多孔建筑材料静态吸湿特性研究

建筑材料的湿特性对研究围护结构的热质传递过程有着重要意义,其中多孔建筑材料的等温平衡含湿量是完成材料传热传质分析必不可少的参数。本文研究了多种建筑材料的静态等温吸湿特性,针对加气混凝土、石膏板、相变材料这三种常见的多孔建筑材料,分析了等温吸湿曲线的理论计算模型。然后用统计方法比较了典型的计算模型,对模型的适宜性做了分析,得到了不同建筑材料等温吸湿平衡曲线各自适宜的计算公式。为研究多孔建筑围护结构热湿传递、研究室内热湿环境提供参考。     

循环温度边界条件下含湿量对固结多孔介质传热影响试验研究

为了讨论含湿量对固结多孔介质传热的影响,利用试验设备,对混凝土等级为C30的有限长度圆柱体,一端施以循环温度边界条件,一端施以恒定温度边界条件,设计了圆柱体内为干燥(s=0)、含湿(s=0.33)和饱和(s=1)情况,在2个循环周期内,分别测试了等间距圆柱体内12组瞬时温度值,分析了湿度变化对于循环温度边界条件下有限长度固结多孔介质体内的温度波动影响。试验表明:在干燥和饱和情况下,沿着圆柱轴向深度,各层的温度均响应为同样的周期性波动,其频率与边界面处温度的频率相等;且它们之间均存在一定的延迟,其相位相应滞后;随着深度的增加,其波幅不断衰减;但是对于含湿情况下其频率降低,波长增大。在计算非饱和多孔介质的传热传质时,必须考虑水的相变作用。     

汲液式多孔介质应用于被动蒸发制冷墙体的性能分析

本文将汲液多孔材料管组合成被动蒸发制冷墙,通过多孔材料的主动吸水、被动蒸发产生制冷效果。应用描述非饱和多孔介质热质迁移的数学模型,分析环境参数对多孔床内部非饱和场量的影响,以及它们与蒸发制冷量之间的内在联系,所得结果与实验结果相符合。实验分析了含湿多孔材料管的排列组合方式对墙体制冷性能的影响,以及多孔材料管的汲液特性。研究结果表明:室外环境参数对多孔介质表面和内部热质迁移影响较大。在遮阳、低的空气相对湿度和有天空辐射时有利于多孔介质表面的蒸发。含湿多孔管内部水分蒸发和水蒸气凝结,与其内部温度高低、温度梯度、含湿量和湿含量梯度相关联。受含湿多孔管排列方式的影响,通过组合墙体的气流分布,气流绕过多孔材料管方式,以及气流与多孔管表面之间的接触时间等存在差异,从而影响组合墙体的制冷特性。汲液多孔材料管的汲液高度受其倾斜角的影响较小。     

蒸发式冷凝器热质传递模型的建立与分析

本文根据热力学和传热学理论,考虑因水蒸发或凝结而引起的喷淋水量和空气含湿量沿蒸发式冷凝器高度的变化,建立蒸发式冷凝器的热质传递数学模型,并对模型进行了合理简化,推导出描述这一热质传递过程常微分方程组的分析解。所得分析解给出了蒸发式冷凝器高度上空气含湿量、比焓、温度和水温等各参数的分布情况,并讨论了空气质量流量、喷淋水量等参数对蒸发式冷凝器换热性能的影响。蒸发式冷凝器数学模型的解析解可用于蒸发式冷凝器传热传质性能的理论分析及设计校核计算,具有较高的理论及应用价值。     

热湿气候地区墙体内部冷凝分析

根据Motakef和E1-Masri的研究,将墙体分为“干-湿-干”3个区域.以多孔介质传热传质学为基础,将水蒸气冷凝看成是湿源、热源、蒸汽汇,建立起墙体湿区域内、热湿耦合传递方程.通过分析解得到了墙体内冷凝率和液态含湿量的分布曲线以及达到临界含湿量所需的时间.分析结果表明墙体内的冷凝率跟湿区域两侧的温差成正比,最大冷...     

