Optimisation of green ultrasonic cell grinder extraction of iridoid glycosides from Corni fructus by response surface methodology

Ultrasonic cell grinder extraction (UCGE), employing water as solvent, was proposed as a sustainable and efficient method for the extraction of two iridoid glycosides (morroniside and loganin) from Corni fructus. Extraction yields were determined by four variables: ratio of solution to solid, extraction power, extraction buffer time and extraction time. Data analysis by response surface methodology showed that best yields, 2.176% ± 0.006% (predicted value of 2.195%) for morroniside and 0.839% ± 0.004% (predicted value of 0.852%) for loganin, were obtained when the values of these four variables were set at 45:1 mL g^?1, 1600 w, 2.3 s and 40 min, respectively. The yields of morroniside and loganin using UCGE method were 0.198–0.279% and 0.167–0.181% higher than that of traditional heat reflux extraction method, respectively. Thus, the UCGE method is more productive, economic and environmentally friendly and has great potential to be used widely in natural product chemistry.     

Optimisation of supercritical CO2 extraction of grape seed oil using response surface methodology

The aim of this study was to use waste from the wine production process with special accent on grape seeds and new green technology. Supercritical CO₂ was considered as a green solvent in extraction of grape seed oil. The effects of different extraction process parameters on oil yield and antioxidant activity were investigated. Extraction optimisation was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM). Extraction pressure has proven to be the most significant factor influencing oil yield and antioxidant activity (P < 0.0001). The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest oil yield and antioxidant activity within the experimental range of the variables studied were at extraction pressure of 400 bar and temperature of 41 °C. Under these optimal conditions, the predicted extraction oil yield was 14.49% and DPPH 37.07%. Applying this green extraction method, the oil from grape seeds was totally extracted. The produced oil was of satisfactory quality, and the content of α‐tocopherol in obtained grape seed oil at optimal extraction conditions was 36.05 mg kg^?1.     

Optimization of the enzymatic treatment during aqueous oil extraction from sunflower seeds

Partially dehulled sunflower seeds were subjected to a hydrolytic treatment with cellulases during aqueous processing for oil and protein extraction. Sub-optimal extraction conditions (particle size and separation technology) were established in order to appreciate the potential improvement caused by the enzymatic treatment and to select the best operational conditions. The effects of three operational variables (extraction–treatment time, water/seeds ratio and enzyme/seed ratio) were studied on three objective functions (the extent of hydrolysis reaction, the oil extraction yield and the percent polyphenolics removal). After 2 h of enzymatic treatment–extraction a practical optimum in the range 7.5–8 g water g⁻¹ seeds and 1.25–1.4 g enzyme 100 g⁻¹ seeds could be defined. Under these conditions the oil extractability and the polyphenolics removal are improved by more than 30 and 80%, respectively.     

响应面法优化鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)内脏鱼油酶法提取工艺

为优化蛋白酶酶解鲣鱼内脏条件,提高鲣鱼加工利用率,以鲣鱼内脏为原料,以鱼油提取率为评价指标,采用生物酶解技术提取鲣鱼内脏鱼油,首先对酶进行筛选,其次通过单因素及响应面分析确定pH、酶解时间、酶解温度、液固比、酶添加量等对鲣鱼鱼油提取率的影响,并优化提取工艺。研究结果表明,胰蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶等五种蛋白酶对鲣鱼内脏中鱼油的提取率均有不同程度的提高,其中采用碱性蛋白酶处理的内脏鱼油提取率效果最佳,达到57.46%。此外,鲣鱼内脏中鱼油在pH8.40,酶解时间5.5 h,酶解温度55 ℃,液固比1:1,酶添加量2.0%的条件下鱼油提取率最高,达到58.49%±0.45%。该研究为鲣鱼下脚料的进一步开发和综合利用提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

