粘土水泥浆材料的选择

为了首次制定出具有中国特色的CL-C型浆液材料选择的技术标准,首先研究了CL-C型浆液的凝结过程及主要化学反应,然后根据注浆工程对浆液的要求及研究的CL-C型浆液的三态变化特点,结合近8年来在华东地区施工的6个大型注浆工程所选用的CL-C型浆液材料的理化特征、注浆效果,通过进一步分析研究与应用,提出了CL-C型浆液材料使用的粘土选择宜采用8项、水泥选择宜采用3项、水玻璃选择宜采用2项、水选择宜采用2项等浆液材料选择技术标准。      

水泥基速凝浆液裂隙扩散机制与压力特性试验研究

水泥基速凝浆液广泛应用于富水裂隙围岩注浆工程。为研究水泥基速凝浆液在裂隙注浆中的扩散机制与压力特性,选取水泥-水玻璃浆液及高聚物改性水泥浆液,采用不同水灰比及混合体积,开展了静水条件下单一平板裂隙的注浆扩散模型试验,通过监测浆液的注浆扩散形态和注浆过程中不同测点的压力变化,研究了水泥基速凝浆液的静水扩散规律和注浆扩散压力分布规律。试验结果表明,水泥-水玻璃浆液和高聚物改性水泥浆液具有相似的扩散形态和压力分布变化,两者的显著差别在于高聚物改性水泥浆液扩散所需的注浆压力明显小于水泥-水玻璃浆液,且凝结固化时间相对较长,有利于延长注浆扩散距离。研究结果应用于张马屯铁矿注浆堵水工程,解决了裂隙岩体渗漏水问题,实现了围岩稳定性控制。研究成果具有一定的理论和实践意义,对类似工程具有参考价值。     

顶管施工中注浆减摩作用机理的研究

长距离顶管施工中为减小顶进阻力通常采用注浆减摩措施。研究了注浆材料及其性能，对注浆过程中浆液与管道以及周围土体之间的相互作用机理进行了分析，探讨了浆液在土体中的渗流以及注浆对土层移动的影响，提出了注浆时应注意的几个问题。     

冲积层中劈裂注浆现场模型试验

河流堤坝多位于深厚冲积层上, 而冲积层含砂石量大等特点对堤坝防渗、稳定性是不利的, 对堤坝进行注浆加固是必要的, 而研究浆液在冲积层中的分布扩散规律是首要任务.基于传统注浆理论, 通过现场注浆模型试验, 得出浆液在冲积层中的分布扩散规律、浆液劈裂机理、土的加固特性以及注浆加固过程中应注意的问题.指出浆液在冲积层中一般先沿土石分界面进行充填、劈裂, 并以水平向劈裂为主.在注浆过程中宜采用多次重复注浆方式以达到提高加固效果的目的.对冲积层中堤坝注浆加固有一定的参考与指导作用.      

软弱地层注浆的细观力学模拟研究

基于散体介质理论的颗粒流方法,运用PFC2D软件对软弱地层注浆过程进行了细观力学模拟,研究了注浆压力、注浆时间、渗透性质及颗粒黏结强度对浆液扩散半径和注浆类型的影响规律。采用PFC2D软件内嵌的FISH语言,定义了提取特定位置流体域内压力值的函数,研究了浆液扩散的分布特征,考虑浆液黏度的时变性对浆液扩散范围的影响,定义有效注浆半径对其进行修正,得到的浆液扩散规律与球形扩散理论较为一致。结合工程实例进行了注浆细观力学数值模拟,并提出了科学的注浆方案,在现场应用后取得了较好的堵水加固效果     

考虑浆液黏度时空变化的速凝浆液渗透注浆扩散机制研究

速凝类浆液的黏度时变性及双液注浆方式导致浆液黏度空间分布不均匀,在渗透注浆理论模型中应当考虑浆液黏度空间分布不均匀性的影响。基于黏度时变性宾汉流体本构模型,引入了描述渗流过程的均匀毛管组模型,建立了恒定注浆速率条件下考虑浆液黏度时空变化的一维渗透注浆扩散模型。设计了一维可视化渗透注浆扩散模拟试验系统,获得了不同介质渗透率及不同注浆速率条件下水泥-水玻璃浆液(C-S)注浆压力随时间变化规律。研究结果表明:考虑浆液黏度空间分布不均匀性时,孔口注浆终压计算值为试验值的1.2~1.4倍,浆液扩散距离计算值为试验测量值的0.9~1.1倍,计算值与试验值的误差在可接受范围内,所创建的理论模型可较好地描述速凝浆液一维渗透注浆扩散过程。不考虑浆液黏度空间分布不均匀性时,孔口注浆终压计算值为试验值的3.5~4.1倍,浆液扩散距离计算值为试验测量值的0.5~0.7倍,显著高估了注浆压力、低估了浆液扩散范围。因此,在注浆设计中应充分考虑速凝浆液黏度空间分布不均匀性。     

