四川省土壤温度状况空间分布特征

土壤温度状况(STR)在现代土壤系统分类中是确定土壤分类单元的重要诊断特性。利用四川省160个气象站点的多年年均和月均地面气候资料与数字高程模型数据,分析不同气象因子与地形因素对土壤温度(土温)的影响,然后以显著影响的因子为辅助变量,采用回归克里格法预测四川省STR的空间分布,依据中国土壤系统分类高级与基层分类划分标准中有关STR的定量诊断指标,对四川省STR及其空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明,气温、经度、纬度与海拔对土温有显著影响,在高级分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、寒性为主,部分区域为永冻、冷性、高热;在基层分类划分标准下,四川省STR以热性、温性、冷性为主,部分地区为高寒性、近寒性、亚寒性、高热性。四川省STR分析为四川土壤系统分类与土壤资源的合理利用提供了科学依据。     

中国土壤温度的季节性变化及其区域分异研究

土壤温度是重要的土壤物理性质,其区域分异和季节性变化直接影响着土壤生物的生长发育、繁殖和分布,与农业生产和生态环境紧密相关。本研究根据中国1971～2000年地面气候资料中年均和月均土壤温度、气温和降水数据,分析了我国土壤温度的季节变化及其区域分异特征,并分析了气温和降水对土壤温度的影响。研究表明,我国土壤温度的季节性变化非常明显,土壤温度从春季到夏季变化最大,20℃等温线的纬度跳跃接近25°,而由冬季到春季土壤温度的变化最为缓和。土壤温度的季节变化在不同区域之间存在显著差异;不同区域中土壤温度与气温、降水之间的相关性也各不相同,在温带区域和青藏高原区,气温是土壤温度变化的主要影响因素;在亚热带和热带湿润区土壤温度的季节变化受到气温和降水的共同作用。     

基于贵州高原地貌分区的降水时空异质性特征

为探究贵州省高原山区不同地貌类型单元的降水时空异质性特征及其规律,利用贵州省19个气象站点1951—2018年共68 a的降水量、气温、湿度等数据,充分考虑不同海拔、经度与纬度对降水的影响,采用Mann-Kendall非参数突变检测、滑动平均与距平累积、反距离权重插值法等方法分析不同地貌类型区的降水及各影响因子的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)贵州省降水总体呈下降态势,长时间序列下气温升温趋势较明显,相对湿度下降速率大于降水下降速率,降水与气温呈正相关;(2)非喀斯特地区降水呈微弱的上升趋势,其他5种地貌区降水均呈下降趋势,下降速率大小为:岩溶断陷盆地岩溶高原岩溶峡谷岩溶槽谷峰丛洼地;(3)岩溶峡谷区多年间降水量整体处于平均值以上,降水较丰沛,没有明显的枯水期;其余5种地貌总体上有1967—1980年与1993—2000年两个丰水期,1951—1960年、1985—1992年和2005—2018年3个枯水期;(4)除峰丛洼地无明显突变点外,非喀斯特(2013年)、岩溶槽谷(1984年)、岩溶断陷盆地(1986年)、岩溶高原(1980年)、岩溶峡谷(1986年)发生显著突变;(5)降水在空间特征上与经度呈正相关,与纬度和海拔呈负相关,不同地貌单元上降水空间分布特征为:岩溶高原岩溶峡谷岩溶槽谷非喀峰丛洼地岩溶断陷盆地。掌握不同地貌区降水时空特征及其变化规律,可为降水引起的自然灾害预警提供科学依据。     

土壤系统分类中年平均土温的判定

广西年平均气温具有三维的分布规律。某些地方的年平均气温可以用三元经验方程来估算。经验方程是:Ŷ(年平均气温℃)=69.2362-0.6675×纬度*-0.2941×经度*-0.0049×海拔(m)。用各气象台站的有关数据,通过线性回归方程可得到年平均土温的附加常量,便可估算出任何采样点的年平均土温,对野外工作带来方便。     

不同气象插值方法精度评估及对草地NPP估算的影响

以2000—2015年宁夏境内及周边14个气象站点的年均气温及年总降水量为数据基础,分别利用反距离权重法(IDW)、样条函数法、Anusplin插值法对气象数据进行了空间插值并交叉检验,将不同方法插值获取的气象要素空间栅格数据作为模型驱动参数输入CASA模型,研究了气象要素不同插值方法对草地NPP估算精度的影响。结果表明:(1)3种插值法中Anusplin插值法在宁夏区域内气象要素插值的误差最小,精度最高,反距离权重法误差最大,在气温插值中表现最为明显;(2)通过实测数据的检验,CASA模型在宁夏草地NPP估算当中适用性强,模拟的年总NPP空间分布格局与实际情况相符,模拟数据可靠;(3)在不同草地类型的NPP估算中,引用MOD17A3NPP数据作为验证数据对比发现基于Anusplin的气象要素插值数据及CASA模型模拟的NPP一定程度上提高了NPP估算精度,其在干草原、灌丛草原、干荒漠类草原及荒漠草原的估算中精度较高,而在沼泽类和山地草甸的估算效果欠佳,其估算精度有待提高。     

