柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩有机岩石学特征

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系烃源岩中分布着各种不同形态、不同类型、不同成因和不同光学特征的有机显微组分,它们具有不同的化学成分和结构、母质类型及生烃潜力.烃源岩中的有机显微组分主要由镜质组、惰质组、壳质组、腐泥组及次生组分和矿物-沥青基质所构成,主要生油组分是壳质组和腐泥组,而大量的镜质组(富氢镜质体除外)和惰质组相对来说一般主要是生气.暗色泥岩以矿物为主,煤则以有机组分为主,页岩、油页岩及碳质泥岩介于二者之间.烃源岩中以页岩、油页岩富氢组分最发育,并以腐泥组组分占绝对优势,主要生油组分为沥青质体和矿物-沥青基质,其次是层状藻类体.暗色泥岩中富氢组分含量相对较少,其中腐泥组与壳质组含量相近,主要生油组分为层状藻类体、孢子体、角质体,其次为矿物-沥青基质及壳屑体.煤的主要生油组分为角质体和孢子体,但含量低,其次为树脂体及壳屑体.碳质泥岩的主要生油组分为孢子体、角质体和层状藻类体.      

中国西北地区侏罗纪煤系油气形成（之三）

西北地区侏罗纪煤系中主要成烃显微组分是孢子体、角质体、藻类体、沥青质体、碎屑类脂体和基质镜质体等，木栓质体和树脂体等早期成烃组分含量极低。侏罗纪煤系有机质成烃演化特征与一般湖相有机质稍有差异，但基本上仍然遵循一般有机质热降解成熟生油模式，主要生油阶段的Ｒｏ值为０．７％～１．２％，生油高峰Ｒｏ值约为０．９５％。目前西北地区侏罗纪煤系烃源岩Ｒｏ值一般为０．４％～１．３％，多数地区成熟度较低，在山前深坳陷地区成熟度较高，烃源岩Ｒｏ值大于０．７％，进入大量生油阶段，西北地区主要煤系含油气盆地油气田均分布于这些地区，烃源岩成熟度对油气田形成有明显的控制作用。西北地区侏罗系有利的生烃区域基本分布在侏罗纪是沉降、沉积中心而后续埋藏又较深的山前坳陷。图４表１参４５（王孝陵摘）     

ORGANIC PETROLOGY OF POTENTIAL SOURCE ROCKS IN THE TARIM BASIN, NW CHINA

Potential source rocks in the Tarim Basin (NW China) include Cambrian-Lower Ordovician lagoonal carbonates and mudstones; Middle-Upper Ordovician platform carbonates; Carboniferous-Permian shallow-marine carbonates and mudstones; and Triassic-Jurassic continental deposits including coals and lacustrine mudstones. Our petrological observations show that the organic components in Cambrian-Ordovician deposits are mainly alginites andamorphinites with minor vitrinite-like macerals, zooclasts and solid bitumen (Type I organic matter). The organic carbon content of these rocks is 0.1–2% TOC (averaging 0.9%TOC in deeper-water fades) and they are mature to overmature in terms of oil generation.
Organic macerals in Permian-Carboniferous source rocks are dominated by alginite with minor quantities of zooclasts andexinite derived from terrestrial higher plants (mainly Type II OM with minor Types I and III). TOC contents are 0.1–1%. These rocks are mature to highly-mature in terms of oil generation.
Macerals in Jurassic-Triassic source rocks are dominated by vitrinite and inertinite, with V+I > 50% and alginite + amorphinite < 40%; exinite averages 2–5%. This organic matter type is Type III, and the sediments are immature to just mature.
We have calculated the original organic matter richness of Ordovician deposits at selected locations. The original OM content appears to have been particularly high around Lunnan (in the North Tarim Uplift), in the Central Tarim Uplift and around Tadong (in the SE Uplift). These areas are therefore suggested to have particularly high exploration potential.     

