Study of Raman amplification properties in triangular photonic crystal fibers

The Raman properties of triangular photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are analyzed in order to design a fiber for Raman amplification with enhanced performances. By casting the Raman intensity propagation equations, the Raman effective area and the Raman gain coefficient are introduced - two meaningful parameters that take into account the overlap between the pump and signal profiles. The behavior of these two parameters is examined in silica PCFs as a function of the geometrical characteristics of the triangular lattice. The numerical results show that a proper design of the hole diameter and the spacing between air holes can minimize the Raman effective area and maximize the Raman gain coefficient. The paper then focuses on PCFs with a germania-doped core. It is found that, for a given PCF cross section and dimension of the doped region, the Raman gain coefficient increases linearly with germania concentration. Moreover, by enlarging the doped region, it is discovered that a PCF with a germania-doped area internally tangent to the first ring of air holes has a maximum Raman gain coefficient. Finally, the calculated values of the Raman gain coefficient are compared with those of other highly nonlinear fibers presented in the literature, showing that a well-designed triangular PCF can significantly improve Raman gain performance.     

Evaluation of Raman gain coefficient distribution independent of imperfection contributions

We have previously reported a technique for measuring the distribution of the Raman gain characteristics in optical fibers. It is well known that Raman gain characteristics are affected by dopants and the effective areas in optical fibers. The Raman gain coefficient independent of the influence of effective areas will be used to investigate the longitudinal uniformity in fibers. This letter describes a method for evaluating the Raman gain coefficient distribution in a way that distinguishes it from the effects of waveguide imperfections by employing our previously reported technique. Using this method, we performed experiments on various types of fiber, and confirmed that the Raman gain coefficient can be accurately measured.     

损耗对级联光纤RFA增益平坦度影响分析

增益平坦度是衡量光纤通信中喇曼光纤放大器的关键参数之一。文章从级联光纤实现喇曼增益谱平坦技术的分析理论入手, 改进了实现喇曼增益谱平坦的约束条件, 利用Matlab分析了光纤损耗对RFA增益谱平坦度的影响。结果表明: 在喇曼光纤放大器系统中, C波段各个光之间不同的损耗系数是影响增益平坦度的关键因素, 即信号光之间损耗系数的不同会引起喇曼光纤放大器的增益平坦度劣化, 各个被放大信号光之间的损耗系数相差越大, 则增益平坦度越差。     

损耗对级联光纤RFA增益平坦度影响分析

增益平坦度是衡量光纤通信中喇曼光纤放大器的关键参数之一。文章从级联光纤实现喇曼增益谱平坦技术的分析理论入手,改进了实现喇曼增益谱平坦的约束条件,利用Matlab分析了光纤损耗对RFA增益谱平坦度的影响。结果表明:在喇曼光纤放大器系统中,C波段各个光之间不同的损耗系数是影响增益平坦度的关键因素,即信号光之间损耗系数的不同会引起喇曼光纤放大器的增益平坦度劣化,各个被放大信号光之间的损耗系数相差越大,则增益平坦度越差。     

光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益特性

为了分析同向抽运与反向抽运光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益,基于耦合微分方程,采用理论推导的方法,根据不同抽运结构下信号光放大的不同实际情况定义并推导出同向抽运光纤拉曼放大器和反向抽运光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益公式。然后,详细分析了各个参数对两种抽运方式下光纤拉曼放大器的最大拉曼增益的影响。对两种抽运方式下相同参数引起的最大拉曼增益进行了比较。结果表明,同样的参数对同向抽运与反向抽运光纤拉曼放大器最大拉曼增益的影响有相同的地方,也有不同的地方。最后,将最大拉曼增益和常用的开关增益进行了比较。对光纤拉曼放大器的实验、成本估计和器件效率等研究有重要参考意义。     

硫化铅掺杂石英玻璃光纤喇曼增强特性研究

普通单模光纤的喇曼增益低,严重制约了喇曼放大器的发展。因此,研究高喇曼增益的光纤具有重要意义。研究了硫化铅掺杂石英玻璃光纤的喇曼散射增强特性。采用改进的化学气相沉积(MCVD)法分别制备出硫化铅掺杂石英玻璃光纤和普通单模光纤样品,并测得其传输损耗谱和喇曼光谱,实验结果表明:硫化铅掺杂石英玻璃光纤具有更强的喇曼散射强度。在不同的泵浦功率条件下,分别进行了喇曼放大实验,相比于普通单模光纤,硫化铅掺杂石英玻璃光纤具有更大的喇曼增益。     