论帷幕注浆施工中的压力管理

在帷幕注浆施工中,注浆压力是一个重点控制的内容,通过注浆压力的分析、研究,可以判别浆液在岩石裂隙中充填、扩散、挤密过程,从而调节浆液浓度变化、控制注浆量,在很大程度上能控制帷幕注浆治水效果及经济成本。结合赵家湾铜矿帷幕灌浆治水工程,分析了帷幕注浆施工中浆液在岩石裂隙中充填、扩散、挤密过程注浆压力的变化规律,为注浆施工的压力控制提供依据。     

水泥-水玻璃浆液裂隙注浆扩散的室内试验研究

动水环境中的注浆扩散规律对指导突涌水治理注浆设计与施工具有重要意义。通过开展水泥-水玻璃（C-S）浆液单一平板裂隙动水注浆模型试验,揭示了基于试验条件下的C-S浆液裂隙动水注浆扩散过程的非对称椭圆（AE）扩散规律,提出浆水速比的概念并用其拟合AE扩散控制参数随时间的变化曲线,分析了浆水速比对浆液扩散范围的影响,最终建立了描述浆液扩散迹线的瞬态方程。研究结果表明：浆液扩散迹线可以采用随时间变化的非对称椭圆进行描述;逆水扩散距离和扩散开度与浆水速比正相关而浆液顺水扩散距离与浆水速比负相关。并据此对裂隙动水注浆设计提出了建议,希望对实际注浆工程提供一定借鉴。     

浆液在透明复制裂隙中驱替行为的可视化试验研究

在地下工程中,注浆技术是修复裂隙岩体和封堵地下水的重要手段。了解浆液在岩石裂隙中的流动行为对优化注浆方案有重要意义。通过可视化试验研究了粗糙裂隙中浆液性质对注浆过程的影响规律,提出了驱替模式试验相图,并阐明了其细观机制。试验结果表明,浆液的驱替行为与传统牛顿流体不同,注浆速度和浆液质量分数显著影响粗糙裂隙中浆液的驱替模式;在浆液的驱替过程中,浆液流变性质和裂隙开度变异性的共同作用及其相互反馈影响引起的黏度变化是形成不同驱替模式的重要原因;注浆流速越小,浆液质量分数越大,两相界面越稳定,浆液最终填充率越高;驱替过程中浆液难以完全填充裂隙的较小开度区域,且随着注浆流量的增加,浆液最终填充率呈现明显的非单调性;浆液最终填充率受驱替形态的影响显著,基于界面稳定分析理论,推导了浆液在粗糙裂隙中驱替形态转变的临界条件。该研究成果揭示了粗糙裂隙中浆液扩散的机制,可为评价与控制岩体注浆效果提供参考依据与技术思路。     

考虑黏度时变性的水泥浆液盾构壁后注浆扩散规律及管片压力模型的试验研究

对水泥浆液黏度时变性进行了试验研究,证实了工程常用水灰比范围内水泥浆液服从宾汉姆流体特性;不同水灰比浆液黏度均随注浆时间增大而大幅度增加。根据试验结果,考虑注浆过程中水泥浆液黏度随时间的变化,对盾构壁后注浆水泥浆液的扩散规律及因注浆而造成的管片压力进行了推导及分析。计算表明：相同注浆时间条件下,水泥浆液扩散半径及注浆对管片产生的压力值均随注浆压力的增大而增大。考虑浆液黏度时变性后,扩散半径、注浆对管片压力值等均较不考虑浆液时变性时减小,且随注浆压力的增大,浆液黏度变化对管片压力值的影响更加明显。相同注浆压力条件下,浆液扩散半径及对管片产生的压力值均随注浆时间的增长而增加,但注浆前期增长速度较快,而后逐渐减缓。研究成果对于盾构壁后注浆工艺选择及参数设计具有较大的指导意义。     

Mathematical and numerical filtration–advection–dispersion model of miscible grout propagation in saturated porous media

