井冈山血水草种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD技术对江西省井冈山5个血水草种群进行了遗传多样性研究。从50条随机引物中筛选出16条随机引物对血水草的90个个体进行了扩增,共得到180条可统计条带,其中156条为多态带,占总条带数的85.56%。根据Shannon指数和Nei’s遗传分化指数分析显示5个种群间的遗传多样性为31.50%、遗传分化系数为0.302 9,表明血水草大部分遗传变异存在于种群内,少部分存在种群间。血水草的基因流（Nm）为1.150 8。采用算数平均数的非加权成组配对法（UPMGA）对Nei’s的一致度进行的聚类分析结果显示梨坪种群和水口种群的遗传距离最近（0.120 9）,茨坪种群和荆竹山种群的遗传距离最远（0.234 9）。Mantel相关性分析结果显示血水草种群间的遗传距离不仅与海拔梯度有关,还与其生境有关。     

大针茅种群RAPD多样性及其与若干生态因子的相关关系

利用RAPD分子标记,对锡林郭勒草原主要建群种大针茅（Stipa grandis P.Smirn.）5个种群共90个基因株的遗传多样性进行了分析.由16个10碱基随机引物共扩增得到310条清晰可重复的RAPD片段,且全部为多态性条带.利用POPGENE软件对RAPD数据进行分析可以看出,不同地理种群大针茅存在很高的遗传变异,且大部分变异存在于种群之内,只有少量变异存在于种群之间（≈28%）.Pearson相关分析表明,大针茅种群内基因多样性与温度因子（≥10℃年积温、年均温和1月份均温）之间存在显著（p＜0.05）或极显著（p＜0.01）的相关关系;Mantel检验结果显示,大针茅种群间的遗传距离与种群间的实际地理距离之间不存在显著的相关关系（r=0.184,p=0.261）,但与水热因子的分异之间存在显著（p＜0.05）或极显著（p＜0.01）的相关关系.这些都表明水热差异的自然选择引起大针茅种群RAPD标记的生态地理分化,而迁移和遗传漂变对大针茅种群间的分化不起决定作用.     

日本岛屿山茶种群遗传结构的ISSR分析

为查明日本岛屿山茶种群的生存状况及了解岛屿隔离对山茶种群遗传结构的影响,采用ISSR分子标记,利用筛选的20条引物对日本5个山茶（Camellia japonica）种群的遗传结构进行分析。结果表明：山茶种群的多态位点百分比（PPB）为70.29％,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H_E）为0.281 9,Shannon信息多态性指数（H）为0.409 5,与其它岛屿种群相比遗传多样性水平较高,表明山茶种群的生存状况较好。基因分化系数G_st=0.205 7,种群间具有较高的遗传分化;地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性（r=0.821 7,p<0.05）,UPGMA也将同岛种群聚在一起,表明岛屿隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。借鉴日本岛屿山茶种群的保护经验,建议加强我国岛屿山茶种群的就地保护力度,同时建立山茶种质资源库,促进基因交流。     

不同放牧压力下大针茅种群的遗传多样性

大针茅是亚洲中部草原亚区特有的蒙古草原种,以大针茅建群的草原在内蒙古的分布面积为2 798 081hm^2.从遗传多样性上探讨了大针茅种群在放牧压力下的适应机制,结果表明：虽然放牧导致部分基因位点丢失,但整个种群仍表现出丰富的多态性,ISSR检测的多态性条带比率为89%.Nei＇s指数计算的大针茅种群间的遗传分化为0.1984,说明有19.8%的遗传变异存在于种群之间, 80.2%的遗传变异存在于种群内. 由Shannon＇s和Nei＇s多样性指数检测的大针茅种群内遗传多样性随着放牧压力的增加有逐渐减弱的趋势.根据遗传距离构建的UPGMA聚类图中, 中度和重度放牧样地首先聚为一类, 不放牧和轻度放牧样地聚为一类, 随后聚在一起.     