多波长泵浦宽带接曼放大器功率增益的Gauss近似研究

受激拉曼散射 (SRS)的Stokes波谱线型比较复杂 ,本文采用Gauss线型近似 ,研究了多波长泵浦宽带Raman放大器的增益特性 ,并提出了宽带增益平坦的多波长泵浦方案 ,研究结果表明增益平坦程度与泵浦波的频率间隔密切相关。对ITU -T的G .65 2、G .65 3、G .65 5光纤和新型的大有效面积非零色散平坦光纤的Raman放大增益特性分别进行了研究 ,结果表明Raman增益与光纤的种类和光纤传输特性有关 ,特别是随光纤有效纤芯面积的增大而明显减小。     

Design of transmission optical fiber with a high Raman gain, large effective area, low nonlinearity, and low double Rayleigh backscattering

Designed was the transmission fiber with a high Raman gain, large effective area, low nonlinearity, and low double Rayleigh backscattering (DRBS). Basically the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of distributed type Raman amplifier is superior to that of the lumped type Raman amplifier using a high Raman gain fiber such as dispersion compensation fiber. However, much pump power and long length of transmission fiber line are required to acquire a proper gain in the distributed type fiber Raman amplifier. Thus, compositional adjustment on the fiber for optical transmission is of benefit to reduce further the required pump power. In this regard, based on this simulation, the fluorine and germanium co-doped fiber showed a high Raman gain, high OSNR, and low DRBS.     

宽带拉曼光纤放大中的多泵浦源选择方法

理论分析了拉曼光纤放大谱与多波长泵浦光功率和波长的关系.考虑到泵浦光与泵浦光,泵浦光与信号光的拉曼相互作用,得出一个增益数组,增益数组就是离散的宽带拉曼光纤放大增益谱.对任何形态的宽带拉曼光纤放大增益谱,可以设定对应的增益数组,把泵浦光功率和波长组成二维坐标系,遍取坐标系中的各点,求出各组点对应的增益数组,找出最接近设定的增益数组,这组泵浦光功率及波长就是最优的解决方案.     

Investigation on the Gain of Multi—wavelength Pumping Broadband Raman Amplifier

The Stokes spectrum in the stimulated Raman scattering(SRS)is very complicated.In this article,we use both Gaussian and Lorentz approximation to investigate the gain properties of multi-pumping broadband Raman amplifier,and present some schemes for flattening the gain.All the results show that the flatness of the gain spectrum is closely related to the pumping frequency grid.By researching the gain properties of Raman amplifiers of such ITU-T fibers as G.652,G.653,G.655 and large effective area non-zero dispersion flattening fiber,we find that the Raman gain is associated with the fiber type and its transmission characteristics,especially it decreases with the increase of the effective core area.     

Article ID:1007-0206(2001)03-0129-09Investigation on the Gain of Multi-wavelength Pumping Broadband Raman Amplifier

The Stokes spectrum in the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is very complicated. In this article, we use both Gaussian and Lorentz approximation to investigate the gain properties of multi-pumping broadband Raman amplifier, and present some schemes for flattening the gain. All the results show that the flatness of the gain spectrum is closely related to the pumping frequency grid. By researching the gain properties of Raman amplifiers of such ITU-T fibers as G.652, G.653, G.655 and large effective area non-zero dispersion flattening fiber, we find that the Raman gain is associated with the fiber type and its transmission characteristics, especially it decreases with the increase of the effective core area.     

200-nm-bandwidth fiber optical amplifier combining parametric andRaman gain

Theory shows that the gain bandwidth of a one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier (OPA) using highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) could be more than 200 nm. Under these circumstances, the OPA gain would overlap the pump-induced Raman gain. We have studied the combined effects of OPA and Raman gain theoretically and experimentally. The experimental results demonstrate a 200-nm bandwidth from a single fiber-optical amplifier and also verify that the influence of the Raman effect is relatively small, as predicted by the theory     

DCF光纤拉曼放大器的实验研究

DCF(dispersion compensating fibre)光纤具有较高的拉曼增益系数,利用这一点可以用较短长度的DCF光纤制成分立式的光纤拉曼放大器,作为传输线路上的损耗补偿.本文在测量并计算了DCF光纤的拉曼增益系数的基础上,对分立式的DCF放大器的开关增益和噪声指数进行了测量和分析,并将分立式FRA和分布式FRA在开关增益和噪声指数方面做了比较。介绍了用不同的测量方法所造成的实验结果的差异.实验结果表明,放大介质为5 km的DCF光纤所构成的放大器,在抽运功率为800 mW的条件下,最大增益可达14.77dB,3 dB带宽为35 nm,满足作为损耗补偿的要求.     