吐哈盆地"煤成油"问题再认识

吐哈盆地被认为是典型的煤成油盆地。通过煤岩的富氢显微组成、模拟生烃特征、特殊的油气成藏规律及不同地区预测资源量与探明油气资源量之间的对比分析发现,吐哈盆地侏罗系煤岩并不具有大规模生、排液态烃并形成商业性油田的能力。结合其他地质、地球化学证据,认为台北凹陷中侏罗统油气并不是严格意义上的“煤成油”。而是深层湖相与煤系的“混源油”。     

鸡西盆地下白垩统煤系烃源岩生油潜力

应用有机地球化学的多种分析方法,对鸡西盆地下白垩统烃源岩的有机岩石学特征、有机质丰度、成熟度及有机质的类型进行了讨论。有机显微组分以壳质组为主,煤岩和碳质泥岩的镜质组含量较高;有机碳、热解氢指数I_H及产烃潜量(S₁+S₂)反映烃源岩达到中等—好的级别。有机质为Ⅲ型干酪根,部分Ⅱ_B型,镜质体反射率R_o主要集中于0.5%~1.1%.依据Ⅲ型干酪根的成烃模式,正处于产生液态烃的高峰期,具备生成油气的潜力。与典型的煤成油盆地如Gippsland盆地和吐哈盆地有很好的可比性,具有很好的油气勘探前景。     

依据热模拟实验动态建立煤成烃模式

依据构成煤岩端元组分（壳质组、镜质组和惰质组）热模拟实验的生烃潜力和甲烷同位素组成数据,结合已建立的煤成油有效排出门限(30 mg/g_TOC),建立了煤成烃模式,该模式表明：只有富氢的显微组分才有利于煤岩生油,且壳质组含量最低为5.0%,而镜质组最高含量为95.0%;当壳质组含量高于22.9%时,煤成油不受镜质组和惰质组二端元组成的影响。同时,按照煤成烃模式计算了不同端元组分在不同热演化阶段甲烷碳同位素组成的变化,结果表明：构成煤岩的显微组分含量能够引起烷烃气碳同位素组成的变化;在同一热演化阶段,甲烷碳同位素组成最大差异可达2.3‰。认为煤成气甲烷碳同位素组成不仅受热成熟度控制,而且也受煤岩显微组分相对含量的影响。     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系烃源岩生烃特征

中—下侏罗统烃源岩是准噶尔盆地南缘主力烃源岩,为进一步加深对其生烃特征与分布的认识,梳理了准噶尔盆地南缘9口井和9条露头剖面的沉积学和地球化学分析结果,开展了泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤3类岩性的生烃热模拟实验,并结合油源对比,开展3种岩性生烃演化特征的研究。结果表明,准噶尔盆地南缘下侏罗统八道湾组发育中等—好烃源岩,中侏罗统西山窑组和下侏罗统三工河组发育中等烃源岩,煤是重要的气源岩。侏罗系来源的原油主要来自暗色泥岩的贡献,而八道湾组泥岩在3套烃源岩中有机质类型最优,规模最大,是主力生油层。侏罗系烃源岩镜质体反射率达到0.9%~1.8%时,进入快速生气和排气阶段,是形成大规模天然气藏的关键时期,霍玛吐背斜带位于南缘侏罗系烃源岩生烃中心,镜质体反射率普遍大于2.0%,是寻找大型天然气田的有利区域。     

鄂尔多斯盆地多种能源矿产共存特征及其相关性

鄂尔多斯盆地蕴藏着丰富的石油、天然气、煤炭、煤层气、砂岩型铀矿等能源矿产,其分布具有南油北气、上油下气、煤层分布广、盆缘有含铀矿化及富集煤层气的特点。物质"来源"研究表明,石油主要源自中生界湖相源岩;天然气除了上古生界煤系源岩外,海相灰岩对成藏也有贡献;煤层气主要由聚煤中心煤化作用形成;铀源可能有中酸性花岗岩的贡献,也含有赋存层位的铀质来源。成矿年代及形成机理表明,它们之间存在着一定的内在成因联系,特别是侏罗系煤层不能形成大型油藏、煤系作为天然气的主力贡献、煤层气区对深盆气的形成补充以及天然气对铀矿化的还原作用等方面表现均较为显著。      

