中国薯蓣属基生翅组分类修订

在查阅标本、野外调查和长期引种观察的基础上,对中国薯蓣属(Dioscorea Linn.)基生翅组(Sect.Opsophyton Uline)植物的形态进行了比较和总结,并进行了分类学修订,编制了检索表。结果表明:根据花、果实、叶片和珠芽(零余子)形态,修订后的中国薯蓣属基生翅组包括黄独(D.bulbifera Linn.)及其变种,分别为黄独(原变种)(D.bulbifera var.bulbifera Linn.)、白金山药(D.bulbifera var.albotuberosa Y.F.Zhou,Z.L.Xu et Y.Y.Hang)、异叶黄独(D.bulbifera var.heterophylla Prain et Burkill)、大花黄独(D.bulbifera var.simbha Prain et Burkill)和短序黄独(D.bulbifera var.brachybotryum Y.Y.Hang et Y.F.Zhou)。其中,新变种1个,即短序黄独。将分布于海南的原名为雷公薯处理为异叶黄独。     

中国薯蓣属根状茎组系统分类的初步研究

本文根据我国薯蓣属(Dioscorea L．)根状茎组(Sect. Stenophora Uline)的外部形态特征、细胞染色体数、花粉形态、植物化学成分、地理分布等的规律,证明根状茎组是该属中的一个比较原始的自然类群：1．具横走的多年生地下根状茎,其它组是一年生或多年生的块茎;2．大部分是2倍体,其它组是多倍体;3．花粉粒单沟型,外壁纹饰网纹或颗粒条纹,其它组为双沟型,外壁纹饰网纹;4．含甾体皂甙元(steroidal sapogenin),其它组不含。 我们的研究观察证明,N．N．TepaCNMeHKO根据R.Knuth系统(1924)提出的薯蓣皂甙元在该属中无分布规律的说法是无充分依据的。 本文讨论了某些组或种的划分及系统位置：取消sect.Illigerestrum Prain et Burk.;将马 肠薯蓣(D．simulans Prain et Burk．)改属根状茎组;触丝薯蓣(D．tentaculigera Prain et Burk.)应列入顶生翅组 (Sect．shannicorea Prain et Burk．), 并提出了盾叶薯蓣 (D. zingiberensis Wright)和穿龙薯蓣(D．nipponica Makino)种的划分和定名的意见。     

中国薯蓣属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对中国薯蓣科薯蓣属7组31种1亚种2变种植物的叶表皮细胞、叶表皮毛、气孔器类型、气孔大小、气孔纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较研究,为薯蓣属内种间的分类界定及系统发育研究提供证据。结果表明:中国薯蓣属各组之间在叶表皮毛、叶表皮细胞和气孔等微形态特征存在较大的差异,但也呈现出一定的组间特异性规律,如:四至六边形的叶表皮细胞、气孔周围平直的垂周壁式样为根茎组植物所特有;丁字型毛组叶脉和叶肉细胞上覆盖大量特有的2叉T型表皮毛;复叶组的叶脉和叶肉细胞具相当密集的表皮毛;基生翅组和周生翅组的气孔器类型衍生出了三胞型;气孔旋转方向在各组中明显分化,在丁字型毛组、白薯莨组和周生翅组(多毛叶薯蓣除外)中为左旋,而顶生翅组、基生翅组和复叶组表现为右旋。研究表明,叶表皮微形态特征在薯蓣属植物中是较为稳定的演化特征,可以作为中国薯蓣属分类与鉴定的依据;据此推断薯蓣属中顶生翅组和周生翅组较为进化,根茎组是薯蓣属的分化中心;对薯蓣属中存在争议的种:盾叶薯蓣和小花盾叶薯蓣、穿龙薯蓣和柴黄姜、马肠薯蓣、多毛叶薯蓣以及白薯莨等进行了分类界定。     

魔芋球茎贮藏淀粉和甘露聚糖粒的形态观察

在光学显微镜和透射电镜下观察了魔芋（Ａｍｏｒｐｈｏｐｈａｌｕｓｃｏｎｊａｃ）球茎中甘露聚糖粒和淀粉粒的形态。两种贮藏多糖分别位于不同的细胞中。淀粉粒在造粉体内发育,以复粒存在,用魔芋球茎仔茎茎尖为材料观察显示,淀粉粒的形成早于甘露聚糖颗粒的形成。甘露聚糖粒形态多数近随圆形,一些甘露聚糖颗粒内包含了针晶体,但多数的甘露聚糖粒内部不包含针晶体,由纯净的甘露聚糖构成。     