感染内生真菌的羊草对克氏针茅种子萌发的影响

以我国内蒙古草原常见优势种羊草（Leymus chinensis（Trin.) Tzvel.）及克氏针茅（Stipa krylovii Roshev.）为实验材料,在离体器官和整株植物水平上探讨内生真菌感染是否会影响宿主植物羊草对克氏针茅种子萌发的作用。实验结果表明：内生真菌感染能够影响羊草对克氏针茅种子萌发的作用,其影响程度与羊草的作用部位、处理方法以及处理浓度相关。与未染菌羊草相比,染菌羊草绿叶在低浓度处理下显著促进了克氏针茅的萌发,高浓度下显著抑制了克氏针茅的幼根生长;染菌羊草枯叶显著抑制了克氏针茅幼根的生长,而染菌羊草地下部显著促进了克氏针茅的萌发;感染和不感染内生真菌的整株羊草对克氏针茅的发芽率和发芽速度无显著影响。在处理浓度相同的情况下,草粉对克氏针茅种子萌发的抑制作用比浸提液处理更为显著,绿叶比枯叶抑制作用更为显著。     

木荷种群在演替系列群落中的遗传多样性

利用ISSR分子标记对木荷种群在3个演替系列群落中的遗传多样性进行了研究。12个随机引物共检测到203个可重复的位点,其中多态位点183个,总多态位点百分率（P）为90.15%,平均多态位点百分率为82.27%。Shannon信息指数（I）估算的总遗传多样性为0.524 4,平均为0.477 8。Nei指数（h）计算的总基因多样性为0.358 7,平均为0.326 5。3个种群的P、I、h大小顺序均为针叶林>针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林。AMOVA分子变异显示91.56%变异来源于种群内,8.44%变异来源于种群间。种群间的遗传分化系数（G_ST）为0.089 7,基因流（N_m）为5.073 1。种群间的遗传相似度平均为0.928 4,遗传距离平均为0.074 4,针叶林种群与针阔混交林种群遗传相似度最高。     

内蒙古地区短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）种群遗传多样性

短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)属亚洲中部荒漠草原种,分布范围极其广泛,为荒漠草原地带重要的牧草资源.在内蒙古地区,短花针茅群落类型复杂多样,与本氏针茅(S.bungeana)、小针茅(S.klemenzii)和克氏针茅(S.krylovii)均能共同建群,具有很广的生态幅和很强的适应能力.研究以8个不同的短花针茅地理种群为对象,随机采集健康、无锈短花针茅叶片样本,通过RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA,RAPD)分析,研究短花针茅种群的遗传多样性,丰富人们对短花针茅生物多样性的认识,也为合理利用短花针茅草原提供依据.结果表明,(1)从102条10碱基随机引物中筛选出28条有效引物,共扩增出308条DNA带,多态性DNA带151条,占49.03%,特异性DNA带45条,占14.61%.(2)遗传多样性较为丰富,多态性位点百分率为49.03%,但低于同种方法获得的大针茅(54.75%)和克氏针茅(74.67%)的遗传多样性.(3)等级聚类、PCA分析和UPGMA聚类3种不同方法都将8个不同地理种群分为同样的两类:暖温性种群和中温性种群,热量差异是主导因素,而且,与种群的空间分布相吻合.(4)经Mantel检验发现,遗传距离与地理距离存在显著相关性(r=0.534,P＜0.05).(5)Pearson相关分析表明,特异性位点百分率与≥10℃积温、干燥度和年平均降水量之间均无显著相关性.     

舟山群岛野生山茶种群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记,利用筛选的20条引物对舟山群岛4个野生山茶（Camellia japonica）种群的遗传多样性进行分析。结果表明：山茶种群的多态位点百分比（PPB）为64.06％,Nei’s基因多样性指数（HE）为0.2390,Shannon信息多态性指数（H）为0.3548,种群水平遗传多样性较高。基因分化系数Gst = 0.2241,表明种群间具有较高的遗传分化。地理距离与遗传距离具有显著相关性（r = 0.9653,P<0.05）,表明岛屿隔离对山茶种群的遗传分化具有重要影响。UPGMA聚类表明同岛种群间的亲缘关系更近。基于舟山群岛山茶种群遗传结构分析,建议在其自然生长地加强就地保护。     