松辽盆地齐家古龙地区烃源岩有机岩石学研究

采用有机岩石学全岩分析技术，系统研究了松辽盆地齐家古龙地区白垩系嫩江组烃源岩的显微组分组成、生烃组分及有机质热演化。该区烃源岩形态显微组分含量占全岩体积的4.1%，嫩二段-嫩五段烃源岩显微组分以高等植物陆源输入占绝对优势，盆情性组、富含镜质组、相对发育壳质组；嫩一段烃源岩腐泥组分含量较高，具有混合生源的特点，为该区主力烃源岩。藻类体是该区低熟油的重要生烃组分。利用镜质组反射率、孢子体荧光参数，将有机质热演化阶段划分为未成熟、低成熟两个阶段。二者界线所对应的镜质组反射率为0.5%，孢子体相对荧光强度为2.2，埋深为1050m。     

江汉盆地下第三系烃源岩生烃组分剖析

有机岩石学全岩分析结果表明,江汉盆地盐湖相烃源岩显微组分含量明显偏低,平均仅占全岩体积的１．５％。显微组分组成中富含腐泥组、贫惰性组、相对发育镜质组和壳质组,具有藻类低等生物与高等植物混合生源的特点。藻类体是江汉盆地低熟油的主要生烃组分,隐含于矿物沥青基质中的有机质约占总有机质的一半以上,是江汉盆地值得重视的生烃组分     

煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学特点及评价

煤和陆源有机质生油岩是我国第三类主要的生油岩，其中的有机质以高等植物来源为主。由于其明显不同于海相和湖相腐泥型生油岩，在常规性油岩有机地球化学评价中易低估其生油潜力。根据对我国煤和陆源有机质生油岩的对比分析，本文从有机岩石学角度认识和分析了这类生油岩的 特点，生油组分组成和演化，并提出煤和陆源有机质生油岩有机岩石学评价方法。     

THE CAUSE AND MECHANISM OF VITRINITE REFLECTANCE ANOMALIES

The unexpected phenomena that measured vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values are lower (suppression) or higher (enhancement) than expected values at a given regional rank are defined as vitrinite reflectance anomalies. Such phenomena have been found in many basins in China, both in coal seams and in oil source rocks, and representative examples are presented in this paper. The cause and mechanism of vitrinite reflectance anomalies have been investigated by comparing the hydrogen contents and chemical structure of vitrinite macerals from immature Type I, Type II and Type III kerogens, and by studying the effects of early diagenetic oxidation on the thermostability of humic organic matter (OM). The results demonstrate: (1) depending on the anoxic or oxic nature of the depositional conditions, that lignocellulosic tissues can form a series of vitrinite macerals with different initial hydrogen contents and slightly different initial reflectivities; (2) that vitrinite macerals with different initial hydrogen contents have different reaction kinetics, with hydrogen-poor, oxygen-rich vitrinite maturing at an enhanced rate compared to vitrinite with a higher hydrogen content and a lower oxygen content; (3) that variations in the hydrogen content and the thermostability of vitrinite macerals are the main causes of Ro suppression and enhancement.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF MIDDLE JURASSIC COALY AND LACUSTRINE AND UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SOURCE ROCKS IN THE SØGNE BASIN,NORTH SEA

