Cumulative detection probabilities and range accuracy of a pulsed Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode laser ranging system

Cumulative pulses detection with appropriate cumulative pulses number and threshold has the ability to improve the detection performance of the pulsed laser ranging system with GM-APD. In this paper, based on Poisson statistics and multi-pulses cumulative process, the cumulative detection probabilities and their influence factors are investigated. With the normalized probability distribution of each time bin, the theoretical model of the range accuracy and precision is established, and the factors limiting the range accuracy and precision are discussed. The results show that the cumulative pulses detection can produce higher target detection probability and lower false alarm probability. However, for a heavy noise level and extremely weak echo intensity, the false alarm suppression performance of the cumulative pulses detection deteriorates quickly. The range accuracy and precision is another important parameter evaluating the detection performance, the echo intensity and pulse width are main influence factors on the range accuracy and precision, and higher range accuracy and precision is acquired with stronger echo intensity and narrower echo pulse width, for 5-ns echo pulse width, when the echo intensity is larger than 10, the range accuracy and precision lower than 7.5 cm can be achieved.     

脉冲激光成像探测系统回波信号仿真

研究激光脉冲回波信号特性并建立其数学模型,是应用回波信号处理技术处理回波,生成目标三维激光仿真图像的基础.首先建立了激光器发射脉冲信号能量在时间和空间上的分布模型,然后依据成像目标的激光图像仿真模板,采用累加激光脚印各采样区发射脉冲信号与对应目标散射面单位冲激响应卷积值的方法,生成了探测器接收回波仿真信号,最后分析了影响回波信号仿真精度的因素.通过对激光脚印采样区个数的合理设置实现了激光脉冲回波波形的精确仿真.     

基于小波变换的高精度测距系统设计及DSP实现

目的为了解决传统物流行业机器人避障系统中存在的测距精度低、抗干扰性差等问题。方法提出一种基于DSP的温补与小波阈值滤噪的高精度超声测距系统,包括DSP最小系统、超声波传感器、LCD显示模块、温度补偿电路和报警电路等。超声波测距系统通过实时采集环境温度来修正声速值,采用小波阈值变换算法对回波信号进行处理,以提升回波信号的信噪比和起始点锐度。结果应用CCS4.2软件与DSP芯片进行调试、实验,实验表明在距离0～1200 mm内,系统的测量误差为±4 mm。结论采用小波阈值变换算法和温补电路,提高了传统物流机器人避障系统的测距精度。     

脉冲展宽对机载激光扫描仪性能的影响

激光回波脉冲展宽是影响机载激光扫描仪性能的重要因素之一,本文给出了脉冲展宽与扫描角度和航高之间的关系;分析了回波功率由于脉冲展宽所导致的衰减;研究了脉冲展宽对系统信噪比和测量精度的影响;给出了机载平台所允许的最大飞行高度与系统参数之间的关系.计算表明随扫描角度的增加,脉冲展宽自航带中心逐渐增大,回波功率和信噪比随扫描角度的增加急剧衰减;在航带不同位置,测距精度不同,在航带中心最高,在航带边缘最低.     

宽带多普勒测速技术中跨周期模糊问题的研究

宽带声学多普勒流速剖面仪,利用伪随机编码调制发射脉冲信号以及复相关算法计算各水层反射回波的多普勒频移,进而达到测速的目的。复相关算法中,在排除模糊速度干扰的情况下,测速精度与脉冲信号的长度存在正比的关系。而脉冲宽度越长,所用来调制发射脉冲信号的编码阶数也越高,随之带来的便是速度模糊的问题。在复相关测频算法的基础上,针对长编码脉冲信号出现的周期性测频模糊情况,利用短编码脉冲信号的测频结果作为判别标准,选取恰当的周期性频偏作为计算结果,既提高了测速精度,又解决了精度提高所带来的周期性速度模糊问题,并且在实际应用中,提高了低信噪比条件下的测速精度。     

基于光纤传导的青光眼快速筛选分析仪

青光眼的筛查应遵循简易、快捷、有效的原则,本文研发一种高精度快速视野筛选分析仪以满足青光眼大规模筛查需要.该分析仪各个刺激点亮度均匀度好,采用光纤传导分光技术,使得视野刺激点之间亮度差小于5％;刺激点亮度精度高,采用单片机脉宽调制方式,使得亮度精度达到0.001 Nit,结合四点视野筛查理论,可进行快速视野检测,完成对...     

