Optimization and coordination of damping controls for improvingsystem dynamic performance

This paper presents a global tuning procedure for FACTS device stabilizers (FDS) and power system stabilizers (PSS) in a multi-machine power system using a parameter-constrained nonlinear optimization algorithm implemented in a simulation program. This algorithm deals with such an optimization problem by solving a sequential quadratic programming using the dual algorithm. The main objective of this procedure is to simultaneously optimize pre-selected parameters of the FDSs and PSSs having fixed parameters in coping with the complex nonlinear nature of the power system. By minimizing a nonexplicit target function in which the oscillatory rotor modes of the generators involved and suing characteristics between areas are included, interactions among the FACTS controls under transient conditions in a multimachine power system are improved. A multimachine power system equipped with a TCSC and an SVC as well as three PSSs is applied to demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the tuning procedure presented. The results obtained from simulations validate the improvement in damping of overall power oscillations in the system in an optimal and globally coordinated manner. The simulations also show that the stabilizers tuned are robust in providing adequate damping for a range of conditions in the system     

互联电力系统中PSS的全局协调优化

分析了互联电力系统中常规分散、局部设计的PSS之间可能存在的不良相互作用,指出了对相关机组的PSS进行全局协调优化的必要性,并提出了一种多机互联系统中常规 PSS的全局协调优化方法。该方法使用在NETOMAC程序中实现的非线性优化算法,其主要目标是同时优化具有因定参数的PSS的预选参数,以处理电力系统复杂的非线性特性,通过最小化包含相关发电机转子振荡模式和区域间振荡特性的非显式目标函数,使互联电力系统在暂态条件下功率振荡的阻尼特性得到全面改善,因而该方法对大规模电力系统中控制器的全局协调具有独特的优势。4机测试系统和欧洲电网的仿真结果证明了文中所提方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Three-dimensional power system stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. The objective of the PSS is to generate a stabilizing signal, which produces a damping torque component on the generator shaft. Conventional PSSs are designed with the phase compensation technique in the frequency domain and include the lead-lag blocks whose parameters are determined according to a linearized power system model. The performance of conventional PSSs (CPSSs) depends upon the generator operating point and the system parameters, but a reasonable level of robustness can be achieved depending on the tuning method. This paper presents a new three-dimensional PSS (3D PSS), which uses rotor speed deviation, rotor acceleration and load angle deviation as input signals. The 3D PSS attempts to return the generator to the state-space origin, based on the generator’s trajectory in state-space and the achievement of torque equilibrium. The 3D PSS is robust to system parameters changes. The proposed algorithm was implemented in a digital control system, tested in a laboratory environment on a synchronous generator connected to the power system, and then compared with CPSS. Experimental results show that the proposed PSS achieves better performance than the CPSS in damping oscillations.     

Robust coordinated design of multiple and multi-type damping controller using differential evolution algorithm

A robust coordination scheme to improve the stability of a power system by optimal design of multiple and multi-type damping controllers is presented in this paper. The controllers considered are power system stabilizer (PSS) and static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)-based controller. Local measurements are provided as input signals to all the controllers. The coordinated design problem is formulated as an optimization problem and differential evolution (DE) algorithm is employed to search for the optimal controller parameters. The performance of the proposed controllers is evaluated for both single-machine infinite-bus power system and multi-machine power system. Nonlinear simulation results are presented over a wide range of loading conditions and system configurations to show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed coordinated design approach. It is observed that the proposed controllers provide efficient damping to power system oscillations under a wide range of operating conditions and under various disturbances. Further, simulation results show that, in a multi-machine power system, the modal oscillations are effectively damped by the proposed approach.     

Optimal locations and tuning of robust power system stabilizer using genetic algorithms

Optimal locations and design of robust multimachine power system stabilizers (PSSs) using genetic algorithms (GA) is presented in this paper. The PSS parameters and locations are computed to assure maximum damping performance under different operating conditions. The efficacy of this technique in damping local and inter-area modes of oscillations in multimachine power systems is confirmed through nonlinear simulation results and eigenvalues analysis.     