深埋风道湿空气凝结数值模拟

提出了一种实现空气降温凝结数值模拟的方法,建立了深埋风道传热传湿数学模型,利用FLUENT的用户自定义函数功能,将热质传递关系式转化为相应控制方程的源项,对风道内流动空气热湿耦合传递进行了三维非稳态数值模拟,计算了空气进出口温差、析湿量和传热量,结果表明:凝结起始截面空气平均相对湿度低于90%;热湿耦合作用对空气温湿度变化影响较大,入口空气相对湿度由70%增大到90%时,析湿量和传热量分别增大86.6%和36.8%,出口温降减小2.17℃。为地热能利用研究及地下工程通风温湿度预测奠定了基础。     

汲液式被动蒸发多孔墙体制冷性能及汲液特性分析

将汲液多孔陶瓷管组成被动蒸发制冷墙,干燥空气与含湿多孔管表面进行热湿传递,产生蒸发制冷效果,通过多孔材料主动吸水补充散失的水分。沿气流方向,邻近各排多孔陶瓷管分别以交错排列和平行排列方式组合。本文以数值分析与实验相结合的方法分析了含湿多孔管的组合方式、排数和邻近管之间的间距等组合墙体的结构形式以及空气的相对湿度、温度、风速和太阳辐射等气候条件对组合墙体制冷特性的影响。非饱和多孔介质含湿多孔陶瓷管的汲液特性即毛细升高特性,受含湿多孔介质孔隙率、粒径和饱和度的影响。在含湿多孔陶瓷管中填充含湿砂石后,对其制冷特性的变化进行了实验研究。所得结果为汲液式被动蒸发多孔墙体推广和应用提供一定的指导。     

建筑热湿环境营造过程中换热网络的匹配特性分析

对主动式空调系统中的换热网络进行研究,分析了匹配特性在显热传递和热湿传递过程中的影响.显热传递过程由于传热能力UA有限和两侧流体流量不匹配会造成损失,热湿传递过程的损失则是由传热传质能力有限、流量不匹配和参数不匹配3种因素共同造成的.流量匹配的条件是两侧流体的热容量相等,空气与水直接接触的热湿传递过程只有在饱和线上进行时才能实现参数匹配.利用解析方法得到热湿传递过程中的传热阻力、传湿阻力表达式,分析了传热传质能力有限、流量不匹配和参数不匹配对热阻、湿阻造成的影响.     

生土建筑围护结构表面吸放湿过程实验研究

陕南地区的生土建筑是一种独特的民居建筑 .为了定量地研究生土建筑室内热湿环境 ,确定生土建筑围护结构表面吸放湿过程质交换系数是一项基础工作 .建筑围护结构表面的热湿迁移过程是一个典型的边界层内的流动、传热和传质过程 ,该过程的微分控制方程比较复杂 ,求解困难 .首次实验研究了生土建筑材料的等温吸放湿过程 ,提出了生土建筑围护结构表面质交换系数实验测试方法 ,实测分析计算结果与利用对流质交换相似关系计算得到的表面质交换系数比较吻合 .本研究为定量地分析生土建筑室内热湿环境奠定了科学基础     

建筑围护结构单层墙体的热湿耦合传递实验研究

建筑围护结构的热湿传递是影响建筑工程耐久性、室内环境及建筑能耗的重要因素。为研究其热湿耦合传递规律,对单层围护结构多孔介质的热湿耦合传递规律进行了实验研究。通过建立240mm厚混凝土围护结构热湿耦合测试实验台,对围护结构干燥阶段的含湿量、温湿度等参数进行测量。通过对实验结果的分析发现,围护结构内部含湿量传递很慢,其传递速率远远低于热量传递速率,且与温度分布的变化灵敏度不同,含湿量分布受边界条件的变化影响小。实验期间围护结构内部含湿量的分布始终是中间高两侧低;实验墙体在最开始的3个月尤其是第1个月,含湿量下降是最明显的。实验1个月时中心点的含湿量下降25%,3个月后下降47%。     