濒危植物翅果油树种群的遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用微卫星（SSR）标记对来自山西和陕西两省的7个翅果油树（Elaeagnus mollisDiels）种群进行遗传多样性和遗传结构研究。10对SSR标记共检测到126个位点,其中多态位点114个。在物种水平上,平均多态位点百分率为90.79%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.6072、0.3166、0.4603;在种群水平上,多态位点百分率为61.99%,有效等位基因数（Ne）、Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）、Shannon多样性指数（I）分别为1.5445、0.2683、0.3815。遗传分化系数GST为0.2074,表明了翅果油树种群的遗传变异主要存在于种群内。基因流Nm为1.9111〉1,说明种群间基因交流可以阻止由于遗传漂变导致的遗传分化。聚类结果表明,翅果油树种群间的遗传距离与地理距离有一定的相关性,经Mantel检验,种群的地理距离与遗传距离之间呈正相关,但未达到显著水平（p〉0.05）。结果表明,遗传多样性水平与物种本身特性和不同干扰生境有关,濒危植物并不一定表现为遗传变异水平的降低。     

二色胡枝子遗传多样性AFLP分析

利用AFLP对二色胡枝子14个居群的161个个体的遗传多样性进行分析,5对引物共扩增出253条带,多态带百分率（P）为96.8%,二色胡枝子种群的平均位点等位基因数（Ao）为1.968,平均有效等位基因数（Ae）为1.643,Nei’s基因多样性指数（H）为0.369,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.544。14个种源的平均多态性条带数为159条,平均多态带百分率为62.9%,平均Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.257,I＝0.373。二色胡枝子遗传多样性的76.68%分布于种源内（Φst＝0.233 2）,各种源间的差异显著。聚类结果表明,二色胡枝14个种源可划分为三个大类,居群的遗传多样性参数与其地理、生态因子均不显著相关,遗传多样性无明显地域分布格局。     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii Reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10 bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei's diversity index (h), Shannon's diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson's correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard's genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single sub-group. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei's unbiased genetic distance (G(ST)) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel's test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northern grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions.     

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii reshov. in Inner Mongolia steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to characterize the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Stipa krylovii populations in Inner Mongolia steppe of North China. Thirteen 10-bp oligonucleotide primers, which generated 237 RAPD bands, were used to analyze 90 plants of five populations from three regions, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe, from the east to the west. The genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii that was revealed by observed number of alleles (na), expected number of alleles (ne), Nei’s diversity index (h), Shannon’s diversity index (H), amplificated loci, polymorphic loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci (PPB) increased from the east to the west. The Pearson’s correlation analysis between genetic diversity parameters and ecological parameters indicated that the genetic diversity of Stipa krylovii was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations along the longitude (humidity were calculated by precipitation and cumulative temperature). Dendrogram based on Jaccard’s genetic distance showed that the individuals from the same population formed a single subgroup. Although most variation (56.85%) was within populations, there was high genetic differentiation among populations of Stipa krylovii, high differentiation within and between regions by AMOVA analysis. Either Nei’s unbiased genetic distance (G _ST) or gene flow (Nm) among pairwise populations was not correlated with geographical distance by Mantel’s test (P > 0.05), suggesting that there was no consistency with the isolation by distance model in these populations. Natural selection may have played a role in affecting the genetic diversity and population structure, but habitat destruction and degradation in northem grassland in China may be the main factor responsible for high genetic differentiation among populations, within and among regions. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Genetic Diversity and Population Differentiation of the Dominant Species Stipa krylovii in the Inner Mongolia Steppe

Random amplified polymorphic DNA was used to assess the level of genetic diversity and genetic structure of Stipa krylovii (Gramineae), an important dominant species in the northern grasslands of China. Genetic diversity was low within S. krylovii populations, and diversity at the population level was associated with precipitation and cumulative temperature variations. There was much genetic differentiation among populations and among habitats as well. A Mantel test indicated no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance of populations. A nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed some spatial relationships among the 90 individuals in a two-dimensional plot. Habitat fragmentation and degradation throughout the geographic range of S. krylovii could account for the low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation of the species. Such information will be useful for conservation managers trying to plan an effective strategy to protect this important species.     