压榨对酿酒葡萄皮渣酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性的影响

酿酒葡萄皮渣（皮和籽）生物活性物质含量丰富,具有很高的再加工利用价值。对鲜葡萄皮渣进行压榨处理后再干燥,研究压榨对皮渣的酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：压榨处理可以快速降低葡萄皮渣水分含量,缩短干燥时间、提高可溶性膳食纤维提取率。压榨葡萄皮总酚、原花青素的提取量均有所增加,其含量分别为19.56 mg/g和22.64 mg/g。压榨葡萄皮的抗氧化能力高于未压榨葡萄皮,其DPPH、ABTS及羟自由基清除率分别为62.90%、70.18%和41.09%,铁氰化钾还原能力及金属离子螯合能力分别为0.23%和21.33%。压榨籽和皮籽混合物的酚类物质和抗氧化活性则明显降低。抗氧化活性与总酚、原花青素存在显著的相关关系（P＜0.01）。     

藕渣不溶性膳食纤维提取工艺及其理化性质分析

利用莲藕加工的副产物藕渣为原料,在单因素实验的基础上采用响应面分析法优化藕渣不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)的提取工艺,并对其最优提取条件下得到的藕渣IDF的理化性质进行分析。结果表明,藕渣IDF最佳提取工艺条件:NaOH浓度0.60 mol/L、碱解时间90 min、热稳定α-淀粉酶酶解时间60 min、碱性蛋白酶添加量2%,此工艺条件下藕渣IDF得率29.90%±0.06%,藕渣IDF的纯度为91.93%±1.16%,持水性(6.58±0.25) g/g,持油性(4.73±0.33) g/g,膨胀性(3.03±0.12) mL/g;同时,藕渣IDF的亮度值(L*)为38.266±0.187,红度值(a*)为3.412±0.027,黄度值(b*)值为5.268±0.042。研究表明该法所制得的藕渣IDF得率、纯度较高,理化性质较好。     

High hydrostatic pressure assisted extraction of pectin from sugar beet pulp

This study aimed to investigate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure assisted extraction (HHPE) (250, 350 and 450 MPa at 40 °C for 5 min with/without acid addition) of pectin from sugar beet pulp and compare its properties with pectin obtained from conventional extraction (CE). Degree of esterification (DE), galacturonic acid (Gal-A) content, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry experiments were performed on the obtained pectin powder. HHPE (12.23 ± 0.13%) doubled extraction yield compared to CE (6.43 ± 0.07%). Also, HHPE and acid addition were found to have a synergetic effect on the extraction. HHPE resulted in degradations in the polymer structure and reduced Gal-A content and DE. Pectin extracted with both methods was classified as low methoxyl pectin (LMP). According to the NMR Relaxometry results, HHPE decreased water holding capacity (WHC). In brief, HHP was shown to increase the pectin extraction yield and no changes in viscosity were observed at the concentrations studied (2 g/L).     

Effect of commercial enzymatic preparation with pectolytic activities on conventional extraction and ultrasound‐assisted extraction of oil from grape seed (Vitis vinifera L.)

Conventional solvent extraction (CE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) in hexane for oil from untreated and enzyme‐treated grape seeds were investigated and compared. Among the output power tested (50, 100 and 150 W) in UAE on untreated seeds, UAE at 150 W for 30 min with liquid‐to‐solid ratio 8:1 (v/w) gave oil extraction yield comparable to CE (ca. 14% w/w) for 6 h with liquid‐to‐solid ratio 12:1 (v/w). CE and UAE at 150 W did not influence the fatty acid profiles of oil. CE oil was found to be the most oxidised. The enzymatic treatments (2, 4 and 6 g per 100 g seeds of Rapidase^® Expression) prior to CE enhanced by 2.5% of the oil yield. Enzymatic treatments higher than 2 g per 100 g seeds increased relative value of some fatty acids both in CE and UAE. Enzymatic pretreatment from 2 to 4 g per 100 g seeds significantly improved some physicochemical parameters of oil quality when extracted by CE, but not by UAE.     

Heating,microwave and UV irradiation effects on oxidative stability of Sardasht red grape (Vitis vinifera cultiv. Sardasht) seed oil

In the current study, for the first time, the oxidation stability of the extracted edible oil from Sardasht red grape at three different accelerated deteriorative conditions (oven, microwave and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation) was investigated. In this context, the peroxide value (PV), conjugated diene value (CDV), carbonyl value (CV), radical scavenging activity (RSA) and oil/oxidative stability indices, as well as fatty acid composition and total tocopherol content, were evaluated. Sardasht grape seed oil as a rich oil in unsaturated fatty acid (about 87%) contains linoleic acid in terms of the principal fatty acid (70.4 ± 1.8%). The excessive oxidative stability of crude oil can be correlated with the extreme content of natural antioxidants (tocopherols and tocotrienols). The findings showed that Sardasht red grape seed oil could be approached as new source of edible oil with acceptable oxidative stability.     

