BEING TECHNOLOGICAL: HEIDEGGER AND MASS-PRODUCED HOUSES

The design of industrially mass-produced houses was something of a unifying doctrine among early Modem Movement architects. This translated into the development of many mass-production prototypes and often into full scale industrial production of either whole buildings or kits of parts which could be assembled into various house configurations. “By 1965, there were 224 industrialised building systems available in Britain from 163 developers, 138 of them specifically recommended for housing.”¹ This paper develops an ontological critique of this major architectural phenomenon based on Martin Heidegger's essay “The Question Concerning Technology.”² The purpose of this critique is to develop an insight into the appearance of these buildings which is not addressed by critical acclaim of the period or more recent technical reviews.     

The effects of emissivity on the performance of steel in furnace tests

The role that surface emissivity plays in the standard furnace test (BS476) is considered for steel sections. Steel samples coated with either a low-emissivity paint or a high-emissivity paint were subjected to furnace tests and cone calorimeter tests in order to quantify the degree to which emissivity affects performance. The cone calorimeter experiments were designed primarily to determine the emissivity of the coatings and to compare with the manufacturer's estimates. However, a welcome additional benefit of this analysis was an estimate of the average convection heat transfer coefficient h for horizontal test specimens in the cone calorimeter. Our measurements suggest that h has been significantly underestimated (in some cases by at least 50%) in the literature to date. Most studies appear to assume a value for h that is close to the value for free convection for a hot plate with hot surface uppermost (something in the region 10–15 W m⁻² K⁻¹). Our results suggest that a figure closer to 28 W m⁻² K⁻¹ is more appropriate. The furnace tests showed that emissivity has a low-order effect on performance and so we are able to conclude that convective heat transfer is dominant in these situations.     

MISTAKING YOUR THOUGHTS FOR IDEAS: Theory and Practice,and the Currency of Architecture

This paper examines the deht to thinking about theory and practice in contemporary architectural thought owed to its origins in ancient Greek society, audio the rhetorical manuals of ancient Rome. The play by Euripides known from doxological fragments as the Antiope is probably the oldest dramatisation oftheoiy and practice as the vita contemplativa and the vita activa. Aristotle further embodies thinking about theory and practice in his curriculum at the Lyceum in Athens. Theory and practice become an inseparable dialectical pair. The historian George Thomson argues that theory, or abstract reasoning that gave birth to Greek philosophy, was impossible without the introduction of money itself a symbolic enterprise. A significant moment in the histoiy of theory and practice is its adaptation from Greek into Latin rhetorical handbooks, as well as to treatises such as Vitruvius' De Architectura Libri Decem. or Ten Books on Architecture. For anyone trained in dialectics like Vitruvius. this opposition between theoretical or rational knowledge and practical fabrication was not seen as a diametrical opposition, but as two sides of the same coin. The use of dialectical pairs was common in the teaching of rhetoric, and the pair ‘theory and practice’ or ‘reasoning and practice.’ was probably used as a standard theme for the declamation of theses, similar to the use of communes loci, or commonplaces, in rhetorical argument. The place of theory and practice in rhetorical treatises, as in Book II of Quintilian's Institutio oratoria. was a source for their historical use as an architectural commonplace. In our own time theoiy tends to be presented as part of one's interior self, but in the treatises theory is more a socially defined expectation, or an ethical obligation characteristic of virtue: virtue itself is an interior possession. An exception may be where theory is couched in terms of a recovery from memory, an anamnesis, as in a recovery of the origins of something. For Vitruvius. to be a good architect was to be a person possessing virtue, in particular measuring practice against ratiocinatio. Someone who has no experience of fabrica. for example, and “who placed their trust entirely in theory and writings seem to have chased a shadow, not something real” (Ten Books 1.2).¹ Without practice, the architect is nothing but hot air. for even a musician plays an instrument so that their “ears will delight in song” (Ten Books 1.15) The paper concludes with theory and practice as a murderous pair in the Antiope.     

问题导读:山寨建筑与盗版文化

与其说我们在讨论盗版或者山寨,不如说我们在借助山寨这一讨论,重新切入其反面,那些已经浸淫在图像传播时代的建筑及其知识体系的生产。与其说我们在讨论山寨建筑的再生产,不如说我们试图揭示的是,正在对其进行限制的某些建筑批评,事实上已经被拖入到图像     

建筑和城市规划的关系一体化

UED:能否请您谈一下关于周五即将在香港大学举办的讲座的具体内容?卡罗林·博斯:讲座题为"尺度",关乎建筑和城市化。建筑和城市设计日渐分化,对于这一点我深有感触,而这也是UNStudio工作和努力的方向。UNStudio以建筑而闻名,但我们也一直致力于城市设计。因此在讲座中我将呈现多年来UNStudio城市设计项目的历史沉淀,以及我们如何将其进一步向前推进。这不仅关乎城市化的不同理念,同时     