内蒙古地区刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytropis aciphylla Ledeb.)种群遗传多样性分析

用ISSR分子标记对内蒙古地区刺叶柄棘豆(Oxytorpis aciphylla Ledeb.) 5个地理种群进行了种群遗传多样性分析。结果表明：刺叶柄棘豆种群具有较高的遗传多样性,11个ISSR引物扩增出215条带,总的多态位点百分率为98.14%,Shannon多样性指数I=0.2108,Nei基因多样性指数 H=0.341 6,种内总基因多样性(H_t) 为0.2108,种群内基因多样性(H_s)为0.160 4, 大部分遗传变异(76.11%)的遗传变异存在于种群内, 23.89%的遗传变异存在于种群间。遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.238 9,基因流(Nm)为1.592 9。5个居群间已有遗传分化趋势,遗传漂变不会引起遗传分化。UPGMA遗传距离聚类结果表明, 5个地理种群中,植被类型为荒漠草原的4个种群之间遗传距离较近,与1个荒漠种群距离较远。     

Genetic variability and differentiation of Caragana microphylla populations as revealed by RAPD markers

Genetic variability in random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was studied in 90 individuals of Caragana microphylla, an outcrossing perennial shrub species, from five natural populations sampled in Inner Mongolia steppe of China on a small scale. Nineteen selected primers were used to amplify DNA samples, and totally 225 bands were detected. The percentage of polymorphic bands within populations ranged form 58.22% to 63.56%, with an average of 60% at the population level and 71.11% at the species level, indicating relatively high genetic variations in C. microphylla species. Shannon's information index (I) and Nei's gene diversity (h) showed the similar trend with each other. According to the analysis of Nei's gene diversity, the percentage of genetic variation among populations was 7.13%, indicating a low level of genetic differentiation among populations. There existed a strong gene flow (Nm = 3.26) among populations. Although AMOVA analysis also revealed most variation was within populations (phi(ST) = 4.1%), a significant proportion was observed among populations (P<0.001) in the present study, suggesting genetic differentiation occurred among populations at a certain extent. Based on Mantel's tests and the results of previous studies, the genetic structure pattern of C. microphylla accorded with the isolation-by-distance model on a very large scale, however, on a small scale, the significant genetic differentiation among populations might be enhanced by the micro-environmental divergence among the sampling sites, rather than by geographic factors. Analysis of the genetic variations of C. microphylla populations provided useful information for the adaptive strategy of Caragana species.     

Genetic diversity and population structure in Tunisian Lavandula stoechas L. and Lavandula multifida L. (Lamiaceae)

The genetic diversity and population structure of 20 Tunisian Lavandula stoechas L. and Lavandula multifida L. populations, from different bioclimates, were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis using seven isozymes. The genetic diversity within populations varied according to species. Variation in L. multifida was higher than that observed for L. stoechas, and exclusive alleles were detected for taxa.

A high differentiation among populations, for each species, estimated by Wright's F-statistics was revealed. The genetic structure of populations from the same bioclimate was substantial. Nei's, R. [1978. Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics 89, 583–590] genetic distance among pairs of populations was low. The UPGMA cluster analysis of genetic distance values revealed that populations for each species were not strictly clustered together according to bioclimate or geographic proximity.

For each species, the low genetic divergence among populations and their substantial structure indicate their recent fragmentation due to anthropic pressures. The dendrogram generated from pairwise genetic distance among all populations showed two distinct clusters each corresponding to one species. The high genetic divergence between the two species, based on isozymes, corroborates their taxonomic status, as previously reported using morphological traits. The strategy for the management and conservation of populations should be made for each taxa according to its level of diversity and bioclimate.     