竹类果实与淀粉形态及系统位置

本文收集了竹类5个族21属30种的竹类果实,作了外部形态与淀粉形态的研究,从而为确立各竹属的系统分类位置提供了科学依据,进一步证实了浆果类果实不具有胚乳,从而认为Oreocalamus(Keng,1940),Qiongzhuea(薛纪如等,1979),Ferrocalamus(耿伯介等,1982)与Chimonobambusa Subg．Chimonobambusa系统位置更接近于Melocanneae(Keng,1940)。 竹类果实淀粉均为复粒结构。果实大小、淀粉粒大小与淀粉小粒相互之间有一定的联系。     

甘薯块根生长及其淀粉体发育过程的解剖结构特征

为了探明甘薯块根的生长及其淀粉体的发育规律,该试验以甘薯品种‘徐薯22’为材料,采用树脂半薄切片等方法对甘薯块根的生长及其淀粉体的发育进行观察研究。结果表明:(1)甘薯块根完成初生生长的时间短,块根初生结构由表皮、皮层和中柱构成,块根横截面上皮层所占比例比中柱大。(2)甘薯移栽后10 d块根开始次生生长,次生生长形成维管形成层和木栓形成层;随着块根次生生长,位于次生木质部分散导管周围的薄壁细胞脱分化,通过平周分裂产生副形成层;维管形成层、木栓形成层和副形成层的共同作用使块根快速膨大。(3)淀粉体在块根进入次生生长时首先在皮层细胞产生,随后大量出现在次生生长产生的薄壁细胞中,块根中淀粉体的发生及发育总体上表现出由外向内的顺序。(4)块根薄壁细胞中的淀粉粒有单粒和复粒两种类型;块根生长早期,薄壁细胞中主要以复粒淀粉为主,生长后期主要以单粒淀粉为主;块根生长过程中,包含复粒淀粉的淀粉体可通过分裂形成包含单粒淀粉的淀粉体。(5)淀粉可在块根生长的整个时期积累,其中以块根生长中期积累速度最快。     

大小粒型藜麦籽粒表型、灌浆特性及淀粉合成酶活性的差异分析

【目的】籽粒大小是影响藜麦产量、商品性和加工特性的重要因素,考察灌浆期大小粒型藜麦籽粒表型、灌浆特性和淀粉合成酶活性的差异,为大粒型藜麦品种的选育提供理论指导。【方法】选择千粒重大于5.0 g和小于3.0 g的藜麦材料各两份,在青海省农林科学院种质资源创新试验基地进行田间试验,比较自灌浆期始7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d籽粒表型、灌浆特性和淀粉合成酶活性等在大小粒型藜麦间的差异。【结果】（1）大小粒型藜麦籽粒面积、周长、直径、粒长、粒宽表型性状随着生育时期均极显著增大,且粒型间存在显著差异,并以籽粒面积和周长差异最大,大粒型藜麦显著高于小粒型藜麦9.12%~11.54%和21.49~23.92%。（2）灌浆期间大粒型藜麦百粒干重始终显著高于同期小粒型藜麦,平均增幅在21.23%～31.04%;大小粒型藜麦灌浆速率随生育期均先上升后下降,均符合“慢-快-慢”的变化规律,但达到峰值时间和峰高明显不同,大粒型峰值出现早而高,小粒型则低而迟。（3）淀粉分支酶（SBE）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）和ADPG焦磷酸化酶（AGP）在大小粒型藜麦籽粒灌浆期呈现不同的变化趋势,SBE和SS活性表现为小粒型藜麦强于大粒型藜麦,而SSS和AGP活性则表现为大粒型藜麦强于小粒型藜麦。【结论】藜麦籽粒灌浆期间4种淀粉合成酶活性的差异,致使淀粉合成积累量和灌浆速率峰值的不同,进而形成籽粒表型性状的差异,而SSS和AGPase是影响藜麦籽粒大小形成的关键酶。     

20种山茶属连蕊茶组和毛蕊茶组植物的花粉形态特征研究

通过开展山茶属连蕊茶组（Camellia Sect. Theopsis）和毛蕊茶组（Camellia Sect. Eriandria）的花粉形态研究,为2组植物的系统演化、分类鉴定等提供一定的参考依据。以2组植物的20种（变种）材料为研究对象,进行花粉形态的扫描电镜观察。结果显示：（1）20种连蕊茶组和毛蕊茶组植物主要为中等花粉（25～50μm）和大花粉（50～100μm）,花粉极面观为三裂圆形,赤道面观为长球形,萌发孔类型为3孔沟型。（2）花粉的外壁纹饰主要包括孔穴状、疣状和颗粒状3种纹饰类型,长管连蕊茶（C. elongata）为孔穴状纹饰,蒙自连蕊茶（C. forrestii）和尖萼蒙自连蕊茶（C. forrestii var. acutisepala）为疣状纹饰,其余17种（变种）均为颗粒状纹饰。研究推测2组植物花粉外壁纹饰的演化趋势为孔穴状→颗粒状→疣状。花粉的形态特征支持连蕊茶组和毛蕊茶组植物为单系类群的观点,但作孚连蕊茶（C. tsofuii）和荔波连蕊茶（C. lipoensis）作为变种的分类观点有待进一步研究探讨。     