A new classification system for the joints used in lattice shells

A new classification system for the joints in lattice shells is proposed. The stiffness and moment capacity of the joints together with the overall structural behavior of the lattice shells are considered in order to establish the classification system. According to this new system, joints in lattice shells can be classified into unique categories: rigid, semi-rigid or pinned. The rigid joints have both high bending stiffness and moment capacity; the semi-rigid joints have both moderate bending stiffness and moment capacity, and the pinned joints have either low bending stiffness or low moment capacity. Determination coefficients α and β are defined, based on the stiffness and moment capacity of the joints, and these are used to establish clear boundaries between the different categories. Some numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity of the classification system. With the help of the classification system, an efficient process for practical engineering design is proposed, which can help designers choose the appropriate analysis method for lattice shells with different joints.     

A new classification system for the joints used in lattice shells

A new classification system for the joints in lattice shells is proposed. The stiffness and moment capacity of the joints together with the overall structural behavior of the lattice shells are considered in order to establish the classification system. According to this new system, joints in lattice shells can be classified into unique categories: rigid, semi-rigid or pinned. The rigid joints have both high bending stiffness and moment capacity; the semi-rigid joints have both moderate bending stiffness and moment capacity, and the pinned joints have either low bending stiffness or low moment capacity. Determination coefficients α and β are defined, based on the stiffness and moment capacity of the joints, and these are used to establish clear boundaries between the different categories. Some numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity of the classification system. With the help of the classification system, an efficient process for practical engineering design is proposed, which can help designers choose the appropriate analysis method for lattice shells with different joints.     

BAYTHORNE HALL,A RAISED-AISLED HALL IN BIRDBROOK,ESSEX, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER RAISED-AISLED HALLS

Abstract

Baythorne Hall is an isolated raised-aisled hall in north-west Essex, tree-ring dated to 1341, making it the earliest of the three raised-aisled halls that have been dated so far. Raised-aisled halls are buildings where the arcade posts are raised up on to a dropped tiebeam on the centre truss of the open hall, thus clearing the open hall of arcade posts. They are not the same as roof types that look like aisled structures raised up on to normal assembly tiebeams, a number of which were constructed considerably earlier than Baythorne Hall. Baythorne was originally published as a conventional aisled hall, long before it was realised that it was a raised-aisled hall. Although this fact is well known in East Anglia, the purpose of this article is to provide a printed correction of its status, to compare it with the other two dated raised-aisled halls, and to consider the purpose of the raised-aisle truss in the centre of the open hall.     

DEFLATING THE DREAM: RADICAL RISK AND THE NEOLIBERALIZATION OF HOMEOWNERSHIP

ABSTRACT: This article explores the contributions of neoliberal practice to the expansion of homeownership and the foreclosure crisis to illuminate the contradictions between the rhetorical goals of homeownership and the actual experiences of new homeowners. In doing so we explore the theories and practices that homeowners deploy to try to survive and keep their lives together. First, we review the aspects of housing policy in neoliberal regimes that led many of the homeowners we studied into both homeownership and foreclosure. In the second part, we analyze conversations from 14 focus groups in five cities with homeowners threatened with foreclosure to understand how neoliberal rhetoric and practices participated in their buying and potentially losing their homes and how they come to understand and act on their experiences of threat and failure. We conclude by redefining the foreclosure crisis and discussing the political moment of challenge to neoliberalism it created.     

Haptic Diagrams: From Cinematography to Architectural Performance

Abstract

Contemporary design practices use the diagram as an active agent in the development of form and matter into architectural space. Deleuze and Guattari, following Foucault,¹ defined the diagram as an “abstract machine,” which “does not function to represent even something real, but rather constructed a real that is yet to come, a new type of reality.”² This formulation emphasizes the diagram's configuration and its modes of operation through virtuality and potentiality. In this sense, the diagram is the architects' way of dreaming, the “no-place” encompassing the utopian act. Simultaneously being reality and process, the diagram delays the relation between sign and meaning and promotes a shift from architecture as form or sign to an architecture of forces, performance, and performativity.³     

岩锚解耦测试及其边坡稳定性计算

通过分析边坡坡体在锚固预应力作用下的受力特点，认为应将边坡稳定性计算分为锚固体与坡体的耦合和解耦2个阶段进行，并分析了解耦阶段、锚固力的组成及其作用特点。分析结果表明，解耦阶段的锚固力大小与边坡不稳定体沿潜在的弱面位移有直接关系。结合预应力锚索框架加固边坡的实际特点，进行锚索拉力及梁底土压力的长期观测，验证解耦阶段的实际存在。将锚固体与坡体解耦阶段边坡所受的锚固力分为原锚索预应力的剩余值和岩土体与灌浆体间的剪切阻力，并假设边坡土体均匀、锚固边坡体系是一个平面应变问题，从而导出以岩土体沿潜在滑面位移为基础的解耦阶段边坡稳定性计算方法。该方法考虑边坡和锚索的实际工作状态，故计算结果较以往算法更切合实际，并给出实际算例加以验证。     