Acoustic attenuation estimation for soft tissue from ultrasound echo envelope peaks

A theoretical framework of a modified EP (envelope peak) method is developed. In this method, a wideband echo signal from each A line (one echo sequence) is first filtered in parallel by a bank of narrow-bandpass filters using a split-spectrum processing. The attenuation is then estimated from the EPs of each filtered signal using a narrowband technique. The combination of the split-spectrum processing with the narrowband technique enables the accuracy of the attenuation estimation to be well controlled without the precise measurements of the spectral shape and parameters of the transmitted pulses. On the other hand, the precision of the estimation is still determined by the bandwidth of the original echo signal, and is not affected by the split-spectrum processing. As a result, the modified EP method improves the accuracy of the attenuation estimation while retaining the high precision of the original EP method. Results from phantom experiments supported the theoretical analysis.     

准确测量水下目标的目标强度

以测量球和短柱的目标强度为例 ,本文根据主动声纳方程数值模拟研究在测量水下目标的目标强度实验中应当满足的平面波入射、稳态和散射远场条件。讨论了满足基本远场条件存在的测试误差和平面波条件 ;除了单“亮点”回波外 ,根据回波形成机理 ,提出多“亮点”回波情况下建立稳态散射入射波脉冲的宽度必须大于窄脉冲回波的扩展宽度。     

基于动态可变阈值的低功耗单声道气体超声波流量计

为克服气体涡轮流量计存在压损和需定期校准的缺点,研制了耐高压低功耗单声道气体超声波流量计.针对换能器因阻抗不匹配造成的回波信号质量差的问题,分析了回波信号的特征,提出了动态可变阈值和过零检测的数字信号处理方法.该方法可精准定位回波信号特征点.研制了以STM32为核心的低功耗气体超声波流量变送器.变送器采用了新的激励方式...     

Estimation of ultrasound attenuation from broadband echo-signals using bandpass filtering

A problem with video signal analysis for estimating frequency-dependent ultrasonic attenuation is that relative echogenicity versus depth curves are distorted when broadband pulses are used. In this correspondence, we present results that demonstrate improved accuracy of attenuation estimates computed from B-mode or envelope data derived after narrowband (1 MHz BW) filtering at different frequencies around the center frequency of the broadband echo signal. Based on the premise that transducer center frequencies are selected in part on penetration or imaging depth requirements, simulation and experimental results for a typical ultrasound imaging system show that narrowband video signal analysis for frequencies lower than or at the center frequency of the broadband pulse provide unbiased attenuation estimation over this depth. Filtered signals above the center frequency of the pulse yield accurate results only at shallow depths.     

同步信标在水下机动小目标轨迹测量中的高精度时延估计方法

研究了使用窄脉宽、短周期、高频率的单频同步信标信号在水下机动小目标轨迹测量中的高精度时延估计方法。利用MATLAB进行了不同信噪比下时延估计效果的仿真,得出时延估计精度在不同信噪比下的误差曲线;结果表明,信噪比在20dB以上时,利用包络检波器进行时延估计,其精度优于10μs;而利用自适应相位估计来补偿粗测时延,可以得到优于0.1μs的测时精度。     

脉冲电压信号测量系统

随着电子技术的发展,半导体开关元件的切换频率不断提高。为了检测开关元件在快速切换开关时产生的脉冲电压信号,本文讨论了窄脉冲信号检测的原理和方法,设计并实现了脉冲测量电路。该电路分别采用高速ADC和DDR2存储器进行波形采集和存储,并在FPGA中设计检测电路,通过信号同步触发的形式实现窄脉冲信号的实时检测。实验表明:系统能够有效捕获到脉宽为100纳秒级的信号,且具有较高的幅度精度以及良好的实时性。同时,预触发长度可以通过编程实现。     

基于声音特征的隧道衬砌空洞识别方法研究

目前隧道衬砌空洞检测以人工敲击判断为主,检测过程中由于受到检测人员水平、注意力等主观因素影响,检测结果存在较大不确定性,因此有必要研制一种智能化的检测装置实现空洞自动识别。文章开展了衬砌空洞敲击回声智能识别算法研究,通过提取隧道衬砌冲击回波的梅尔倒谱系数(Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient, MFCC)作为特征,针对敲击回声脉冲信号长度不一的特点,提出了变帧长MFCC优化算法,并面向小样本条件,建立了支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)的识别模型。试验结果表明,该模型对衬砌空洞识别准确率可达89.9%。     