安徽省气象数据空间插值方法比较与分布特征

以安徽省境内80个气象站点2011—2014年的降水量和2015年的逐日气温数据为基础,结合该区30 m的DEM数据,选取反距离权重加权法（IDW）、径向基函数法（RBF）、普通克里金法（OK）和协同克里金法（CK）对降水和气温数据分别进行了空间插值,并对模拟结果进行了交叉验证。结果表明:考虑了纬度和高程的协同克里金插值效果最好,降水和气温的插值误差排序均为:CK < OK < RBF < IDW,并对插值结果进行分析,发现研究区降水和气温空间分布均呈现由南向北逐渐递减的特点,并与经纬度、高程进行相关系数和回归分析,表明气象要素纬度地带性显著,降水量主要由纬度和高程决定,气温则主要受纬度的影响,月均气温与经度和纬度有一定的季节性规律。     

基于不同估算方法的贵州省土壤温度状况

土壤温度状况是土壤系统分类重要的土壤诊断特性,是土壤某些分类单元的划分依据。以贵州省86个气象站点(1951/71—1980)地面气候资料为基础,应用不同的土壤温度估算方法(土温内插法、土温直接估算、纽荷模型估算、气温回归估算法、纬度海拔回归估算法),判定贵州省各县(市)的土壤温度状况。结果表明,5种方法的估算结果基本一致,"不同海拔的贵州省经纬度海拔回归估算"方法在贵州省土壤温度状况估算中的应用更为广泛。贵州省土壤温度状况包括温性、热性和高热性三种土壤温度状况类型;有80个县(市)的估算结果属于热性土壤温度状况;威宁、大方属于温性土壤温度状况;有4个县(市)估算结果处在不同土壤温度状况临界值附近,存在两种土壤温度状况,其中水城、开阳和习水存在温性和热性两种土壤温度状况,而罗甸则存在高热性和热性两种土壤温度状况。将贵州省土壤温度状况作为诊断特性应用于土壤系统分类时,应综合考虑成土环境条件。     

基于混合地理加权回归与克里格的区域降水量空间插值方法

基于四川省区域范围内144个气象站点的实测降水数据,在综合考虑空间位置、地形等影响因素的基础上,采用改进的回归克里格模型,即混合地理加权回归克里格模型（MGWRK）对四川省年降水量的空间分布进行空间插值,并与普通克里格（OK）、全局回归克里格（GRK）和地理加权回归克里格（GWRK）等模型的插值效果进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）应用逐步回归法筛选确定的用于回归分析的影响因子组合为经度、纬度和坡度,可有效消除解释变量间的多重共线性,为后续的空间插值奠定基础;（2）同一回归变量在地理加权回归（GWR）与全局回归（GR）两种回归模型中的AICc（修正的赤池信息量准则,Corrected Akaike Information Criterion）值之差（ΔAICc）可用于定量判定各回归变量的空间非平稳性类型,据此将变量坡度设为全局变量,经度和纬度设为局部变量进行处理。在此基础上,通过MGWRK模型对四川省年降水量进行空间插值;（3）MGWRK插值模型综合考虑了空间位置、地形等多个影响因素及其与降水相互关系的空间非平稳性特征,相对于传统的OK和GRK法具有更高的插值精度。     

西南典型岩溶区土壤硒空间分布预测

土壤硒精准预测和制图是富硒土壤资源开发利用和环境规划管理的基础。该文以西南典型岩溶区桂林永福百寿河流域为例,在分析影响土壤硒化学行为因子的基础上,通过野外样品采集和室内化学分析以及Arc GIS空间分析,获取了研究区相关地理环境因子和土壤属性因子数据。利用逐步回归方法选择土壤硒空间分布预测的辅助变量,使用协同克里格模型对非连续分布的辅助变量进行插值。在此基础上利用地理加权回归模型对土壤硒空间分布进行预测,同时以普通克里格插值结果作为参照。研究结果表明:使用地理环境因子和影响土壤硒化学行为的土壤属性因子可以提高土壤硒预测精度;协同克里格插值解决了辅助变量数据连续分布的问题;土壤硒的空间分布与地形和影响土壤硒化学行为的因子有关。     

基于范畴型变量和贝叶斯最大熵的土壤有机质空间预测

选取湖北省沙洋县为研究区域,以土壤质地与土壤有机质定量关系为辅助信息,利用贝叶斯最大熵(BME)方法对沙洋县土壤有机质含量进行空间预测,并与以土壤质地和土壤全氮为辅助变量的协同克里格方法预测结果精度作对照,探讨两种方法的预测效果。结果表明,协同克里格方法和BME方法均能较好反映研究区有机质空间分布特征。在辅助变量与土壤养分存在显著相关性条件下,BME方法能更好地利用范畴型变量等多种类型辅助信息。比较极值误差范围、平均绝对误差、均方根误差等方面,BME方法在土壤属性空间预测方面具有更高精度,且能有效降低数据获取成本和难度,在县域尺度土壤属性空间预测上具有更大优势。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.