The Søgne Basin in the Danish‐Norwegian Central Graben is unique in the North Sea because it has been proven to contain commercial volumes of hydrocarbons derived only from Middle Jurassic coaly source rocks. Exploration here relies on the identification of good quality, mature Middle Jurassic coaly and lacustrine source rocks and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine source rocks. The present study examines source rock data from almost 900 Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous samples from 21 wells together with 286 vitrinite reflectance data from 14 wells. The kerogen composition and kinetics for bulk petroleum formation of three Middle Jurassic lacustrine samples were also determined. Differences in kerogen composition between the coaly and marine source rocks result in two principal oil windows: (i) the effective oil window for Middle Jurassic coaly strata, located at ～3800 m and spanning at least ～650 m; and (ii) the oil window for Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine mudstones, located at ～3250 m and spanning ～650 m. A possible third oil window may relate to Middle Jurassic lacustrine deposits. Middle Jurassic coaly strata are thermally mature in the southern part of the Søgne Basin and probably also in the north, whereas they are largely immature in the central part of the basin. HI_max values of the Middle Jurassic coals range from ～150–280 mg HC/g TOC indicating that they are gas‐prone to gas/oil‐prone. The overall source rock quality of the Middle Jurassic coaly rocks is fair to good, although a relatively large number of the samples are of poor source rock quality. At the present day, Middle Jurassic oil‐prone or gas/oil‐prone rocks occur in the southern part of the basin and possibly in a narrow zone in the northern part. In the remainder of the basin, these deposits are considered to be gas‐prone or are absent. Wells in the northernmost part of the Søgne Basin / southernmost Steinbit Terrace encountered Middle Jurassic organic–rich lacustrine mudstones with sapropelic kerogen, high HI values reaching 770 mg HC/g TOC and E_a‐distributions characterised by a single dominant E_a‐peak. The presence of lacustrine mudstones is also suggested by a limited number of samples with HI values above 300 mg HC/g TOC in the southern part of the basin; in addition, palynofacies demonstrate a progressive increase in the abundance and areal extent of lacustrine and brackish open water conditions during Callovian times. A regional presence of oil‐prone Middle Jurassic lacustrine source rocks in the Søgne Basin, however, remains speculative. Middle Jurassic kitchen areas may be present in an elongated palaeo‐depression in the northern part of the Søgne Basin and in restricted areas in the south. Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous mudstones are thermally mature in the central, western and northern parts of the basin; they are immature in the eastern part towards the Coffee Soil Fault, and overmature in the southernmost part. Only a minor proportion of the mudstones have HI values >300 mg HC/g TOC, and the present‐day source rock quality is for the best samples fair to good. In the south and probably also in most of the northern part of the Søgne Basin, the mudstones are most likely gas‐prone, whereas they may be gas/oil‐prone in the central part of the basin. A narrow elongated zone in the northern part of the basin may be oil‐prone. The marine mudstones are, however, volumetrically more significant than the Middle Jurassic strata. Possible Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous kitchen areas are today restricted to the central Søgne Basin and the elongated palaeo‐depression in the north.     

吐哈盆地侏罗系煤成烃相态特征的热模拟实验

在吐哈盆地中下侏罗统煤岩样品加水热压模拟实验的油气产物配方基础上, 应用PR状态方程计算了生烃产物的PVT相图。通过不同模拟温度下生烃产物的PVT相图特征分析发现, 随着模拟温度升高, 煤岩的油气生成相态由“油相型”转变为“气相型”, 二者的镜质体反射率R_o为1.2%~1.6%。     

黔东南麻江—凯里地区烃源岩的有机岩石学特征

应用全岩有机岩石学分析方法,研究了黔东南麻江-凯里地区烃源岩的显微组分组成、生烃组分及有机质热演化.该区烃源岩主要有含沥青碳酸盐岩、泥岩和煤3类,其显微组分含量因样品不同而异,显示非均质性.含沥青碳酸盐岩样品的显微组分总含量(TMC)值为0.8%～13.6%,泥岩样的TMC值为1.4%～9.4%,煤样的TMC值超过70%.该区烃源岩的富氢显微组分主要由壳质组、沥青组、次生有机质和矿物沥青基质构成,其中孢子体、壳屑体、沥青及矿物沥青基质是其主要的生烃组分.该区烃源岩有机质热演化程度处于成熟-过成熟阶段,其等效镜质组反射率R_o为0.674%～2.659%.      