Die Traglastberechnung punktgestützter Platten

Limit load investigation of pointwise supported slabs. The limit load computation of pointwise supported slabs over a grid of columns with the spans a and b respectively (fig. 1) leads to moment actions with the well‐known expressions qa²/8 and qb²/8 respectively for the arbitrary distributable sum of the span and support moments. A mutual carrying help from one direction to the other is not possible; it is also doubtful to accept the here assumed balance of the (negative) support moment between span and support stripes, in opposition to that of the (positive) span moment. On the contrary, the interplay between the span and support moments is acceptable to a large extend and arbitrary practicable in either of both directions (fig. 5).     

Reliability based determination of material partial safety factors for cast iron beams in jack arched construction exposed to standard and natural fires

Cast iron beams were extensively used in many 19th century structures, especially in fireproof flooring systems (such as jack arch). Many such structures are still in use today and it is important that they fulfil the current requirements of fire resistance when there is a change of use. These structures are out of scope of modern design codes and old design codes do not provide guidance for fire resistance design. Furthermore, cast iron is a brittle material weak in tension, and there are many uncertainties in its mechanical properties at ambient and elevated temperatures due to material flaws. It is necessary to quantify the probability of structural failure and to introduce safety factors to reduce the probability of structural failure in fire to an acceptable level. This paper presents the results of a detailed study whose purpose is to derive appropriate safety factors to achieve different levels of reliability, for fire safety design of cast iron beams. In this study, a fibre analysis method has been used to calculate the moment capacity of four different types of cast iron cross section. Using randomized stress-strain-temperature relationships, based on variability of the different governing parameters (under tension: maximum stress, 0.2% proof stress, corresponding strains at maximum stress (strength) and failure; under compression: Young's modulus, proportional limit, 0.2% proof stress and the maximum stress), the probability distribution of moment capacity has been calculated. Based on the criterion of cast iron beam failure not exceeding probabilities of 10⁻¹, 10⁻² and 10⁻³, material safety factors of 1.5, 3.0 and 5.0 respectively have been obtained.     

Mimesis

The desire for camouflage is the desire to feel connected. It is the desire to find our place in the world and to feel at home This article analyses this desire through Walter Benjamin's theory of mimesis. This is a linguistic theory that argues that we find meaning in the world through the discovery of similarities, We are therefore inclined to model ourselves on the world, and make ourselves similar to it According to Benjamin, it is children who have the greatest capacity to blend in with their environment in their games of hide-and-seek and so on. There is. then, something to be learnt perhaps from the behaviour of children — from their openness and powers of imagination — if we want to fully comprehend the mechanism by which we identify with our homes and architectural spaces     

微型单轴煤岩试验机的研制及试验研究

 针对较小煤岩试件单轴抗压强度的测定和破坏规律研究的不足,设计针对f 5 mm×10 mm的微小试件单轴试验的微型试验机,对煤岩破坏过程中的裂纹扩展规律及破坏机制进行研究。该试验机主要由预应力装置、主加载应力装置、试件腔和液压传输系统组成,与现有试验机相比,有如下特点：(1) 能够在煤岩试件加载过程中,与三维显微CT耦合使用,观测内部裂纹裂缝的产生、发展和对试件破坏的影响;(2) 可以绘制出与普通试验机相类似的煤岩全应力–应变曲线,通过尺度效应换算系数a得出任意大小煤岩试件的单轴抗压强度,并且能够如实反映微型煤岩试件加载过程中的各个变形阶段;(3) 与之前对煤岩破坏研究的数值模拟方法相结合并比较其结果的异同点,得出的结论可以深化煤岩破坏规律的相关理论。装置操作性和便携性较强,为了使其应用范围进一步扩大,还将对各部件进行改进,提高加载装置的刚度和加载对试件产生的最大应变值,使其能够测定更高强度的岩石试件。初步的试验结果证实试验机研究的可行性,试验机的研制弥补普通试验机和大型试验机对煤岩破坏规律研究的不足,对岩石力学学科的发展起到一定的推动作用。     

On the background and biresonant components of the random response of single degree-of-freedom systems under non-Gaussian random loading