栒子属（Cotoneaster Medikus）植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,对栒子属（Cotoneaster Medikus）2组15种植物的叶表皮特征进行了观察,发现疏花组（Sect. Cotoneaster）植物叶表皮细胞多为多边形,垂周壁一般为平直—弓形,气孔均为无规则型;单花组（Sect. Uniflos）植物叶表皮细胞常不规则型,垂周壁多浅波状,气孔除无规则型（anomocytic）外还兼有十字型（staurocytic）、四分体型（tetracytic）和等三体型（isotricytic）。依据气孔周围角质膜特征等叶表皮性状,把15种植物分为W型、S型和I型,其中W型是S型的特化类型,疏花组的种类为W型或S型,单花组的种类为I型。叶表皮微形态特征可以为栒子属植物组及种的分类学处理提供解剖学资料。     

银杏胚乳淀粉体的积累规律和发生特性

以银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.）核用品种‘七星果’、‘马铃’和‘龙眼’不同发育天数的胚乳为材料,采用透射电镜和扫描电镜技术,对其胚乳细胞内淀粉体的积累规律和发生特性进行研究。结果显示：3种银杏胚乳形态差异显著,‘七星果’呈梭形、‘马铃’呈椭圆形、‘龙眼’呈卵圆形;3种银杏胚乳早期均为嫩绿色,后期为黄色;授粉后65~125 d是胚乳体积快速增长时期。淀粉体的积累规律为：在胚乳组织内,淀粉体由糊粉层-外胚乳-内胚乳逐渐积累;在单个胚乳细胞内,淀粉体由细胞壁边缘向内部逐渐充实。银杏淀粉质体起源于类叶绿体质体,淀粉粒最初在类叶绿体质体的内膜上发生。淀粉体通过出芽、缢缩以及出芽和缢缩同时进行的增殖方式产生新淀粉体,成熟淀粉体形态有圆形、椭圆形和不规则形,属于单粒淀粉。研究结果表明银杏淀粉体在胚乳组织内具有由外向内的空间积累规律,淀粉质体起源于类叶绿体质体并通过出芽、缢缩、出芽和缢缩同时存在的方式增殖。     

Starch granule initiation and growth are altered in barley mutants that lack isoamylase activity

Two mutant lines of barley, Risø 17 and Notch‐2, were found to accumulate phytoglycogen in the grain. Like the sugary mutants of maize and rice, these phytoglycogen‐accumulating mutants of barley lack isoamylase activity in the developing endosperm. The mutants were shown to be allelic, and to have lesions in the isoamylase gene, isa1 that account for the absence of this enzyme. As well as causing a reduction in endosperm starch content, the mutations have a profound effect on the structure, number and timing of initiation of starch granules. There are no normal A‐type or B‐type granules in the mutants. The mutants have a greater number of starch granules per plastid than the wild‐type and, particularly in Risø 17, this leads to the appearance of compound starch granules. These results suggest that, as well as suppressing phytoglycogen synthesis, isoamylase in the wild‐type endosperm plays a role in determining the number, and hence the form, of starch granules.     

Morphological and structural aspects of the giant starch granules from Phajus grandifolius

The morphology and structure of giant starch granules from the pseudo-bulbs of Phajus grandifolius were investigated, using a number of microscopy techniques together with synchrotron radiation microdiffration analysis. Most of the granules, which had sizes between 100 and 200 microm, occurred as ogival particles with the hilum or proximal end located at the apex of the granules. A small percentage of granules held a protuberance extending orthogonally to the underlying parent granule. Growth rings were observed in all granules: strongly curved close to the hilum, but planar toward the distal end of the granules or in the protuberances. Specific mechanical disruption followed by enzymatic digestion revealed the susceptibility of the disorganized parts of the growth rings, which were preferentially carved away during the digestion, leaving behind the better-organized domains. Microdiffraction analysis achieved with synchrotron radiation revealed the crystalline features of the granules and provided orientation maps of the amylopectin molecules in the various parts of the granules. In simple ogival granules the amylopectin molecules were uniformly oriented with their axes running from the hilum toward the distal end of the granule. In granules with a protuberance, the axes of the amylopectin molecules kept their direction in the parent granule, but took an orthogonal direction in the protuberance. The occurrence of these morphological and structural features is tentatively correlated with the mode of growth of these granules.     