湘中南龙潭煤系煤岩显微组分的有机地球化学特征与生烃潜力

本文通过对湘中南龙潭煤系煤岩显微组分的有机地球化学特征和生烃潜力的综合研究,指出其气、肥煤中的壳质组是具有很高的生烃潜力的生烃母质;镜质组,特别是发荧光的基质镜质体具有较高的生烃潜力;惰质组的生烃潜力最小,且以生气为主,但其中孔隙发育,对于烃的储集具有重要意义。      

富有机质烃源岩中显微组分分离及地球化学特征研究

利用干酪根富集、液氮冷冻-室温下解冻和重液中加入乙醇等方法，解决了烃源岩中显微组分分离中存在的有机质丰度低、脆性差和亲油性强的问题，初步建立了烃源岩中显微组分的分离方法。运用该方法从云南禄劝和吉林桦甸等地区的样品中成功制备出葡萄球藻、层状藻、角质体和镜质体等单种显微组分，并对上述显微组分和手选出的树脂体进行岩石热解、红外光谱和活化能分析。结果表明:壳质组的生烃能力较强，生烃范围窄；不同显微组分结构差别较大，产物也不同；镜质体生烃能力相对于壳质组组分非常低，生烃范围宽，且产物以气为主；显微组分的密度与其生烃能力存在一定的负相关性。      

高邮凹陷泰州组烃源岩有机岩石学

利用有机岩石学全岩分析技术,依靠反射光、透射光和荧光相结合,系统研究了高邮凹陷泰州组烃源岩显微组分组成、分布特征及主要组分对生烃的贡献,希望为资源评价和今后油气勘探提供依据。泰州组烃源岩显微组分含量占全岩体积的9.92%;且在平面上存在显著的非均质性,东部含量较高,而西部较低。显微组分组成呈现出腐泥组和壳质组占优势,镜质组较少,惰性组贫乏的特点。矿物沥青基质、藻类体和壳屑体是泰州组烃源岩主要生烃组分,对油气生成贡献最大。     

吐-哈盆地侏罗系油藏煤成油问题的讨论

吐鲁番哈密盆地的侏罗系油藏因处于富含煤系的地层中而被认为是煤成油藏。中二叠统和下侏罗统湖相泥岩和腐泥煤以及中上三叠统烛藻煤富含壳质组和腐泥组,生油潜能极高;下中侏罗统腐殖煤富含镜质组和惰质组,生液态烃能力较差。生烃组合分为烛藻煤深湖相泥岩和腐殖煤烛煤浅湖相泥岩两种类型。生物标记化合物显示出侏罗系原油富藿烷、贫萜烷,甾烷图谱呈“V”字形,表明以细菌和低等水生生物生烃为主,与二叠系湖相泥岩和腐泥煤生物标志化合物图谱相似;而侏罗系腐殖煤则显示富萜烷、轻烃化合物极少,甾烷图谱呈反“L”型特征,表明以高等植物生烃为主,生油潜能极低。侏罗系油藏是以二叠系、三叠系及下侏罗统湖相泥岩、烛藻煤为主要油源的混源型油藏。     

东海盆地西湖凹陷下第三系烃源岩显微组分组成和成烃组分剖析

采用有机岩石学分析方法,结合有机地球化学资料对东海盆地西湖凹陷下第三系烃源岩(煤和泥岩)进行剖析研究.本区烃源岩富镜质组(>60%),贫惰性组(<10%),含10%~30%的壳质组和腐泥组;“壳质组十腐泥组”含量与氯仿沥青、总烃和有效磷等呈正相关关系;树脂体和“孢子体-藻类体”分别为早期成烃和晚期成烃的组分,并相应建立了本区烃源岩的成烃模式.