The development of a predictive model of behaviour of porous media during injection of miscible grout, taking into account convection, dilution and filtration of grout solution with interstitial water, as well as consolidation aspects, is presented. Model assumptions are reviewed and discussed first. During the establishment of the model, we insist on surface terms and their physical relevance in expressing adsorption effects. Constitutive laws such as Fick's law for diffusive mass transport, hydrodynamic dispersion tensor dealing with miscibility, are modified by taking into account filtration effects. A new surface term appears in mass balance equations as a consequence of filtration. According to the filtration laws used, an initial filtration rate is estimated on the basis of a one‐dimensional experimental campaign. The field equations are discretized by using Galerkin finite element and θ‐scheme standard method. For transport equation, Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin method is employed to prevent numerical oscillations. Lastly, confrontation of numerical results with laboratory experiments constitutes a first step to validate the model on a realistic basis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Evaluation of Settlement Measurements Using Borehole Extensometers

Borehole extensometers are commonly utilized in field monitoring programs to measure settlement. In order to secure the targets of the extensometer, the borehole is typically backfilled with cement-bentonite grout. In the absence of standards for grout mix designs and due to non-universality of the properties of the backfilling grout, the accuracy of settlement furnished by borehole extensometers may be questionable. A preliminary parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of grout stiffness on settlement measurements using borehole extensometers. The finite element program ABAQUS was used to model a borehole extensometer installed in an isotropic homogeneous elastic soil layer of a finite depth subjected to a uniform surface surcharge. Effect of the grout?Csoil elastic moduli ratio, soil/grout interface parameters (friction angle and shear strength), and extensometer embedment depth were investigated. Soil/grout interface behavior was assumed to comply with the elastic-perfectly plastic Coulomb friction model. The mechanism of measuring settlement using borehole extensometers was studied. The numerical study revealed that minimum errors in settlement can be obtained if the grout?Csoil elastic moduli ratio is made equal to about 1.0. Depending on the grout?Csoil moduli ratio, larger grout/soil interface friction angle and interface shear strength are generally associated with smaller settlement errors. Compared to fully embedded extensometers, partial embedment yields smaller settlement errors for grout?Csoil moduli ratio significantly above unity. In view of the findings of this preliminary parametric study, it is suggested to adopt the grout?Csoil moduli ratio in conjunction with grout compressive strength as the controlling criterion rather than the grout compressive strength only (current standard of practice). Additionally, it is evident that cement-bentonite grout mix should be carefully designed as part of the settlement monitoring programs to match the expected deformability (stiffness) of the soil mass under consideration. Future laboratory, field and numerical studies are needed to investigate more complex soil stratifications and to evaluate the behavior of various grout mixes.     

基于流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析

劈裂注浆作为一种有效的土体加固方法,其理论研究落后于工程实践。提出了基于弥散裂缝模型和流体体积法的劈裂注浆有限元分析方法,并通过ABAQUS二次开发编写劈裂注浆有限元程序。数值分析结果能与室内试验较好吻合,验证了有限元算法的合理性。在此基础上研究了注浆孔埋深和注浆流量对劈裂浆脉形状的影响。结果表明,劈裂注浆过程可分为起劈和劈裂发展两个阶段。当劈裂浆脉扩展到模型边界后,继续注浆会引起注浆压力的大幅提高和已有浆脉宽度的增加。随着注浆孔埋深的增加,浆脉分支减少,长度减小,宽度增加,劈裂浆脉形状的主要控制因素从土体参数的随机性变成大小主应力值的差异。注浆量一定的情况下,注浆速率越大,劈裂浆脉长度越短,宽度越大,注浆终压也越大。研究为劈裂注浆的工程应用提供理论支撑。     

Performance of Mortar and Chemical Grout Injection into Surrounding Soil When Slurry Pipe-jacking Method is Used

Small-diameter shallow tunnels are often being built by using the slurry pipe-jacking method. This system involves the pushing or thrusting of a drivage machine and concrete pipes into the ground. Chemical grout injection into the surrounding soil around the tunnel is carried out after the drivage and pushing processes are finished. The purpose of the chemical grout injection is to maintain permanent stability of the surrounding soil. However, the behavior of the chemical grouting material in the surrounding soil around the tunnel and the amount of optimum injection is not clearly understood. From these points of view, this paper discusses the performance of the chemical grouting material, when it is injected into the surrounding soil around the tunnel, by means of 2-D Eulerian–Lagrangian seepage analysis. Moreover, the effectiveness of the chemical grout injection was evaluated by using the non-linear finite element method. This investigation show when the range of the grouted zone is designed; it is necessary that the relationship between Young’s modulus of the soil/grouted zone and the confining stress be taken into consideration in order to establish effective, economical and safe chemical grout injection system. Understanding the performance of the seepage/dispersion behavior of the chemical grout and the characteristics of soil/ grouted zone is also important.     