Performance evaluation of power system stabilizers based on Population-Based Incremental Learning (PBIL) algorithm

This paper proposes a method of optimally tuning the parameters of power system stabilizers (PSSs) for a multi-machine power system using Population-Based Incremental Learning (PBIL). PBIL is a technique that combines aspects of GAs and competitive learning-based on Artificial Neural Network. The main features of PBIL are that it is simple, transparent, and robust with respect to problem representation. PBIL has no crossover operator, but works with a probability vector (PV). The probability vector is used to create better individuals through learning. Simulation results based on small and large disturbances show that overall, PBIL-PSS gives better performances than GA-PSS over the range of operating conditions considered.     

PSS就地相位补偿法的模型和理论

为降低稳定器设计在实际大系统中应用的难度和现场调试的困难,提出应用于多机电力系统稳定器设计的就地相位补偿法的模型和理论。在多机电力系统中,首先推导得到稳定器对线路功率振荡贡献的直接阻尼;在此基础上,参照相位补偿的原理,提出稳定器设计的就地相位补偿设计。该方法能够保证稳定器向线路功率振荡提供正阻尼,从而有效抑制系统中的线路功率振荡。而稳定器的就地补偿设计是在附加稳定器的电力装置的局部线性化模型上进行的,无需建立多机电力系统的全系统线性化模型,故而设计简单、实用。     

多馈入直流输电系统小信号调制器的协调优化整定

分析了多馈入交直流并联输电系统中各直流系统之间可能存在的不良相互作用。提出了对各直流小信号调制器参数进行协调整定的必要性，并将参数的协调整定问题归结为控制器结构已知但有若干未定参数可供优化的数学规划问题，所选的目标函数是与各交流联络线的有功功率和各发电机的功角相关的。基于NETOMAC软件平台，采用程序自带的非线性优化模块，可同时对这些参数进行优化，这种参数整定方法本身已考虑了交直流电力系统固有的非线性特性而不必显式导出整个系统的数学模型，因而不需要进行网络简化或线性化近似，这种方法对大规模交直流电力系统的控制器参数整定具有独到的优势。构造了一个含有两个区域间低频振荡模式的双馈入交直流输电系统，并对该系统的各直流小信号调制器参数进行了协调优化整定，仿真结果表明，经过协调优化后得到的直流小信号调制器能提高整个交直流系统的阻尼性能，并具有良好的鲁棒性。     

PSS控制过程中的借阻尼现象与负阻尼效应

根据考虑PSS控制的线性化系统模型，利用特征值的数学性质，揭示了PSS控制过程中的借阻尼现象，即：PSS提供给机电振荡模式的阻尼是从非机电模式转移来的。另外，结合三机系统算例并通过相量图分析，阐明了多机系统PSS控制过程中的负阻尼效应现象，即：PSS在增加一些机电振荡模式阻尼的同时，将减少另一些机电振荡模式阻尼，并指出负阻尼效应现象是多机系统的一种本质特性。因此，PSS在系统中要合理地配置和恰当地选择参数，以使系统机电振荡模式能够从非机电模式那里“借”来足够而合理的阻尼。所以，PSS在系统中要合理地配置和恰当地选择参数，以使系统机电振荡模式能够从非机电模式那里“借”来足够而合理的阻尼。     

多机系统调速侧电力系统稳定器GPSS的设计

低频振荡是一种不利于电力系统安全和稳定运行的现象，而电力系统稳定器(PSS)可以有效抑制低频振荡。由于励磁系统和电力系统运行方式及工况之间的密切关系，致使电力系统中PSS的协调设计和安装地点的选择成了PSS能否用于电力系统的关键。作者设计了一种调速侧电力系统稳定器，其设计原理和传统的PSS一样简单，且具有较好的鲁棒性，同时还具有多机解耦特性，给本机带来阻尼的同时不会给其它机组带来负阻尼，避免了参数协调和安装地点的选择。最后利用算例仿真验证了调速侧电力系统稳定器不仅可以抑制低频振荡，还可以提高电力系统暂态稳定性。     

Effects of various power system stabilizers on improving power system dynamic performance