基于啁啾脉冲的反射层析激光雷达成像

反射层析激光雷达成像具有系统简单及对湍流不敏感的优势,但普通脉冲发射信号难以兼顾远距离和高精度探测的要求.基于上述情况,本文提出了一种基于啁啾脉冲信号的反射层析激光雷达成像处理方法.该方法首先对啁啾脉冲回波进行相干压缩处理,通过对处理后信号的包络提取得到目标在各方向的反射层析投影数据,最后利用卷积反投影算法实现高分辨力的图像重构.仿真结果表明,在同一投影角度,利用该方法得到的包络与目标反射率投影相一致;在投影角度范围大于60°时能够得到目标的轮廓信息,角度范围越大,成像越精确.研究结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

Echography using correlation techniques: choice of coding signal

Theoretical studies made in the early 1980's suggest that ultrasonic imaging using correlation technique can overcome some of the drawbacks of classical pulse echography. Indeed by transmitting a continuous coded signal and then compressing it into a short, high resolution pulse at the receiver the total signal to noise ratio (SNR) is improved. The target location is determined by cross correlation of the emitted and the received signal. The band compression allows, by increasing SNR, the retrieval of echo signals buried in the receiver noise. Thus in medical-type echography, where the signal attenuation at fixed depth is proportional to the frequency, the SNR improvement allows the use of higher frequency signals and leads to improved resolution. We report here the results of comparative experimental studies of simple echo B type images as obtained by the classical pulse echo and correlation techniques. Because the optimisation of the coded signal plays a crucial role in the performance of the correlation technique we will also present a comparative study of the performances of the most common codes (m-sequences and complementary series). In particular we shall emphasise the following points: the relative importance of the central lobe as compared to the side lobes of the correlation function, which is directly related to the dynamic of the imaging system, the width of the correlation peak which is directly related to the axial resolution of the system, the facility of the realisation. The merit of B-mode images obtained with the coded signals will be discussed showing that as far as signal modulation is used the best results are obtained with periodic m-sequences     

导波式雷达物位计测量误差分析与软件修正

分析了导波雷达物位计测量误差产生的原因,提出软件修正方法。在硬件方面分析了发射脉冲宽度和等效时间采样间隔的影响;在软件方面分析了信号处理过程产生的粗大误差、随机误差和系统误差。基于现有的硬件平台,提出一整套处理方法以减小测量误差,包括结合回波特征参数去判断物位回波,9点移动平均滤波预处理,选取最小斜率点作为回波定位点,对计算值进行中位值平均滤波。水位测量实验结果表明,在理论误差为2～4 cm情况下,实际测量误差小于1 cm,这验证了软件修正方法的有效性。     

水下目标回波的块信号稀疏分解方法

基于匹配追踪的稀疏分解方法原理简单,在工程实际中应用广泛,但其计算量大,重构精度也不够理想。针对此问题,利用水下目标回波信号的块稀疏特性,提出了水下目标回波的块信号稀疏分解方法。首先基于水下目标回波和块稀疏信号的基本理论,结合回波信号仿真结果,分析了水下目标回波信号的块稀疏特性;然后,充分考虑回波信号本身的稀疏结构,利用信号分块和原子分块的思想,针对水下目标回波提出了块信号的稀疏分解和块匹配追踪重构算法,并从理论上对其计算复杂度进行了分析;最后,采用仿真实验的方式,与传统方法进行对比。结果表明,该方法大大减少了计算量,提高了重构精度。     

基于随动测量系统的步进电机跟踪精度研究

利用ARM控制系统实现齿轮测量仪的两轴随动控制,完成齿轮螺旋线高精度测量.根据步进电机脉冲信号和步距角的线性关系,采用ARM系统输出频率脉冲控制步进电机,由于步进电机只有周期误差而无累积误差,系统能够实现齿轮螺旋线偏差快速、准确测量.与现有系统比较,本系统具有控制精度高、测量速度快、误差精度高的特点,能够实时、动态显示测量误差.     

Algorithmic passband widening for a pulse-signal recorder

A simple processing method is described for correcting dynamically distorted pulse signal waveforms with high accuracy. The processing widens the effective working passband of the means of measurement by factors ranging from two to three.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 9, pp. 19–21, September, 1993.     

基于频域相位信息的声表面波谐振器回波频率估计

提出一种基于频域相位信息的频率估计算法,利用正弦信号傅里叶变换相位谱中相位与频率的关系实现对声表面波谐振器回波频率的估计,并采用自相关运算消除回波信号初相位对估计结果的影响。通过无线测试系统和仿真回波信号对该算法进行了验证,表明算法的频率估计精度不受激励信号频率变化的影响,并且在整个声表面波谐振器的谐振频率变化范围内都具有较高的精度和稳定性。