Experimental study on the frost characteristics of fin tube heat exchanger

The heat and mass transfer characteristics under frosting on surface of heat exchanger were experimentally investigated in different conditions of air temperature, relative humidity, and face velocity. The heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient decreased faster with the high relative humidity, low air temperature and initial face velocity. The air pressure drop rose faster with the high relative humidity and low air velocity.     

Transient analysis of the thermal and moisture physical behaviour of building constructions

For the transient analysis of the thermal and moisture conditions in multilayer constructions a numerical algorithm and a computer program based on the Crank-Nicholson method and quasi-linearization are are formulated. Constitutive equations for simultaneous heat and mass transfer in porous material are derived from the integrated mass, momentum and energy balance equations using the volume averaging technique. The temperature and moisture content are used as transport potentials due to general practice. In energy balance equations the conduction, convection and accumulation of heat and heat sources due to interstitial phase changes are considered. In moisture balance equations the accumulation of moisture, the diffusion flow of water vapour, the capillary and surface diffusion flow of liquid water and the viscous flow of humid air and water are considered. The boundary layer and interfacial balance equations are derived, too. The accuracy of the numerical algorithm is compared with an analytical solution for thermally semi-infinite body. The validity of the simulation method is verified by two experiments.     

Simultaneous heat and moisture transfer in soils combined with building simulation

In order to precisely predict ground heat transfer, room air temperature and humidity, a combined model has been developed and conceived to calculate both the coupled heat and moisture transfer in soil and floor and the psychrometrics condition of indoor air. The present methodology for the soil is based on the theory of Philip and De Vries, using variable thermophysical properties for different materials. The governing equations were discretized using the finite-volume method and a three-dimensional model for describing the physical phenomena of heat and mass transfer in unsaturated moist porous soils and floor. Additionally, a lumped transient approach for a building room and a finite-volume multi-layer model for the building envelope have been developed to integrate with the soil model. Results are presented in terms of temperature, humidity and heat flux at the interface between room air and the floor, showing the importance of the approach presented and the model robustness for long-term simulations with a high time step.     

Heat and mass coupled transfer combined with freezing process in building materials: Modeling and experimental verification

Newly completed building envelope is always characterized by high initial moisture content, and so the liquid moisture permeability is the main feature of mass transferring on its initial use. The high initial moisture content has strong impact on indoor condition and energy consumption especially in severe cold area where the moisture freezing in building envelope would occur in winter. Therefore, accurately predicting the hygrothermal states of building envelope to obtain useful envelope parameters is very important. In order to analyze the moisture transferring performance of enclosure on building initial use in severe cold area, the paper studied the coupling transfer of heat and moisture in building envelope. The permeability and freezing of the liquid water in porous building material were considered. The moisture content gradient was used as mass transfer driving force, and the temperature gradient was used as heat transfer driving forces. Heat and moisture coupled transfer conservation equations on different transferring conditions were built. An experimental set-up was built to verify the model, and good agreements were obtained, which suggests that the model can be used to simulate the heat and moisture coupled transfer in newly completed building envelope of severe cold area.     

