效缓解肉饼氧化。该结果可为槲皮素作为肉制品天然抗氧化剂提供参考。     

石榴皮提取物与焦磷酸钠复配对猪肉饼品质的影响

为探究焦磷酸钠(sodium pyrophosphate,TSPP)、异抗坏血酸钠(sodium D-isoascorbate,D-V CNa)与石榴皮提取物(pomegranate peel extract,PPE)复配使用在肉制品中是否具有协同增效作用,以丁基羟基茴香醚(butyl hydroyanisole,BHA)为阳性对照,通过对冷藏期间猪肉饼的pH、蒸煮损失、色差、质构特性、脂肪氧化(硫代巴比妥酸值)和蛋白氧化(总巯基、蛋白羰基含量)的表征,研究各抗氧化剂单独或复配使用对猪肉饼品质及贮藏氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明,TSPP可以提高猪肉饼的pH,而D-V CNa与PPE的添加对肉饼的pH无显著影响;TSPP的添加可以降低猪肉饼的蒸煮损失,改善肉饼的质构特性,且效果优于PPE、BHA。冷藏过程中肉饼不断发生脂肪和蛋白氧化,其中TSPP对脂肪氧化的抑制效果与BHA相近,但对蛋白氧化无显著抑制效果;PPE具有良好的抗氧化性能,可以明显抑制猪肉饼的脂肪氧化和蛋白羰基的生成,且在冷藏前期可以抑制巯基向二硫键的转化。整体来看,PPE+TSPP及PPE+TSPP+D-V CNa组合在改善肉饼品质及氧化稳定性方面综合效果最好。     

Cooked Color in High pH Beef Patties as Related to Fat Content and Cooking from the Frozen or Thawed State

Beef patties were processed from high pH (>6.0) beef to contain 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25% fat. Patties were cooked to 71°C from the frozen or thawed state before evaluating color. Neither fat content nor state of patties when cooked exerted any major influence on color, but linear effects (p<0.01) in association with increased fat content included higher L* values and hue angles and lower a* values (15.2% reduction). Higher values for L*, b* (but not for 5% fat patties), and hue angles were observed for patties cooked thawed rather than frozen. The use of high pH beef lessened the effects of increased fat and cooking from the thawed state on increased brown color in cooked patties.     

不同抗氧化剂体外抗氧化活性及其对肉品氧化稳定性的影响

为明确GB 2760-2014《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂使用标准》中允许添加至热加工肉制品使用的不同抗氧化剂的体外抗氧化活性与其抑制肉制品蛋白质氧化和脂肪氧化能力之间的关系,分别测定8种抗氧化剂的体外抗氧化活性(1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由...     

Fat content has a significant impact on protein oxidation occurred during frozen storage of beef patties

This study examined the relationship between protein and lipid oxidation and the impairment of water holding capacity (WHC), colour and texture after frozen storage (20 weeks/−18 °C) and subsequent processing (cooking, chilled storage) of beef patties with increasing fat content (3, 20 and 35%). Various manifestations of protein oxidation were found to occur during frozen storage and processing of patties including, loss of tryptophan fluorescence, carbonylation and formation of Schiff bases structures (SB). Patties with higher fat content underwent the more intense protein oxidation as assessed by formation of protein carbonyls and SB, highlighting the timely interaction between proteins and oxidizing lipids. Protein oxidation occurred concomitantly with loss of WHC and discolouration of beef patties. Mechanisms and consequences of the chemical modifications induced by oxidative stress in meat proteins are thoroughly discussed.