Extraction of fish oil from fish heads using ultra-high pressure pre-treatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis

Extraction of fish oil from fish byproducts not only increases the utilization rate of fish resources but also reduces environmental pollution. Extraction methods affect the recovery and quality of fish oil. In this study, fish oil was extracted from yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) heads using enzymatic hydrolysis extraction after single ultra-high pressure pre-treatment (EHSUP). The processing parameters of extraction were optimized with a two-factor repeated experimental design. The results showed that ultra-high pressure pre-treatment of the tuna heads prior to enzymatic hydrolysis was suitable for extracting fish oil and effectively increased the oil yield. The optimum parameters of ultra-high pressure pre-treatment were 200 MPa for 10 min or 100 MPa for 20 min, and the optimum parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis were 1% papain and 55 °C for 60 min. Considering the fatty acid profiles and the oxidation stability, yellowfin tuna oil is a high-quality, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-based product with high economic value.Industrial relevanceUltra-high pressure treatment is a novel food processing technology. In general, the main disadvantage of enzymatic hydrolysis extraction is its lower oil recovery than that of solvent extraction. This study investigated the application of ultra-high pressure on fish byproducts prior to enzymatic hydrolysis oil extraction. The results showed that the oil recovery improved by subjecting the tuna heads to ultra-high pressure pre-treatment prior to enzymatic hydrolysis extraction. These results will provide a technical reference for efficiently extracting high-quality fish oil.     

Study on the water state,mobility and textural property of Chinese noodles during boiling

The water mobility, state and textural properties of Chinese fresh noodles (CFNs) and Chinese dried noodles (CDNs) made from same wheat cultivar were measured during boiling using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), low-field nuclear magnetic Imaging (LF-NMI) and a textural analyser. ‘The oil immersion method’ was applied to gain the clear images from LF-NMI measurement. The distributions of the three water states (T₂₁, T₂₂ and T₂₃) in the noodles were distinguished. The results indicated that water mobility in noodles was closely related to the gelatinisation of noodle starch. Compared with CFNs, CDNs need a longer cooking time for water mobility and starch gelatinisation. The results of the cooked noodle profiles showed that the cooked CDNs (8 min) had an undesirable textural properties compared with the cooked CFNs (2 min). The longer cooking time of CDNs is responsible for its undesirable texture since the textural properties change during the longer cooking time.     

响应面法优化水酶法结合磷酸化提取大豆蛋白的生产工艺

为了提高大豆水酶法的总蛋白提取率,在酶解过程中利用三聚磷酸钠(STP)进行磷酸化改性。通过研究加酶量、料液比、STP添加量、酶解时间和改性时间对总蛋白提取率的影响,并利用响应面分析优化出了最佳改性工艺参数:5000U·g-1底物,料液比为1∶8(w/v),STP添加量为4%(w/w),酶解时间为3.37h,改性时间为35.68min,此时总蛋白提取率为94.05%左右。     

Influence of ethanol/water ratio in ultrasound and high‐pressure/high‐temperature phenolic compound extraction from agri‐food waste

The valorisation and management of agri‐food waste are currently hot investigation topics which probe the recovery of valuable compounds, such as polyphenols. In this study, high‐pressure/high‐temperature extraction (HPTE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) have been used to study the recovery of phenolic compounds from grape marc and olive pomace in hydroalcoholic solutions. The main phenolic compounds in both extracts were identified by HPLC‐DAD. Besides extraction yield (total polyphenol and flavonoid content) and the antiradical power, polyphenol degradation under HPTE and UAE has also been studied. HPTE with ethanol 75% gave higher phenolic extraction yields: 73.8 ± 1.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried matter and 60.0 mg of caffeic acid equivalents per gram of dried matter for grape marc and olive pomace, respectively. In this study, the efficient combination of ethanol/water mixture with HPTE or UAE has been used to enhance the recovery of phenolic compounds from grape marc and olive pomace. HPLC‐DAD showed that UAE prevents phenolic species degradation damage because of its milder operative conditions.     