抽运饱和及信道间受激拉曼散射效应对反向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器增益谱的影响

在宽带密集波分复用 (DWDM )系统中 ,后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器 (B DFRA)会引入在小信号条件下无需考虑的两种效应 :抽运饱和效应 (PS)使拉曼增益减小 ;拉曼放大使信道间受激拉曼散射 (SRS)效应增强 ,产生附加拉曼倾斜效应 (ART)。将后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器的增益谱分解为拉曼抽运的放大作用和信道间受激拉曼散射效应产生的倾斜作用 ,通过对各种工作条件下实际后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器增益谱的优化计算 ,研究了抽运饱和效应和附加拉曼倾斜效应对后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器增益谱的影响。计算发现抽运饱和效应取决于信道输出功率 ,附加拉曼倾斜效应由信道输入功率和输出功率共同决定 ,进而通过抽运饱和效应和附加拉曼倾斜效应的大小可以将后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器的工作条件划分为三个区域 ,并讨论了不同工作条件下后向抽运分布式光纤拉曼放大器的简化分析方法     

多泵浦增益平坦光子晶体拉曼光纤放大器

针对密集波分复用光纤通信系统中拉曼光纤放大器增益及增益谱平坦问题,提出一种采用4个泵浦光的多泵浦方式在光子晶体光纤不同位置处注入两种不同波长泵浦光的组合方式来获得拉曼光纤放大器增益更大、增益谱更加平坦的方法。这种组合方式在拉曼光纤放大器中使得光信号实现了前段放大、后段补偿,从而在拉曼光纤放大器输出端获得高增益和较平坦增益谱。模拟的结果表明:平均增益可达:26.5 dB,增益平坦度为0.046 dB。     

Effect of enhancing the Raman gain factor on the linearity of Raman fibre amplifiers

The effect of enhancing the Raman gain factor on the linearity characteristics of Raman fibre amplifiers is analysed. In addition to providing higher Raman gain per unit pump power, a higher value for the Raman gain factor also results in a lower value for the maximum gain, and therefore the maximum output power, available from the amplifier if it is to operate in the linear regime. This has important implications for optimising the design of Raman fibre amplifiers.<>     

Extending the Gain Bandwidth of Combined Raman-Parametric Fiber Amplifiers Using Highly Nonlinear Fiber

The authors demonstrate extended flat gain bandwidth by combining Raman and parametric processes. The increase in bandwidth is accomplished by extending the Raman gain region to the longer wavelength side of the Raman gain by using parametric gain. Two different configurations of the amplifier are investigated. The associated gain and bit error performance is characterized. A gain of about 15 dB, with gain flatness of 5 dB is measured.     

利用免疫算法优化设计的宽带大增益拉曼光纤放大器

为提高拉曼光纤放大器(RFA)的增益带宽和输出增益、改善增益平坦度,本文以掺铒碲基光纤作为放大介质,使用6个泵浦光设计了一款能够实现对C+L波段共100 nm带宽信号光平坦放大的拉曼光纤放大器.在设计过程中,针对拉曼光纤放大器模型中的非线性优化和组合优化问题,采用免疫算法配置泵浦光波长和功率的方法来解决,同时保证拉曼光...     

多波长泵浦宽带拉曼放大器功率增益研究

受激拉曼散射（SRS）的Stokes波谱线型比较复杂,本文分别用Gauss线型和Lorentz线型,研究多波长泵浦宽带Raman放大器的增益特性,提出宽带增益平坦的多波长泵浦方案,研究表明增益平坦程序与泵清波频率间隔密切相关。对G．652、G．653、G．655光纤和新型大有效面积非零色散平坦光纤的Raman放大增益分别进行了研究,结果表明Raman增益与光纤种类和光纤传输性有关,特别是随光纤有效纤芯面积的增大而明显减小。     

Gain saturation in fiber Raman amplifiers due to stimulatedBrillouin scattering

The effects of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) on Raman gain are explored. Measurements of gain in a fiber Raman amplifier show a saturation at low gain levels. Experimental data and a theoretical model are presented, demonstrating that this saturation is due to pump depletion by SBS. This effect also leads to Raman gain fluctuations arising from mode partitioning in a multimode pump laser. Two ways to avoid the deleterious effects of SBS on the performance of Raman amplifiers are suggested. One is to use a multimode semiconductor laser with a modal linewidth of the order of a few hundred megahertz, which leads to a strongly reduced Brillouin gain coefficient. The second approach is to use very short pump pulses in a backward configuration