To ensure the small-signal stability of a power system, power system stabilizers (PSSs) are extensively applied for damping low frequency power oscillations through modulating the excitation supplied to synchronous machines, and increasing interest has been focused on developing different PSS schemes to tackle the threat of damping oscillations to power system stability. This paper examines four different PSS models and investigates their performances on damping power system dynamics using both small-signal eigenvalue analysis and large-signal dynamic simulations. The four kinds of PSSs examined include the Conventional PSS (CPSS), Single Neuron based PSS (SNPSS), Adaptive PSS (APSS) and Multi-band PSS (MBPSS). A steep descent parameter optimization algorithm is employed to seek the optimal PSS design parameters. To evaluate the effects of these PSSs on improving power system dynamic behaviors, case studies are carried out on an 8-unit 24-bus power system through both small-signal eigenvalue analysis and large-signal time-domain simulations.     

基于计算智能的多个阻尼控制器协调设计

对电力系统中多个FACTS阻尼控制器之间以及与电力系统稳定器之间的协调设计进行研究，提出序优化和遗传算法相结合的智能计算方法解决阻尼控制器参数的鲁棒最优整定。根据矩阵的迹和其特征值的关系提出一种易于计算的近似目标函数，利用序优化方法评估对比各个解之间的优劣。遗传算法中个体的适应度由序优化方法排序确定，并给出线性排序选择算子，可以大大加速评估和选择的过程，减少计算量，提高效率。给出了基于智能计算方法协调设计多个阻尼控制器的流程．对新英格兰系统的仿真结果验证了设计方法的有效性．     

Optimal multiobjective design of robust power system stabilizers using genetic algorithms

Optimal multiobjective design of robust multimachine power system stabilizers (PSSs) using genetic algorithms is presented in this paper. A conventional speed-based lead-lag PSS is used in this work. The multimachine power system operating at various loading conditions and system configurations is treated as a finite set of plants. The stabilizers are tuned to simultaneously shift the lightly damped and undamped electromechanical modes of all plants to a prescribed zone in the s-plane. A multiobjective problem is formulated to optimize a composite set of objective functions comprising the damping factor, and the damping ratio of the lightly damped electromechanical modes. The problem of robustly selecting the parameters of the power system stabilizers is converted to an optimization problem which is solved by a genetic algorithm with the eigenvalue-based multiobjective function. The effectiveness of the suggested technique in damping local and interarea modes of oscillations in multimachine power systems, over a wide range of loading conditions and system configurations, is confirmed through eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear simulation results.     

Optimal Power System Stabilizers design via Cuckoo Search algorithm

Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm is introduced in this paper for optimal Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) design in a multimachine power system. The PSSs parameter tuning problem is formulated as an optimization problem which is solved by CS Algorithm. An eigenvalues based objective function involving the damping ratio, and the damping factor of the lightly damped electromechanical modes is considered for the PSSs design problem. The performance of the proposed CS based PSSs (CSPSS) has been compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA) based PSSs (GAPSS) and the Conventional PSSs (CPSS) under different operating conditions and disturbances. The results of the developed CSPSS are verified through time domain analysis, eigenvalues and performance indices. Also, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in providing good damping characteristics is confirmed.     

Optimal tunning of type-2 fuzzy logic power system stabilizer based on differential evolution algorithm

In this paper, a type-2 fuzzy logic power system stabilizer with differential evolution algorithm is proposed. As an extension of type-1 fuzzy logic theory, type-2 fuzzy logic theory can effectively improve the control performance by uncertainty of membership function especially when we have to confront with less expert knowledge or unpredicted external disturbances. The corresponding parameters and rule base of type-2 fuzzy logic power system stabilizer are optimally tuned by using differential evolution algorithm for multi-machine power system. Through simulation under different operational conditions, the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for damping the power system electromechanical oscillations.     