Regulation of Grain Weight by Supply of Assimilates and Starch Granule Development in Three Winter Wheat Varieties

On removing the top half of the ear (halving) on several datesafter anthesis, dry weight per grain increased in three winterwheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, in two pot experiments;the increase was greater with early than with late halving.The variety Splendeur had a lower dry weight and water percentagein grains than either Hobbit or Maris Huntsman. The ratio ofthe green area integrated over the post-anthesis period to thenumber of grains per ear (green area per grain) was highestin Splendeur and lowest in Hobbit in the first experiment; inthe second, Splendeur gave a lower ratio than the other twovarieties, which showed similar values. The green area per grainwas greater the earlier the ear was halved. The number of A-typestarch granules per endosperm, but not the volume per A granule(modal volume) and the modal volume of B starch granules, butnot their number, increased to a greater extent with early thanwith late halving. In Splendeur the grains had fewer A starchgranules, although these were of greater modal volume than inHobbit and Maris Huntsman and a number of B starch granulessimilar to the other two varieties, but of smaller modal volume.Maris Huntsman had more A granules than Hobbit, but with smallermodal volume. Dry weight per grain increased linearly with thenumber of A starch granules per endosperm, which in turn increasedasymptotically with green area per grain. The regressions forthe three varieties differed significantly. The influence ofthe supply of assimilates and the capacity for starch granuleformation in the regulation of grain weight is discussed. Key words: Grain weight, starch granules, assimilate supply, variety, wheat     

The granular structure of C-type pea starch and its role in gelatinization

We have used a combination of techniques to study the structure and properties of C-type starch from pea seeds. It was found that all C-type starch granules contain both types of polymorph; the B polymorphs are in the center of the granule and are surrounded by the A polymorphs. During heating in excess salt solution the A and B polymorphs within C-type granules melt independently, giving a double transition in heat capacity and a two-step swelling, compared with single transitions for A- and B-type starches. It was shown that B polymorphs gave a transition with a lower peak temperature than A. The disruption of crystallinity during gelatinization began from the hilum area and was propagated along the granule, accompanied by swelling of disrupted areas. It is proposed that the swelling of disrupted parts of the granule decreases the melting temperature of the neighboring crystallites resulting in the progressive disruption of crystalline areas. The gelatinization process is dependent on the arrangement of A and B polymorphs within the granule. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 45: 323–332, 1998     

Structural change of myofibrils during mitosis of newt embryonic myocardial cells in culture

Newt embryonic myocardial cells can undergo mitosis in culture. The successive changes in the striation pattern of sarcomeres of myofibrils during mitosis were studied by polarization microscopy without fixing or killing the cells. Birefringence of well-organized striation patterns, i.e., bright A-bands and dark I-bands, was clearly visible in interphase cells and did not show any detectable changes during incubation for 3 h or more. Electron microscopy showed the presence of well-organized myofibrils with Z-bands in these interphase cells. When myocardial cells entered the mitotic stage, the birefringence of striation pattern of their myofibrils gradually changed with the pattern in small parts of the myofibrils gradually becoming indistinct (called 'indistinct striation' in this paper). These indistinct regions increased in size during the mitotic stage. In addition, in some regions of the indistinct striation, the birefringence of sarcomeres gradually decreased and finally disappeared (called 'disappearance of sarcomeres' in this paper). No myocardial cells underwent mitosis without these disruptive changes of the myofibril striation patterns. In the post-mitotic stage, the well-organized striation of the myofibrils reappeared. Electron microscopy showed disorganized sarcomeres without Z-bands in the regions of indistinct striation, and no well-organized myofibrils in the regions where the sarcomeres had disappeared. Thus the well-organized myofibrils with Z-bands became transiently disorganized at least in some parts, during mitosis. They were then reorganized into daughter myocardial cells.     