葡萄籽油提取工艺研究及对其理化性质的影响

采用纤维素酶和超声波辅助提取葡萄籽油,选择最佳工艺,并对葡萄籽油的提取率和理化性质进行比较研究。结果表明,纤维素酶辅助提取的最佳工艺参数：酶解温度50℃、酶解时间1.5h、酶解pH 值为5.5、酶用量300U/g 葡萄籽;超声波辅助提取的最佳工艺参数：超声功率500W,超声温度30℃,超声时间30min,料液比1:12(g/ml)。超声波法的提油率高于纤维素酶辅助提取法,且时间较短、成本较低;而从葡萄籽油的品质上看,纤维素酶辅助提取的葡萄籽油相对密度与超声波法相当,酸价、过氧化值、碘值和水分及挥发物含量均低于超声波辅助法,折光指数高于超声波法。     

姜多糖提取方法工艺优化及分析

为探究提取方法对姜多糖提取效果的影响,采用热水浸提法、超声波冰浴提取法以及复合酶酶解法提取姜多糖,优化出各自最佳提取工艺条件,并对比多糖紫外光谱扫描以及姜渣透射电镜扫描图。结果表明:热水浸提法、超声波冰浴提取法以及复合酶酶解法3种提取工艺在最佳提取条件下得到的多糖提取率分别为(11.74±0.23)%,(7.00±0.04)%,(20.93±0.20)%,得率分别为(6.53±0.08)%,(2.56±0.11)%,(14.67±0.32)%,纯度分别为(86.53±0.20)%,(59.84±0.06)%,(73.59±0.19)%;对比3种不同方法可知,复合酶解法姜多糖提取率和得率最高,而在纯度方面,热水浸提法优于复合酶解法和超声波冰浴提取法。结合姜渣透射电镜图发现,不同提取方法对姜细胞的破坏程度不同,从而造成多糖的提取率和多糖得率不同。     

超声波提取葡萄籽油的工艺优化及其抗氧化性研究

通过单因素试验选择温度、提取时间、功率为影响超声波提取葡萄籽油效率的3个主要因素,运用响应曲面法进行超声波提取葡萄籽油的最佳工艺研究,分析各因素对提取效果的影响,并采用DPPH自由基实验以对其抗氧化性进行评价。结果表明：最佳工艺条件为温度54℃、提取时间37min、超声波功率456W,在此条件下进行验证实验,每5g葡萄籽的葡萄籽油提取量为0.63314g,提取率13.31%;葡萄籽油质量浓度为1～25mg/mL时,其质量浓度变化与自由基清除率呈正相关,在25mg/mL时,清除率达到80.7%,继续增大葡萄籽油质量浓度,对自由基清除率影响不大。     

低场核磁共振技术对葡萄籽油掺伪鉴别的研究

应用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）检测技术结合主成分分析法（PCA）对多种品牌纯葡萄籽油以及其掺有其他食用油脂的掺伪葡萄籽油进行了检测分析。研究表明, PCA可明显区分葡萄籽油、大豆油、玉米油、稻米油的LF-NMR弛豫特征数据（峰起始时间、峰顶点时间、峰结束时间、峰面积、峰高）;并且PCA得分图上能有效区分葡萄籽油中不同油脂的掺伪比例,掺伪比例越高区分效果越好,试验验证可靠。实验结果说明基于葡萄籽油的LF-NMR弛豫特征数据,结合主成分分析可实现对其是否掺伪、掺伪比例快速、有效的鉴别。     

Simultaneous rice bran oil stabilization and extraction using sub-critical water medium