The variance of the response of a single degree-of-freedom system subjected to a low frequency excitation is usually decomposed into its background and resonant contributions. In this paper we aim at the formulation of such a decomposition for the third statistical moment, which should in principle sidestep the heavy double integration of the bispectrum of the response. In large finite element models, the estimation of the bispectrum of the loading for a given frequency (ω₁,ω₂), which is a necessary stage towards estimation of the response, is the most expensive computational task. We therefore formulate the problem with the underlying constraint that the number of estimations of the bispectrum of the force be kept as small as possible. Invoking the perturbation theory in the context of the computation of integrals, we propose to decompose the third moment into background and biresonant components with expressions that are not trivially adapted from the decomposition of the variance. Thanks to the proposed method, the double integration of the bispectrum is avoided and represents accurately the response of lightly to moderately damped structures under a low-frequency loading. The formal expression for the biresonant component still requires an integration that should preferably be avoided. In the second part of the paper, we then investigate the practical implementation of the proposed formula and study the possible application of local, global or hybrid numerical approximations of that remaining integral, so as to further increase the computational efficiency. Finally two numerical experiments illustrate the prospect of the proposed method: the third statistical moment of the response is accurately computed with less than 20 estimates of the bispectrum of the loading, whereas an advanced numerical procedure for the double integration would require a mesh of probably more than (a) thousand(s) points.     

MONSTROUS BODIES: Architecture and the Play of Appearance

Post-war cities epitomise both a disjunctive and resonance between the end of the nation-state, on the one hand, and a preoccupation with reinventing the city through building, on the other. Programs of ‘reconstruction’ and ‘remaking a city’ are preceded by destruction: a destructive force has altered the face of the city buildings have been destroyed and damaged, their ordered and ordering materiality is eroded, and the city is no longer an image of an idealized symbol of unity and identity. Belying the mythical power of architecture as a material and symbolic force, is also its fragility. Architecture can be monumentally erected and can have a presence and persistence that inspires awe and wonder, but it can also, just as easily be de-erected, demolished, destroyed. It can be de-constructed in a way that the literal sense of the term signals its symbolic frailty. Perceiving the symbolic as intrinsically tied to the physical articulation and presence of the architectural edifice, both reveals and conceals that the symbolic is also tied to fantasy, memory and fiction.¹ Drawings that precede construction are projections of an idealized image of something that does not yet exist, and photographs that remain after a building is demolished are representations ofa past reality that is now fictional.²     

钢纤维钢筋混凝土梁极限弯矩与其关联因子的灰色关联度分析

本文应用灰色系统理论,在试验的基础上,对钢纤维钢筋混凝土梁的极限弯矩与其关联因子的关联度作出了分析,找出了影响其极限弯矩的主要因素,并对其关联因子进行了排序。     

考虑环境温度作用的鞍山市奥达美健身休闲中心结构分析与设计

鞍山市奥达美健身休闲中心工程环形混凝土结构的外环周长为500m,采用ANSYS、SAP2000和ETABS有限元软件对设伸缩缝和不设伸缩缝但考虑多种环境温度工况的环形混凝土结构内力进行了分析与比较。考虑到设伸缩缝的环形混凝土结构须在缝两侧设双梁双柱,较为复杂,分析表明设置伸缩缝的环形结构无法为上部网壳结构提供稳固的支撑,因此,宜采用不设伸缩缝方案。而若沿环向不设伸缩缝,夏季浇注混凝土进入冬季后的施工阶段,环形结构梁、板的拉应力计算值可分别高达3.03N/mm2和3.95N/mm2;外环柱控制截面弯矩可高达不考虑温度效应时的8倍,且不设伸缩缝考虑温度效应的柱弯矩组合值为设伸缩缝不考虑温度效应影响的1.5倍。因此,根据计算结果采用施加环向预应力的方法来抵抗环境温度作用引起的拉应力,为方便施工,将全部环向预应力钢筋布置在环梁内,并给出了预应力钢筋的张拉方案;为承担外荷载、环境温度、预应力径向等效荷载等共同作用引起的远高于外荷载单独作用下的弯矩,在每根混     

Fundamental period of masonry infilled moment‐resisting steel frame buildings

It is known to be a necessary practice to study the effect of infill walls on fundamental period and revise the equations included in the current building codes. In this research, the fundamental period of vibration, by modeling an infill wall as a compression strut in three‐dimensional numerical models of moment‐resisting steel frames, was studied. Areas studied in the present research were structures of symmetric infill wall arrangements wherein the effects of various infill percentage, various moduli of elasticity of masonry wall materials, and different numbers of spans were investigated. The mean fundamental period obtained by the formula provided in FEMA450 was 1.3 times greater than the value resulted from the numerical modeling of infilled moment‐resisting steel frames. Moreover, the corresponding coefficient of determination, R², of the curve fitted to numerically obtained periods was found to be 0.65 when the fundamental period of the infilled frames was only estimated based on the height of buildings, indicating a great deal of variation within the results. A new formula was proposed to estimate the fundamental period based on the structure height, infill wall percentage, and modulus of elasticity, at an acceptable level of accuracy so that the R² coefficient was determined to be 0.99 for the results of the proposed formula.