New starches from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)--Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) cultivars

The starches separated from two different Dioscorea opposita Thunb. cultivars were investigated for morphological, thermal and crystal properties. The shape of starch granules separated from different D. opposita Thunb. cultivars varied from round to oval or irregular. The surface of the starch granules appeared to be smooth without any fissures. The average particle diameter of starches from different D. opposita Thunb. cultivars was 40.3 and 38.7mum for D. 47 and D. SXY starch, respectively. The transition temperatures (T(o), T(p) and T(c)) and enthalpy of gelatinization (DeltaH(gel)) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The D. SXY starch showed the lower T(o) (74.2 degrees C) and the broader R (12.4). T(p) and T(c) of starch from D. 47 were higher than that of D. SXY starch. DeltaH(gel) values (11.37J/g) of D. 47 was higher than that of D. SXY starch (10.78J/g). The crystal type of starches separated from two different D. opposita cultivars was a typical C-type pattern. The degree of crystallinity of two D. opposita cultivars starches was about 45.9% and 31.5%, respectively.     

The new insight on ultrastructure of C-type starch granules revealed by acid hydrolysis

C-type starch granule could be considered as the mixture of A- and B-polymorphs. The ultrastructure of C-type starch granules has not been elucidated detailedly by comparison with that of A- or B-type starch. To better understand the ultrastructure of C-type starch granules, Environment Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) and Field Emission Gun Transmission Electron Microscope (FEG-TEM) have been used to analyze the conformation and ultrastructure of C-type starch granule from Rhizoma Dioscorea during acid hydrolysis. SEM results showed that the amorphous areas were mainly located interior part of C-type starch granules whereas the crystalline regions were found mostly in the peripheral region of the granules. The grain size can be confirmed to be about 4.5-9 nm from the HR-TEM micrographs. The nanocrystals from acid-thinned starch displayed the typical face-centered cubic structure. This selected area electron diffraction patterns showed that individual C-type starch granule consisted of A- and B-type polymorphs.     

Heterogeneity of lotus rhizome starch granules as revealed by α-amylase degradation

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) rhizome starch granules have an elongated oval shape with the hilum located at one end. The morphologic characteristics were used as a direction anchor to study the heterogeneity of molecular organization of starch granules using microscopy before and after partial digestion by bacterial α-amylase (Bacillus sp.) The partially digested granule showed a single, big eroded hole at the end distant from the hilum. The enzyme-attacked end was revealed to be the loosely packed end and to be the weak point for enzyme hydrolysis. The α-amylase hydrolyzed the loosely packed central part of the granule faster than the densely packed periphery, and left an empty shell with a fish-bone-like tunnel inside. The periphery was more resistant to amylase hydrolysis and had strong birefringence. For the whole starch granule, the selectivity of α-amylase hydrolysis was low for the crystalline and amorphous regions and for amylose and amylopectin molecules. This study elucidated that the molecular organization of lotus rhizome starch granules was heterogeneous.     

The molecular deposition of transgenically modified starch in the starch granule as imaged by functional microscopy

The molecular deposition of starch extracted from normal plants and transgenically modified potato lines was investigated using a combination of light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ESEM permitted the detailed (10 nm) topographical analysis of starch granules in their hydrated state. CLSM could reveal internal molar deposition patterns of starch molecules. This was achieved by equimolar labelling of each starch molecule using the aminofluorophore 8-amino-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonic acid (APTS). Starch extracted from tubers with low amylose contents (suppressed granule bound starch synthase, GBSS) showed very little APTS fluorescence and starch granules with low molecular weight amylopectin and/or high amylose contents showed high fluorescence. Growth ring structures were sharper in granules with normal or high amylose contents. High amylose granules showed a relatively even distribution in fluorescence while normal and low amylose granules had an intense fluorescence in the hilum indicating a high concentration of amylose in the centre of the granule. Antisense of the starch phosphorylating enzyme (GWD) resulted in low molecular weight amylopectin and small fissures in the granules. Starch granules with suppressed starch branching enzyme (SBE) had severe cracks and rough surfaces. Relationships between starch molecular structure, nano-scale crystalline arrangements and topographical-morphological features were estimated and discussed.     

柴黄姜的传粉生物学特性

对产自湖北武当山的柴黄姜（Dioscorea nipponica subsp．rosthornii Prain et Burkill）的花部特征和访花昆虫种类及访花行为、访花频率和携粉量进行了研究,并对柴黄姜的传粉方式、结实和种子萌发状况进行了检测。结果表明,柴黄姜具有虫媒花的典型花部特征,共观测到访花昆虫4目34种,其中传粉昆虫6种,隧蜂属（Halictus sp．）和地蜂属（Andrena sp．）的2种昆虫是柴黄姜的主要传粉昆虫。访花昆虫对雄株的访花高峰时段为11：00至14：00,对雌花没有明显的访花高峰时段。在自然条件下,柴黄姜的座果率为18．86％,结实率为7．12％,种子萌发率为64．76％。在武当山,柴黄姜种群扩展仍以有性繁殖为主,无性繁殖为重要补充。