内蒙古中东部草原区克氏针茅种群遗传分化的RAPD研究

采用 RAPD-PCR技术对内蒙古中东部草原分布的 7个克氏针茅 (Stip a krylovii Roshev.)种群进行了分析。从 10 0个 10碱基随机引物中筛选出 2 1个有效引物 ,共扩增出 2 2 9条稳定的 DNA带 ,其中 171条带具有多态性 ,多态性百分比 (PPB)为74.67%。将每个扩增产物看作一个独立的性状 ,按其有无列出二元数据矩阵 ,计算 Jaccard、简单匹配系数 (SM)和 Dice遗传相似性系数 ,通过 UPGMA法构建分子标记聚类图 ;并通过主成分分析 (PCA)和主轴法分析 (PAF) ,将 7个种群分类 ;统计各个种群特异性 DNA带 ,计算占总扩增条带的百分数。结果表明 :(1)不同地理种群之间扩增结果差异明显 ,具有丰富的遗传多样性 ;(2 )不同地理种群间存在一定程度的分化 ,这种分化是与种群之间的实际距离相联系的 ,相距越远 ,种群相似程度越低 ,进一步分析表明种群的分化是与所处生境逐渐旱化相一致的 ;(3 )聚类图上将 7个种群分为 3类 ,PCA和 PAF分析通过 3个成分或因子也将 7个种群分为 3类 ,支持了聚类图的分类结果 ;(4)特异性位点所占百分比与种群所处生境也有一定的联系 ,它与环境干燥度的相关系数为 0 .76(P<0 .0 5)。     

Genetic changes in a vendace Covegonus albula (L.) population, 92 years after introduction

The Osensjmn vendace, Coregonus albula (L.), population was founded in 1895 by introduction of about 90 000 fry from Lake Mjøsa. After 92 years, or about 46 generations of isolation, remarkable genetic changes were evident among the transplants compared to their source population. Electrophoresis of 33 enzyme loci revealed that allele frequencies differed significantly in eight of the 10 polymorphic loci. Nei's unbiased genetic distance was D = 0.012, representing the level of population differentiation usually observed among distant watercourses in vendace. Genetic variability was clearly higher among the transplants: average observed heterozygosity was 14.8% compared with 11.2% among Lake Mjøsa vendace. The high genetic variation among Osensjoen vendace shows that the divergence is not due to a small number of founders or bottlenecks in later generations. Selection by the contrasting environmental conditions between the habitats of the donor and transplanted populations is the most plausible hypothesis to explain the genetic changes in the Osensjsen vendace.     

内蒙古中部表土花粉研究

采用花粉百分含量分析和主成分分析方法对内蒙古中部表土花粉与植被的关系进行了对比研究 ,探讨了草原花粉组合的特点及其形成原因。研究发现 ,草原区表土花粉以藜科和蒿属 ( Artemisia)为主 ,并以前者占优势地位 ,麻黄属 ( Ephedra)亦较常见。草原区植被的 A/C(蒿属 /藜科 )值较干旱区草原植被为低 ,分布规律也较干旱区复杂 ,但仍能反应干旱程度的差别 ,而且还反映了草原植被的退化程度。松属 ( Pinus)和桦属 ( Betula)的花粉在个别样品中占有较大比例 ,是环境噪音 (指外源性的、超代表性的花粉 )的主要来源。不同植被类型在花粉组合上各有特点 ,可以从花粉百分含量的数量特征上进行区分。在研究中还发现草原区的严重退化在花粉组合上具有明显表现     

内蒙古典型草原克氏针茅与冰草的生存策略

在内蒙古自治区多伦县中科院植物所生态恢复试验站,选择优势种克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii) 和冰草（Agropyron cristatum）,使用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统观测光合生理生态特征的生长季变化(DOY155-265)。结果表明：水分是本区域植物生长的最重要的限制因子。冰草与针茅受5cm和20cm表层土壤含水率的影响较大。水分是本区域植物生长的最重要的限制因子。冰草与针茅受5cm和20cm表层土壤含水率的影响较大。植物的光合速率和蒸腾速率受自身的气孔导度限制,光合速率和蒸腾速率随气孔导度的增大而增大,冰草这一特征较为明显,即冰草对环境响应更为敏感。作为优势种冰草和针茅的生态适应策略并不相同,针对当地现有环境条件,针茅更具生存优势。随着全球环境变化,干旱胁迫对草原生态系统产生了重大影响,使得这些地区成为响应环境变化的敏感区域,通过对半干旱温带草原优势种克氏针茅和冰草对光、水等环境资源的利用及之间的关系研究,有助于我们对全球环境变化提出本区域合适的应对策略。