Robust decentralized multi-machine power system stabilizer design using quantitative feedback theory

A new robust power system stabilizer (PSS) design using Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT) for damping electromechanical modes of oscillations and enhancing power system stability is proposed in this paper. The design procedure is carried out on a multi-input–multi-output (MIMO), non-minimum phase and unstable plant. A multi-machine electric power system with system parametric uncertainties is considered as a case study. To show the effectiveness of the QFT technique, the proposed method is compared with a conventional PSS (CPSS) whose parameters are tuned using the classical lead-lag compensation and genetic algorithms. Several nonlinear time-domain simulation tests indicate that the suggested control scheme is robust to the changes in the system parameters and also to successfully reject the disturbances. The results also show that the performance of the QFT method given in this paper is more desirable than CPSS and genetic algorithm (GA).     

多区域单机等效法分析和控制故障后区间振荡

针对故障后系统的区间振荡,提出改进的单机等效法分析不同区域间的相互作用,并制定相应的控制措施。根据故障后各发电机功角的振荡轨迹,将系统划分为若干个主导振荡区域和非主导振荡区域,并将多区域系统进一步等效为单机无穷大母线(one machine infinite bus,OMIB)系统。定义并计算不同区域间的相对动能及OMIB系统动能,用于分析不同区域间的非线性相互作用。采用傅里叶频谱分析和Prony分析辨识OMIB系统参数,得到故障后系统的主导振荡模式及相应的阻尼比。基于上述分析,提出调整故障前各区域发电机出力的方法以减少区间的相对动能,抑制互联区域振荡。算法用于分析和控制IEEE5区域16机标准测试系统的故障后区间振荡。仿真结果表明,算法不但能准确辨识故障后的主导振荡模式,且能分析多种区间模式的非线性相互作用;控制措施显著地提升了系统阻尼,抑制了故障后系统的区间低频振荡。     

含储能的两级光伏功率振荡抑制策略研究

功率振荡一直是电力系统亟待解决的稳定性问题,研究含储能的大容量光伏并网抑制电力系统功率振荡与当下能源发展方向相符。首先建立含储能的两级光伏并网模型,设计抑制功率振荡的控制策略,同时采用阻尼转矩分析推导该控制策略对系统阻尼影响的物理意义,以特征值法分析复杂的多机系统。搭建含储能的两级光伏并入单机和多机系统仿真模型,采用时域仿真和特征分析,验证了控制策略抑制功率振荡的有效性,在多机系统中对目标机组振荡抑制效果更明显,有效提高了系统的稳定性。     

Design of a nonlinear power system stabilizer using synergetic control theory

Electromechanical oscillations of small magnitude and low frequency exist in the interconnected power system and often persist for long periods of time. Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are traditionally used to provide damping torque for the synchronous generators to suppress the oscillations by generating supplementary control signals for the generator excitation system. Numerous techniques have previously been proposed to design PSSs but many of them are synthesized based on a linearized model. This paper presents a nonlinear power system stabilizer based on synergetic control theory. Synergetic synthesis of the PSS is based fully on a simplified nonlinear model of the power system. The dynamic characteristics of the proposed PSS are studied in a typical single-machine infinite-bus power system and compared with the cases with a conventional PSS and without a PSS. Simulation results show the proposed PSS is robust for such nonlinear dynamic system and achieves better performance than the conventional PSS in damping oscillations.     

Power system stabilizer design using Strength Pareto multi-objective optimization approach

Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are the most well-known and effective tools to damp power system oscillation caused by disturbances. To gain a good transient response, the design methodology of the PSS is quite important. The present paper, discusses a new method for PSS design using the multi-objective optimization approach named Strength Pareto approach. Maximizations of the damping factor and the damping ratio of power system modes are taken as the goals or two objective functions, when designing the PSS parameters. The program generates a set of optimal parameters called Pareto set corresponding to each Pareto front, which is a set of optimal results for the objective functions. This provides an excellent negotiation opportunity for the system manager, manufacturer of the PSS and customers to pick out the desired PSS from a set of optimally designed PSSs. The proposed approach is implemented and examined in the system comprising a single machine connected to an infinite bus via a transmission line. This is also done for two familiar multi-machine systems named two-area four-machine system of Kundur and ten-machine 39-bus New England system. Parameters of the Conventional Power System Stabilizer (CPSS) are optimally designed by the proposed approach. Finally, a comparison with famous GAs is given.