Sub-critical water technique was used for simultaneous inactivation of lipase enzyme existing in rice bran and extraction of its oil in order to obtain the stabilized edible rice bran oil. Sub-critical water treatment was carried out in the temperature range between 120 and 240 °C for 10 and/or 20 min residence time in a batch reactor. The quality of the extracted oil was evaluated with respect to its total free fatty acids concentration over a 12 week period, and compared with the oil obtained by conventional extraction methods. Without sub-critical water treatment, the concentration of total free fatty acids in the rice bran significantly increased from 5.6% to 36.0%. In contrast, no increase was observed in the total free fatty acids concentration in the samples treated by sub-critical water. Experimental evidence showed that total free fatty acids concentration increased somewhat in the oils treated by conventional methods. Considering no change was observed in total free fatty acid concentration in the treated oils by sub-critical water, it was found that sub-critical water not only could efficiently extract oil from rice bran in a short residence time but also completely stabilized the extracted oil. Oil extraction yields generally increased with increases in sub-critical water treatment temperature and residence time. The highest extraction yield of oil was 249 (mg/g dry matter) obtained at 240 °C and 10 min residence time. Oil extraction by sub-critical water could be conducted in a very short residence time (10 and/or 20 min). Also, the kinetics of free fatty acids formation in untreated rice bran was investigated and developed which successfully describes the concentration of total free fatty acids in the course of rice bran storage.     

Supercritical fluid extraction of oils from apple seeds: Process optimization,chemical characterization and comparison with a conventional solvent extraction

Oils from apple seeds were extracted with the application of supercritical fluid (SFE) and Soxhlet techniques. The effect of SFE experimental variables such as pressure (10–30 MPa), temperature (40–60 °C) and carbon dioxide flow rate (1–8 L/h) on the yield, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content was investigated using a central composite design. The experimental data were fitted with a second-order polynomial equation using regression analysis. The maximum yield, obtained at the optimum processing conditions (24 MPa, 40 °C, 1 L/h of carbon dioxide flow rate, 140 min) was 20.5 ± 1.5% (w/w). For comparison, the yield from Soxhlet extraction was 22.5 ± 2.5% (w/w). Both techniques produced an oil with a fatty acids profile rich in linoleic acid. However, the extract from SFE was higher in linoleic acid (63.76 ± 4.96 g/100 g_oil) than that achieved by Soxhlet (49.03 ± 3.85 g/100 g_oil). Despite the higher unsaturated fatty acids content, SFE extracts reported a higher oxidative stability (21.4 ± 1.2 h) compared to that one extracted by Soxhlet (12.1 ± 1.1 h). This result was expport addressing the extraction of apple seed oil by supercritical fluid at pressures lower tha The most abundant phenolic compound found in the extract was phloridzin (2.96 ± 0.046 μg/gs_eed in SFE oil and 1.56 ± 0.026 μg/g_seed in Soxhlet). Instead, amygdalin, one of the antinutrients present in seeds, was not detected in the SFE oil.Industrial relevanceThe present study provided results addressing the extraction of apple seed oil by supercritical fluid at pressures lower than 30 MPa. The process allowed extracting an oil that was rich in unsaturated fatty acids, oxidative stable thanks to the high antioxidant activity, and free from anti-nutritional compounds.     

Tocotrienol levels in sieving fraction extracts of brewer’s spent grain

Dried brewer’s spent grain (DBSG) is rich in tocotrienols (T3) and tocopherols (T) and can be used to produce a valuable oil with the serum cholesterol–lowering functions of lipid-soluble T3. The economic feasibility of extracting oil from DBSG (fat: 3.9–10.6% dry weight, dw) increases with increasing fat content of the feedstock. The objective of this research was to determine whether DBSG can be separated into fractions enriched in fat and T3 by milling and sieving and to characterize the fractions from sieves of different mesh sizes: 500, 800, 850, and 1,000 μm. Six different charges of DBSG were milled and sieved with different techniques ranging in scale from laboratory to industrial. The oil yield of DBSG sieving fractions >500 μm was consistently low (6.6–12.67% dw after Soxhlet extraction with 96% ethanol), as were the levels of T (77.4–185.6 mg/kg of extracted oil), T3 (181.9–538.8 mg/kg of extracted oil), and protein (14.38–25.73% dw). In contrast, oil yields of DBSG sieving fractions <500 μm were higher (12.98–18.09% dw after Soxhlet extraction with 96% ethanol), as were the concentrations of T (188.6–318.0 mg/kg of extracted oil), T3 (516.8–850.2 mg/kg of extracted oil), and protein (26.05–33.30% dw). Furthermore, oil yields were lower (8.24–12.39% dw) after Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane. Milled DBSG sieving fractions <500 μm thus appear to be a suitable feedstock for economical extraction of T3-rich oil and may be useful in developing markets for value-added brewing by-products.