团体治疗进程中的沉默现象

沉默是团体治疗进程中常见的现象,它可能以多种形式出现在各类团体治疗中,也可能在团体治疗的不同阶段出现。沉默远非无言,它可以是团体治疗中一种强有力的沟通方式,也可能成为团体治疗中的破坏性因素,导致团体治疗进程出现困难。对沉默现象的解读对于理解团体动力,实现团体目标至关重要。本文对这一现象进行了梳理,从团体治疗中沉默现象的涵义、种类、对团体的影响、产生机制、团体带领者对沉默的处理等方面进行阐述。     

心理团体的伦理就如交通规则

正近些年来,心理团体工作作为一种重要的助人方法正在迅速发展。心理团体的类型有很多种,如治疗团体、咨询团体、心理教育团体、任务团体等,这些团体的目标包括人格改变、个人成长,以及一些生活中需要面对的主题,如,处理人际关系、自我探索、生涯规划、压力管理等,虽然这些     

朋辈团体心理辅导对大学新生适应性影响探析

朋辈心理辅导以其独有的“朋辈”优势来辅导他人,而团体心理辅导以其独有的“团体”优势来辅导他人,因此朋辈团体心理辅导具有“朋辈”和“团体”的优势,是大学生心理健康教育的一种重要形式。本研究主要探讨朋辈团体心理辅导对大学新生适应性的各个方面的影响作用,从而为学校改善大学新生适应性方面提供理论指导。     

走出“家庭沉默症”

安安的同学说,她是快乐天使;安安的妈妈说:女儿“金口难开”。 同一个人,在同学眼中与在父母眼中如此不同。其实,在我们生活中,“安安”现象很多见,在同学面前热情开朗,在父母面前却沉默寡言,我们将这类现象称为“家庭沉默症”。     

大学生从众现象探析

所谓从众,就是在群体的影响和压力下,个体放弃自己的意见而采取与大多数人相一致的行为,即通常所说的“随大流”。从众,是日常生活和工作中常见的社会心理现象,在大学校园中,从众现象也很普遍。 校园从众现象面面观 咋听“从众”这个词,大学生似乎很陌生,一番解释后,认同的话题便多了起来—— 学习从众。高校常有这样一种现象,入校时随意安排的学生班级之间、宿舍之间,一年左右时间,便在各个方面显示出不同层次,出现明显的“不同步”现象。优等生、英语过级、研     

人工膜在细胞识别研究中的应用

细胞识别的问题是个古老的问题。在细胞发育、细胞分化过程中有很特别的细胞识别现象。细胞识别对细胞间的信息传递、细胞分化是很重要的,这种现象对肿瘤细胞的生长、肿瘤的转移也有很大的意义。细胞表面的糖蛋白在细胞识别中处于很重要的地位,但其中的糖类不是识别的主要部分,主要的识别部分是蛋白质。糖类在识别中的作用到现在还不清楚。蛋白部分的识别作用是有特异性的,这种特异性可分为两种:细胞间识别和细胞对组织的识别,这些方面的工作在国外做的不多.在分子水平上,特别是在牛物工程和物理化学性质等方面的研究几乎没有人做过。主要的困难是识别分子往往     

我国首次分离到辛德毕斯病毒

我国首次分离到辛德毕斯病毒在我国部分地区特别是新疆伊梨等地，夏秋季常出现“无名热”病例，有时还呈小范围流行。中国预防医学科学院病毒学研究所最近披露，此现象很可能是辛德毕斯病毒作祟所致。该研究所与新疆防疫机构合作，从伊犁地区按蚊中已分离到这种病毒，并经...     

医学院校生“死亡焦虑”干预研究

“正视死亡”是医学院校生（尤其是医学专业学生）必须面对的课题。本研究旨在降低其死亡焦虑，增进对死亡的认识，更加理解未来职业的意义，并能够在面对死亡时运用团体辅导中所学技能进行有效的心理支持。本研究对选定学生进行7次死亡教育的团体心理辅导，采用《死亡焦虑量表（DAS）》对团辅成员和8名对照组成员进行对比测试，同时采用《团体辅导效果主观评估问卷》评估团体辅导效果。结果显示：团辅小组和对照组在DAS中总分及“害怕死亡”“逃避死亡”2个分维度上差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05），团体成员对团体满意度较高。死亡教育的团体心理辅导能在一定程度上降低医学院校学生的死亡焦虑。     

关注团体中的“游离者”

团体治疗是近年开始逐渐发展起来的一种心理咨询(治疗)方式。团体可以看做是一个微缩的小社会,可以很清晰地将个体在社会层面的状态和关系模式呈现出来。在任何团体中,不同类型的人都会存在。我们会发现有一种情况是:有的成员与团体始终保持距离,无法融入团体的互动之中,成为一个"游离者"。     

大智若愚的名人面试

体育界有个著名的“克拉克现象”:克拉克是澳大利亚著名的长跑健将,他在1963年至1968年间曾17次打破世界纪录。然而在此间的两届奥运会上,却连连发挥失常,与冠军无缘。这种平时成绩好而在重大比赛中屡屡失手的现象就是“克拉克现象”。职场也有“克拉克现象”:有些求职者在一般公司的应聘中表现优异,而在应聘外企等收入高的企业的面试中却紧张异常,不能发挥出正常水平;有的应聘一般的职位时表现好,而应聘主管等高薪职位时却莫名其妙地心慌……所有这些,都是心理不成熟的表现。这里就提出了一个心理素质不佳的求职者如何“减负”的问题。职场…     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.