新建建筑围护结构热质传递对室内温湿度环境的影响

新建建筑第1年由于较大的内表面散湿量会影响室内的温湿度水平,严重的会引起围护结构内表面霉菌。为分析新建建筑第1年围护结构的湿传递对室内温湿度环境的影响,本文对哈尔滨地区新建建筑综合热质耦合传递进行了模拟,分别建立了围护结构和室内空气的质能平衡方程,并讨论了夏季不同的室内通风率对围护结构内表面散湿量及室内温湿度的影响,得出了几点重要结论。     

Investigation of operation performance of air carrying energy radiant air-conditioning system based on CFD and thermodynamic model

This study aims to investigate the operation performance of a new terminal form of radiant air-conditioning system called the air carrying energy radiant air-conditioning system (ACERS). Three summer operation conditions, namely steady condition (without opening door and window), open-door condition and open-window condition, are researched in a residential apartment using experimental, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and thermodynamic methods. The concept of dynamic synergistic operation of mechanical ventilation driven by the air-conditioning system and natural ventilation driven by the open door or window is proposed. A thermodynamic model formulated by the dynamic enthalpy equation, dynamic temperature equation and dynamic moisture equation is developed to analyze the heat and mass transfer process of the test room under the synergistic operation of mixing ventilation. Moreover, the CFD simulation results are used to analyze the synergistic operation and thermodynamic energy transfer of the test room under the mixing ventilation of ACERS and open door/window. It is indicated that ACERS is an important technology with a low temperature gradient of less than 0.1 °C between the head (1.5 m) and ankle level (0.1 m) and low velocity of approximately 0.1 m/s in the occupied zone under the steady condition. The thickness of the boundary zone under the orifice plate of ACERS under the steady, open-door and open-window conditions is 12, 6, and 8 cm, respectively, which can effectively prevent condensation. This study proves that ACERS is a promising technology for air conditioning in residential buildings in regions with hot and humid summers.     

Numerical and experimental analysis of heat and moisture content transfer in a lean-to greenhouse

In this paper, heat transfer and moisture content in a lean-to passive solar greenhouse has been studied. A mathematical model based on energy equilibrium and a one-dimensional mathematical model for the unsaturated porous medium have been founded and developed to predict the temperature and moisture content in soil and the enclosed air temperature in the greenhouse. On the condition that plant and massive wall is neglected, the air is mainly heated by the soil surface in the greenhouse, which absorbs the incident solar radiation. With increase in depth, the variation of the temperature and moisture content in soil decreases on account of ambient, and the appearance of the peak temperature in soil postpones. All results should be taken into account for a better design and run of a greenhouse.     

Critical mass flux for flaming ignition of wet wood

Wood is a common building material and can constitute the bulk of the fuel load in structures. Cellulosic, woody material is also the fuel in a wildland fire. Wood and forest fuels are porous and hygroscopic so their moisture content varies with the ambient temperature and relative humidity. A complete understanding of both structural and wildland fire thus involves understanding the effect of moisture content on ignition. The ignition criterion considered in this work is critical mass flux – that a sufficient amount of pyrolysis gases must be generated for a diffusion flame to establish above the surface. An apparatus was built to measure the critical mass flux for sustained flaming ignition of woody materials for varying environmental conditions (incident heat flux and airflow (oxidizer) velocity). This paper reports the variation of measured critical mass fluxes for poplar with externally applied incident radiant heat flux, airflow velocity, and moisture content. The critical mass flux is seen to increase with increasing levels of moisture content, incident heat flux, and airflow velocity. Future work will focus on modeling these experiments and exploring the changes in critical mass flux with species, thickness, and live fuels.     

Assessment of temperature gradient effects on moisture transfer through thermogradient coefficient

The objective of this paper is to describe moisture transfer through porous material due to temperature gradient. For that purpose, an experimental device was set up to assess moisture flux under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. This involves placing samples between two compartments with controlled air conditions and monitoring relative humidity and temperature profiles inside the samples over the time. To interpret these results, we proposed to express the mass flux in terms of two driving potentials: water vapor content gradient and temperature gradient. Accordingly, thermogradient coefficient was calculated and discussed. It represents the difference between the moisture fluxes under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The impact of temperature gradient on the moisture buffer value (MBV) was also considered through a numerical experiment taking into account thermogradient coefficient. Results show that temperature gradient implies a relative variation of the MBV for about 14%. Thus, it would be better to consider non-isothermal conditions for its assessment.