井壁破坏注浆治理中的浆液孔隙压强模型

了解浆液流动特性,掌握浆液压强分布规律,是保证井壁破坏注浆治理效果的重要因素之一。浆液孔隙压强方程可以通过将渗流连续性方程和Bingham流体运动方程联立获得。在实用中,还可以对孔隙含水层中的稀水泥浆液运动条件作简化处理,得到考虑含水层纵向扩展的浆液孔隙压强基本方程。实际工程应用表明,这种模型能揭示出井筒及其附近的浆液压强特点。      

Real‐scale miscible grout injection experiment and performance of advection–dispersion–filtration model

A model was developed, to describe miscible grout propagation in a saturated deformable porous medium, based on Bear's statistical model with spatial volume averaging. In a previous paper, the model was first successfully confronted to one‐dimensional laboratory experiments. In the present paper, the numerical model is used to simulate practical grouting operation in a cylindrical injection model. The cylindrical injection model lends itself to study main flow and propagation character istics for a dispersed suspension‐type grout, under axisymmetric conditions close to real scale conditions. Comparison between numerical solutions and experimental results is essential to confirm the validity and accuracy of the proposed model from a phenomenological standpoint. The numerical model performances show that the underlying mathematical model constitutes a realistic predictive model reproducing most prominent features during injection of a suspension‐type grout into a deformable porous medium. The basic mechanism by which injected miscible grout permeates a soil mass is discussed in detail. Such a tool leads to quality control criteria for grouting on a theoretical basis, which complements existing criteria acquired through engineering practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A numerical study of the effect of soil and grout material properties and cover depth in shield tunnelling

For shield-driven tunnels, the influence of the soil and grout material properties and of the cover depth on the surface settlements, the loading and deformation of the tunnel lining and the steering of the TBM is investigated numerically. To this end, comparative numerical simulations of a mechanised tunnel advance in homogeneous, overconsolidated, soft, cohesive soil below the ground water table are performed and sensitivities are evaluated. The advancement of the step-by-step tunnel construction process is modelled using a three-dimensional finite element model, which takes into account all relevant components of shield tunnelling. The material behaviour of the saturated soil and the tail void grout is modelled by a two-field finite element formulation in conjunction with an elasto-plastic Cam-Clay model for the soil and a hydration-dependent constitutive model for the grout. The analyses provide valuable information with regard to the significance of the investigated parameters and demonstrate the complexity of the various interactions in shield tunnelling.     

帷幕灌浆扩散半径及数值模拟的研究

从连续性方程出发,考虑浆液压力对土体孔隙率的影响,分析推导了浆液在多孔介质中的渗流规律,并给出了扩散半径的简单近似计算公式;然后将二相流理论应用到注浆研究中,假设孔隙由水和浆液完全充填,且二者不相混溶,建立了浆液驱水的非稳定渗流模型。根据某大坝的实际情况,用FLAC软件中的二相流模块对大坝灌浆过程进行了模拟分析,并与推导公式相比较。由于二相流理论考虑了毛细压力的作用,模拟得到的浆液扩散速率递减得更快。模拟结果表明,浆液和水之间存在着一个过渡带,浆液的饱和度在不同时间和位置上是变化的。随着时间的延长,浆液扩散得越远,但其速率逐渐减小。扩散半径不仅与渗透系数有关,还与孔隙度有关,而且孔隙度较渗透系数对扩散半径有着更大的影响。二相流理论可以更好地模拟帷幕灌浆的浆液扩散情况。     

水平旋喷桩施工引起周围土体变形分析

水平旋喷桩施工期间,大量高压流体注入土层,引起土层内部产生较大的膨胀作用,致使周围一定区域的土体发生变形。水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形可以归结为压力膨胀和体积膨胀共同作用的问题。依托单根水平旋喷桩施工的现场实例,建立了水平旋喷桩施工引起土体变形的数值模型。将水平旋喷桩施工引起的土体变形问题简化为圆孔的膨胀问题,可以统筹考虑注浆压力和注浆流量的影响。首先需要确定注浆压力的影响半径和注浆流量引起的体积膨胀比,然后可以通过数值模型计算膨胀引起的土体变形。数值分析结果与现场实测值的对比表明,当注浆压力影响半径为成桩半径的6倍时,数值计算结果与现场实测值吻合较好。